Evidence
12 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-12).
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[1]Shipscribe U.S. Navy auxiliary ships data sheets, 'AKL 17 (T-AKL 17, FS Design 381 Part 2) Class' page (Stephen S. Roberts compilation from Navy registers, Auxiliary Vessels Board records, and Miramar Ship Index), compiled 8 Aug 2021 [other_primary]
- Locator
- AKL15.html - characteristics block, construction table (T-AKL 31 row), disposition table (T-AKL 31 row), class notes (Design 381; 7 Jun 1950 approval), ship notes (T-AKL 31 row)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Navy-register-derived record for this hull: T-AKL 31, ex-FS 407, completed 30 Dec 1944, built by Hickinbotham Bros, Stockton, under Army contract 24 Apr 1943; acquisition/in-service listed 1 Jul 1950 in the AKL 18-32 group of Army ships in the Far East for which names, classification, and hull numbers were approved 7 Jun 1950. Disposition row: inactivated 1970; stricken 21 Dec 1970; disposal 6 May 1971, fate 'Trf' (transfer). Ship note: '(ex-FS 407, compl. 30 Dec 1944). Stricken 21 Dec 1970 with AG 335 (ex LSM 335) for transfer to the Trust Territory Government of the Pacific Islands for use as additions to their inter-island fleet. Custody transferred on 6 May 1971 by COMSCFE to the Department of the Interior at Naha, Okinawa. Renamed ROBERT A DEBRUM 1971, BU 1982.' Class block for the Design 381 group: 500 t light / 935 t full; 177' oa, 172' wl x 32' e x 10' max nav; 12 kts; 1,000 hp; geared diesel, 2 screws; accommodations 7-10 officers, 13-16 unlicensed; no armament.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1943-1982
- Population
- Civilian MSTS crew (1950-1970); Pacific Reserve Fleet caretakers (1970-71)
- Limitations
- Compiled secondary transcription of official Navy register and MARAD/Miramar records, not the registers themselves; consistent with NavSource and shipbuildinghistory on identity. The 1 Jul 1950 acquisition is the group-plan date ('about 1 July 1950') - NavSource gives 1 Nov 1950 for this hull; discrepancy logged (correction row). Contains no asbestos or materials information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-akl-31-akl31-01
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[2]NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive - USNS T-AKL-31 ex USAV FS-407, file 09/14/1431 [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 1431.htm - chronology block, specifications block, photo captions (Pusan Dec 1953; Okinawa transfer crew boarding), awards ribbon display, 'no history available' statement
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource corroborates identity and adds operational detail: FS-407 laid down (date unknown) at Hickinbotham Bros. Stockton, CA; delivered 1944 to the Army Transportation Corps; USCG-manned in WWII; commissioned USAV FS-407 16 Jan 1945 at San Francisco with LTJG J.B. Rowell, USCGR in command; operated in the Southwest Pacific (page misprints 'FS-507' in this line - the USCG record confirms FS-407); acquired by the Navy 1 Nov 1950 and placed in service by MSTS as USNS T-AKL-31 with MSTSWESTPAC; operated out of Naha carrying passengers and cargo to USAF radar sites on Kume, 'Miyake,' and Ishigaki (William T. Lyons, master, 11 Apr-29 Jun 1955); photo caption places her at Pusan, Dec 1953, transporting troops, equipment, supplies, and POWs between Pusan and Pongam-do; laid up Pacific Reserve Fleet; stricken date unknown; transferred to Department of the Interior, Government of the Pacific Trust Territories, renamed M/V Robert De Brum (NavSource dates this 1975 - see correction row); final disposition 'fate unknown.' Spec block: 550 t; 177' x 33' x 10'; 12 kts; complement 42; two 500hp GM Cleveland 6-278A diesels, twin screws. Page states 'There is no history available for US Army FS-407 / USNS T-AKL-31' (no DANFS). Radio call sign NQOM. Ribbon display: FS-407 - American Campaign, Asiatic-Pacific, WWII Victory; T-AKL-31 - National Defense, Korean Service, UN Service, ROK War Service (retroactive).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1944-1982
- Population
- USCG-manned Army crew (WWII); civilian MSTS crew and embarked troops/passengers/POWs (1950-1970)
- Limitations
- Specialist secondary compilation - detailed but non-official; operational details (Pusan POW runs, Naha radar-site resupply, master and dates) derive from contributor notes and photo captions, not logs. Conflicts with Shipscribe on acquisition date (1 Nov 1950 vs group-plan 1 Jul 1950) and transfer year (1975 vs 1971); 'Miyake' is probably Miyakojima given the Okinawa operating pattern - carried as written. Contains no asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-akl-31-akl31-02
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[3]Shipbuilding History (Tim Colton compilation), Hickinbotham Bros. Stockton yard table; njscuba.net and navalmarinearchive.com mirrors of the same table [other_primary]
- Locator
- hickinbotham.htm FS 407 row; shipbuildinghistory.njscuba.net/us-emer-small/hickinbotham/ FS-407 row ('scrapped 1983'); navalmarinearchive.com/sbh/shipyards/emergencysmall/hickinbotham.html
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Yard-table row for FS 407: US Army coastal freighter, 560 tons, 176 ft, build span 10/44-4/45, 'USCG-manned, to USN 1950 as AKL 31, to DoI 1975 as Robert de Brum.' The njscuba.net mirror adds 'scrapped 1983.' Confirms builder, tonnage class, build window, Coast Guard manning, Navy transfer year, and post-Navy identity independently of NavSource. The yard history notes the Stockton yard was established 1942 as Hickinbotham's Construction Division in partnership with Ronald Guntert and L.R. Zimmerman on the Banner Island waterfront.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1944-1983
- Population
- Hickinbotham Bros. construction workforce (Stockton, 1944-45)
- Limitations
- Compiler's yard table, secondary - consistent with Shipscribe/NavSource on identity and Navy transfer. Build-span endpoint (4/45) post-dates the documented commissioning (16 Jan 1945) and Shipscribe completion (30 Dec 1944) - yard-table spans likely reflect delivery/acceptance windows; logged as minor variance. Tonnage (560 t) differs from Shipscribe (500 light/935 full) and NavSource (550 t) - measurement bases differ; no figure confirmed. Contains no asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-akl-31-akl31-03
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[4]U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office, 'World War II Coast Guard-Manned U.S. Army Freight and Supply Ship Histories' (media.defense.gov PDF; retrieved via Wayback capture 2026-05-27 - live URL returns 403 to automated fetches) [other_primary]
- Locator
- FS VESSELS WWII COAST GUARD.PDF, FS-407 entry (alphabetical FS list); Wayback capture https://web.archive.org/web/20260527230308/https://media.defense.gov/2017/Aug/08/2001789794/-1/-1/0/FS%20VESSELS_WORLD%20WAR%20II%20COAST%20GUARD.PDF
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Official USCG Historian's Office FS-vessel history: 'The Coast Guard-manned Army vessel FS-407 was commissioned at San Francisco, CA on 16 January 1945, with LTJG J.B. Rowell, USCGR, as commanding officer. She was assigned to and operated in the Southwest Pacific area.' Context: under a Joint Chiefs of Staff agreement of 14 March 1944 the Coast Guard manned 288 small Army Transportation Corps vessels; FS-407 is on the list of Coast Guard-manned FS vessels. Confirms the WWII manning arrangement and operating area, and confirms NavSource's 'FS-507' line is a typo for FS-407.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1945-1950
- Population
- USCG crew aboard FS-407 (WWII Army service)
- Limitations
- Official but terse list-level history - gives commissioning date/place, commanding officer, and operating area only; no itinerary, ports, or further dates for this hull's Army service. Contains no asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-akl-31-akl31-04
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[5]University of Hawaii at Manoa Library, Trust Territory Archives Photograph Collection (TTPI Department of Public Affairs photos): item N-3178.01 'Mrs. Robert A. DeBrum cuts ribbon for the ship MV Robert DeBrum, 1971'; reel 3178 description (command exchange Capt. Melander / Capt. Peter K. Pea Jr., highlights 6/1/71); reel 3441 description ('M/V ROBERT DE BRUM; NAVY PHOTOS OF NEW CREW BOARDING AT OKINAWA, SHIP TRANSFER; 1975 PHOTOS OF REPAIRS NEEDED IN MAJURO. WEILBACHER INSPECTING') [museum_official]
- Locator
- digital.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/show/21306 (N-3178.01); libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/ttp/photodescript6.html (reel 3178); libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/ttp/photodescript8.html (reel 3441)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Official TTPI archive photo records document the post-Navy renaming: Mrs. Robert A. DeBrum cut the ribbon on the M/V Robert DeBrum in a ceremony whose highlights are dated 6/1/71, with a command exchange between Capt. Melander and Capt. Peter K. Pea Jr. - corroborating the 1971 custody/rename year given by Shipscribe (custody 6 May 1971 at Naha) and resolving against the '1975' carried by NavSource and the yard tables, which appears to derive from the reel-3441 photo set (Navy photos of the Okinawa crew boarding plus 1975 Majuro repair photos).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1971-1975
- Population
- TTPI inter-island crew and officials (1971)
- Limitations
- Archive photo descriptions, not a vessel log - they establish the ceremony, date, and name but not the full TTPI service itinerary. The name honoree Robert A. DeBrum is documented only by the archive captions; his identity/role is not established by this record. Contains no asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-akl-31-akl31-05
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[6]RMI Nuclear Justice Documents repository (Uwazi/HURIDOCS) - DOE Nevada Operations Office letter 'Regarding the Availability of the M-V Robert De Brum' (doc 401449; replying to TTPI High Commissioner Adrian P. Winkel's 23 Aug 1978 letter); and AEC-era letter, Robert A. Conard, M.D., to Charles Muller, TTPI Transportation Office Majuro, 10 Apr 1973 (nuclearsecrecy.com doc 0402141) [other_primary]
- Locator
- rminucleardocs.icaad.ngo entity miuva2q1ev (doc 401449); minddfiles.nuclearsecrecy.com/0402141.pdf (Conard letter, dated 10 Apr 1973)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Primary U.S. government correspondence documents the ship's TTPI service: (a) Conard's 10 Apr 1973 letter records that the AEC chartered the Robert DeBrum to carry his medical team and a Congressional group to Rongelap and Utirik - the fallout-exposure survey atolls - on a 25 Mar-3 Apr 1973 itinerary (departed for Rongelap 26 Mar; released to the Congressional Committee for Utirik 28 Mar; returned to Kwajalein 3 Apr, then released back to Trust Territory use for Wotho). (b) The DOE Nevada Operations Office reply (1978-79 correspondence) declines the TTPI High Commissioner's offer of the M/V Robert de Brum for the Marshall Islands medical program, citing size, crew cost, and need for a landing-craft-type configuration - establishing the vessel still in TTPI service in the Marshalls in 1978-79.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1971-1979
- Population
- TTPI crew; AEC/DOE medical team and Congressional passengers aboard (Mar-Apr 1973)
- Limitations
- Digitized primary documents hosted on third-party repositories (Uwazi RMI Nuclear Justice Documents; nuclearsecrecy.com scans of AEC/DOE records) - document authenticity is high but the repositories are advocacy/archive aggregators, not the issuing agencies. The DOE letter's own date line is partially legible (metadata gives Aug 31 1979; the text references an Aug 23 1978 incoming letter). Establishes the vessel's use and custody, not its materials; contains no asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-akl-31-akl31-06
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[7]Source-discrepancy resolution - Shipscribe AKL15 class page vs NavSource file 1431 vs shipbuildinghistory/njscuba/navalmarinearchive yard tables vs USCG Historian PDF vs UH TTPI archive [other_primary]
- Locator
- Shipscribe AKL15.html tables/notes; NavSource 1431.htm; hickinbotham.htm + njscuba/navalmarinearchive mirrors; USCG FS-vessels PDF; UH TTPI reels 3178/3441
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Source discrepancies logged, not silently merged: (a) Navy acquisition date - NavSource and the batch brief give 1 Nov 1950; Shipscribe's construction table lists 1 Jul 1950, which is the group-plan date ('about 1 July 1950') for the AKL 18-32 Far East group approved 7 Jun 1950 - the 1 Nov 1950 value is carried in the record fields with the conflict flagged, unresolved. (b) TTPI/DoI transfer year - Shipscribe: stricken 21 Dec 1970, custody 6 May 1971 at Naha, renamed 1971; UH TTPI archive documents the renaming ceremony 1 Jun 1971 - 1971 carried; NavSource/yard-table '1975' appears to derive from the reel-3441 photo dates and is flagged. (c) Merchant/TTPI name spelling - 'ROBERT A DEBRUM' (Shipscribe) vs 'Robert De Brum' (NavSource) vs 'deBrum'/'DeBrum' variants (yard tables, TTPI captions) - all variants carried in aliases. (d) Final fate - Shipscribe 'BU 1982' vs njscuba 'scrapped 1983' vs NavSource 'fate unknown' - unresolved. (e) NavSource 'FS-507' line is a typo for FS-407 (USCG official history confirms). (f) Specs - displacement 500 light/935 full (Shipscribe) vs 550 t (NavSource) vs 560 t (yard tables); length 177' oa vs 176'; beam 32' e vs 33'; complement 42 vs 7-10 officers + 13-16 unlicensed - all carried separately. (g) Prefix - the vessel never commissioned; 'USS AKL-31' in secondary sources is erroneous, USNS T-AKL-31 is correct. (h) Build window - yard-table span 10/44-4/45 vs Shipscribe completed 30 Dec 1944 and USCG commissioning 16 Jan 1945 - yard-table endpoint is looser than the documented dates.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1943-1983
- Limitations
- Resolves or flags publication-level discrepancies between secondary compilations and official records; items (a) and (d) remain unresolved - the official transfer orders and register entries are not digitized. No asbestos content in any of these sources.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-akl-31-akl31-07
-
[8]Consolidated era/design inference - Shipscribe Design 381 documentation (steel 176-177' diesel freighter, Cleveland engines, 1943-spec design) + NavSource machinery spec + wartime construction era [other_primary]
- Locator
- Shipscribe AKL15.html class notes + characteristics block; NavSource 1431.htm spec block
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Era/design inference: this hull is a 1944-completed steel diesel coastal freighter with a geared Cleveland-diesel twin-screw plant - no boilers, no steam distribution. Its insulation load was materially lighter than a steam auxiliary's, but machinery and construction materials of the 1943-45 wartime era were commonly asbestos-containing: exhaust-system and muffler lagging, machinery gaskets and packing, electrical-cable insulation, accommodation/galley joiner insulation, winch and windlass brake linings, and deck compositions of the period. Exposure-relevant populations: Hickinbotham construction trades (1944-45), the WWII Coast Guard-manned Army crew, the civilian MSTS crew (1950-70) and embarked troops/passengers/POWs on her Korean-War and Okinawa runs, and the TTPI inter-island crews and passengers (1971-82) including the 1973 AEC medical-survey charter.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1944-1982
- Population
- Hickinbotham construction trades; USCG-manned Army crew (WWII); civilian MSTS crew + embarked passengers (1950-70); TTPI crews/passengers (1971-82)
- Limitations
- Inference from documented design, machinery type, and construction era - NOT a hull materials record. No survey, specification, or material schedule naming FS-407/AKL-31/Robert DeBrum was located; establishes no asbestos content, quantity, location, condition, individual exposure, or causation. The diesel plant makes even era-level inference weaker than for steam auxiliaries of the same era.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-akl-31-akl31-08
-
[9]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987); and Fleischer, W.E., et al., 'A health survey of pipe covering operations in constructing naval vessels,' J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28(1):9-16 (Jan 1946), PMID 21016030 [other_primary]
- Locator
- AJIM 11(3):359-373 (article); PubMed PMID 21016030
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and emergency construction program under which this hull was built at Hickinbotham Bros., Stockton. The USMC-commissioned 1944-45 industrial-hygiene survey of pipe-covering operations at Navy and contract yards documented that 'an important ingredient of pipe covering material used on U.S. Navy vessels is amosite.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; articles 1946/1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (era context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding and naval-vessel construction generally; neither source names this vessel, design, or builder yard. Pipe-covering findings are less applicable to a diesel freighter than to steam vessels. Establishes nothing about this hull's materials, condition, or any individual exposure.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-akl-31-akl31-09
-
[10]Batch-1097 search ledger (this record): NavSource 1431; Shipscribe AKL15 class page; shipbuildinghistory Hickinbotham + njscuba/navalmarinearchive mirrors; USCG Historian FS-vessel histories (media.defense.gov via Wayback) + Historic Ships list; NHHC/DANFS check; NVR check; MARAD ShipHistory check; UH TTPI Archives; RMI Nuclear Justice Documents; CourtListener API v4 opinion + RECAP sweeps (authenticated); hazegray (unreachable); NARA record-group guides [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-akl-31-akl31-01 through sl-uss-akl-31-akl31-14
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located for USNS T-AKL-31 / FS-407 / M/V Robert A. DeBrum: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, court finding, or docketed asbestos case naming this hull was found in the public sources searched. No DANFS entry exists (NHHC site check; NavSource confirms none exists). NVR carries no record (detail URLs redirect to generic index; hull disposed 1970-71, pre-digital-NVR coverage). MARAD ShipHistory has no record (consistent with disposal by DoI/TTPI transfer rather than MARAD custody). CourtListener authenticated sweeps: zero opinion hits for '"AKL-31"', '"T-AKL-31"', '"AKL 31" cargo', '"AKL-31" asbestos', '"USNS AKL-31"', '"AKL-31" ship', '"FS-407"', '"FS 407"', '"Robert De Brum"', '"Robert Debrum"'; the 7 opinion hits for '"DeBrum"' are all surname collisions (Estate of DeBrum 1938, DeRoburt v. Gannett, etc.) - none vessel-related. RECAP: zero hits for '"AKL-31"' and '"T-AKL-31"'; 16 hits for '"FS-407"', all name collisions (Skatteforvaltningen pension-plan dockets, bankruptcy and finance cases where 'FS-407' is a form/exhibit/party reference); 9 hits for '"De Brum"', all personal-name collisions (incl. Debrum v. M and F Fishing Co., D. Guam - a surname match, not the vessel). None qualifying.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 2026-09-22
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1944-built vessel is era-consistent with asbestos-containing materials even accounting for its lighter diesel-plant insulation load. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-akl-31-akl31-10
-
[11]Robinson v. United States, In re Joint Eastern and Southern Districts Asbestos Litigation, 891 F.2d 31 (2d Cir. 1989) (CourtListener 533004) [court_record]
- Locator
- CourtListener opinion 533004
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- No case located names this hull (see negative_finding row and search_ledger). Doctrinal context for the vessel's service pattern: this never-commissioned government-owned vessel ran with Coast Guard and civilian MSTS crews - asbestos claims arising from service aboard government-owned merchant-type vessels historically faced the discretionary-function bar applied in Robinson v. United States, 891 F.2d 31 (2d Cir. 1989) (WSA-era government merchant fleet), while product-liability claims against equipment/material manufacturers would follow maritime doctrine. No such claim was located for this vessel in any posture.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1989 decision
- Limitations
- Doctrinal context only - the cited case does not name or involve this hull, and Robinson addresses WWII WSA-vessel claims; its application to a 1950s MSTS hull or a TTPI-operated vessel would depend on facts not in evidence. Classification note: a complaint's vessel list would be a pleading allegation, not a finding; no pleading naming this hull was located. Does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-akl-31-akl31-11
-
[12]NARA Guide to Federal Records: RG 336 (Records of the Office of the Chief of Transportation - Army FS-vessel files), RG 26 (USCG records - USCG-manned FS vessels), RG 19 (Bureau of Ships), Navy MSTS/MSC records; USCG Historian's Office vessel files; UH TTPI Archives (reels 3178, 3441) for the Robert A. DeBrum period [other_primary]
- Locator
- archives.gov RG 336/26/19 group guides; USCG Historian's Office FS-vessel histories (file-maintenance practice); libweb.hawaii.edu TTPI reel descriptions
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival leads (not retrieved - requires research-room or reproduction order; no spend authorized): (a) USCG Historian's Office maintains files on listed USCG-manned Army vessels including FS-407 - the most direct WWII-era lead; (b) NARA RG 336 (Office of the Chief of Transportation, U.S. Army) holds Army Transportation Corps vessel records covering FS-407's Army service; (c) NARA RG 26 (USCG) for the Coast Guard manning period; (d) Navy MSTS/MSC records and deck logs for the 1950-70 T-AKL-31 period and the Dec 1970 strike; (e) University of Hawaii TTPI Archives reels 3178 and 3441 plus Interior Department records for the 1971-82 Robert A. DeBrum period.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1943-1982 records
- Limitations
- Record-group mapping only - no box-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents for FS-407/AKL-31/Robert DeBrum is unknown until surveyed in person. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-akl-31-akl31-12