Evidence
9 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-9).
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[1]Ships' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels, 1945, Vol. III (NAVSHIPS 250 series), U.S. Navy Department / Bureau of Ships, 'Auxiliaries - Coastal Transports (Small), (APc)' tables, pp. 280-285 [other_primary]
- Locator
- SDB 1945 Vol. III, APc section pp. 280-281 (class characteristics), p. 283 (individual machinery: 'APc23 (ex-AMc159), Enter. DMG-6, 400'), p. 284 (build table: Fulton S.Y., 9 Apr 42 / 23 Jun 42 / 31 Oct 42)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The Navy's official 1945 data book names this hull: 'APc23 (ex-AMc159)' in the individual-vessel machinery table, with an Enterprise DMG-6 diesel engine of 400 shaft horsepower and no reduction gear listed; the build table gives Fulton S. Y., Antioch, Calif., keel laid 9 Apr 42, launched 23 Jun 42, first commissioned 31 Oct 42. Class table: 103'3" oa x 98'2" wl x 21'3" x 9'3" limiting draft, 258 t limiting displacement, designed 10 kts (no trials nor model-basin tests), single screw, two diesel-drive 30 kW 120V D.C. ship's service generators, 145 bbls diesel oil, 3 officers + 22 enlisted ship's company, 66 enlisted troop capacity, 2-ton boom, 20 mm and smaller armament - and notes 'Wood hulls.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1945 (publication); 1942 (construction)
- Population
- Ship's company 3 officers + 22 enlisted; up to 66 embarked troops
- Limitations
- Establishes construction, identity, machinery, and class characteristics only. Contains no asbestos or materials-content information. Launch date (23 Jun 42) conflicts with NavSource's 3 Jun 1942; the official figure is carried (shipscribe's construction table agrees). NavSource's 'Exeter DMG-6 / 300 shp' conflicts with this official 'Enterprise DMG-6 / 400 shp' entry.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-amc-159-amc159-01
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[2]Ships' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels, 1945, Vol. II (NAVSHIPS 250 series), U.S. Navy Department / Bureau of Ships, hull-number cross-reference index [other_primary]
- Locator
- SDB 1945 Vol. II, 'List of Naval Vessels' cross-reference index, AMc section ('AMc159-163 Now APc23-27')
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The official index entry reads 'AMc159-163 Now APc23-27' - documenting in a Navy publication that the hull ordered as coastal minesweeper AMc-159 (CNO directive of 19 Jan 42 for AMc 150-199; this unit ordered 19 Feb 42 per shipscribe's construction table) was completed and commissioned as the small coastal transport APc-23. One hull, two designations; never a second hull and never commissioned as AMc-159.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1945
- Limitations
- Confirms identity consolidation only; contains no service, materials, or asbestos information. The 19 Feb 42 order date itself comes from shipscribe's construction table, not the official book.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-amc-159-amc159-02
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[3]Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual, NAVPERS 15,790 (1953 rev.), Part IV, Sec. 16 (Asiatic-Pacific ship engagement credits) with Part III operation codes [other_primary]
- Locator
- Part IV Sec. 16 Asiatic-Pacific ship list, 'APc 23' entry (7 Apr 43 P19-1; 30 Jun 43 P21-1; 27-30 Jun 45 P34-1); Part III code table (P19-1, P21-1, P34-1 definitions)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The official awards manual credits APc 23 with three WWII engagements: 7 Apr 43 under code P19-1 (Consolidation of Southern Solomons, 8 Feb-20 Jun 43); 30 Jun 43 under code P21-1 (New Georgia-Rendova-Vangunu occupation, 20 Jun-31 Aug 43); and 27-30 Jun 45 under code P34-1 (Assault and occupation of Okinawa Gunto, 24 Mar-30 Jun 45) - three battle stars.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1943-1945
- Population
- Ship's company (~25) plus embarked troops during credited operations
- Limitations
- Establishes campaign participation credits only; says nothing about operations performed, damage, casualties, cargo, or exposure conditions. NavSource's campaign labels and dates agree with the manual's codes on all three credits.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-amc-159-amc159-03
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[4]National Archives and Records Administration, Special List 44: Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships and Stations, ship-number index (RG 24 holdings) [other_primary]
- Locator
- SL-44 ship-number index, 'APC-23 11/1/1942 6/30/1945' (pdftotext -layout verified); https://www.archives.gov/research/military/logbooks/navy-online (no APc-23 digitized listing)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA's deck-log finding aid lists a continuous deck-log run for APC-23 covering 11/1/1942 through 6/30/1945 - the ship's commissioned service from delivery through the Okinawa operation. The logs are physical holdings at the National Archives; the NARA digitized deck-log catalog page carries no APc-23 listing, so the run is undigitized.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1942-11-01 to 1945-06-30 (holdings)
- Limitations
- A holdings index, not the logs themselves - contents (which would document daily operations, ports, drills, and any maintenance availabilities) were not inspected. Coverage ends 30 Jun 1945, so the post-Okinawa and decommissioning period (Jul 1945-Apr 1946) is not represented in the indexed run.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-amc-159-amc159-04
-
[5]NavSource Online Service Ship Photo Archive, USS APc-23 page (volunteer transcription of official Navy records and campaign lists) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource page 09/23/23023 (chronology, campaign table, specifications, commanding-officer list, disposition)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Secondary compilation for this hull: originally planned as coastal minesweeper AMc-159; laid down 9 Apr 1942 at Fulton Ship Yard, Antioch, CA; commissioned 31 Oct 1942 under LTjg Dennis Mann USNR; Asiatic-Pacific service with three battle stars (Consolidation of the southern Solomons 7 Apr 43; New Georgia-Rendova-Vangunu 30 Jun 43; Okinawa Gunto assault and occupation 27-30 Jun 45); for Okinawa assigned APc Flotilla Five (LT G. D. Winsor USNR), APc Group Thirteen (LT D. V. Horsburgh USNR), APc Division Twenty-Five (LT Dennis Mann); decommissioned 1 Apr 1946 at Naval Station Treasure Island; struck 17 Apr 1946; transferred to MARAD 1947; sold 8 Apr 1947 to Ramon Zuniga, San Ysidro, CA, removed 9 Apr 1947; fate unknown. Call sign NCNV; awards listed: American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (3), WWII Victory Medal. Seven-officer command roster. Explicitly notes 'There is no DANFS history record for USS APc-23' and no photographs are held.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1942-1947 (service); page accessed 2026-09-22
- Population
- Ship's company (~25); embarked troops
- Limitations
- Volunteer-maintained transcription, not an official publication. Launch date given as 3 Jun 1942 conflicts with the official 23 Jun 1942 (official carried). Spec block's 'Exeter DMG-6, 300 shp' conflicts with the official 'Enterprise DMG-6, 400 shp' (official carried). CO roster has unexplained overlaps (Mann listed to Dec 1944 while Martin is listed 28 Sep 43-Jun 44 and Horsburgh Jun-Dec 44) - likely interim-relief entries, flagged not resolved. Campaign credits independently confirmed against NAVPERS 15,790 (ev-03).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-amc-159-amc159-05
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[6]Shipscribe (S. Roberts), 'USS APc-1 Class' - construction and disposition tables compiled from official Navy/Maritime Commission records; shipbuildinghistory.com Fulton Shipyard yard table (T. Colton) [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipscribe.com/usnaux/APC/APC01.html - construction table row 23, disposition table row 23, ship note 23, class notes; shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/small/fulton.htm - APc 23 row
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Construction table for APc-23: ordered 19 Feb 42, Fulton SY, keel 9 Apr 42, launched 23 Jun 42, commissioned 31 Oct 42 - agreeing with the official build table. Disposition table: decommissioned 1 Apr 46, struck 17 Apr 46, MC disposal 9 Apr 47, MA sale 8 Apr 47 (MC/D). Ship note 23: 'Ex AMc-159. Sold (delivered) by MC to Ramon Zuniga, M. San Ysidro, Cal.' The Fulton yard table independently lists 'APc 23, US Navy, transport, 100 t, delivered 31-Oct-42, planned as AMc 159, sold 1947.' Class notes document the AMc 150-199 -> APc 1-50 conversion program (CNO 'raider transport' request 13 Apr 42; APc category created 22 Apr 42; wood-hulled 103-ft design).
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1942-1947
- Limitations
- Reputable secondary compilations (Roberts/Colton shipbuilding references), not the underlying MC sale document itself. Disposal (9 Apr 47) and MA sale (8 Apr 47) columns sit a day apart in the table - read as administrative-transfer vs sale-delivery dates; NavSource agrees on the substance (sold 8 Apr, removed 9 Apr). No asbestos or materials content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-amc-159-amc159-06
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[7]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical scholarship documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and program under which this 1942 wooden auxiliary was built - and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization across naval and merchant construction.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (era context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel, does not address small wooden diesel auxiliaries specifically, and does not establish that asbestos was or is aboard this hull, nor quantity, condition, exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-amc-159-amc159-07
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[8]U.S. EPA CERCLA site profile, FULTON SHIPYARD (EPA ID CAD009151762), 307 Fulton Shipyard Rd, Antioch, CA - 'Other Cleanup Activity: State-Lead Cleanup'; U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Antioch Dunes NWR contaminants survey summary (1999, via govinfo.gov) [other_primary]
- Locator
- EPA Superfund site profile CAD009151762 (Site Info tab); USFWS Antioch Dunes contaminants survey via GOVPUB-I49-PURL-gpo25843
- Finding type
- environmental_record
- Finding
- The builder's yard is a documented cleanup site: EPA lists Fulton Shipyard, Antioch, CA (CAD009151762) as a non-NPL CERCLA site under state-lead cleanup. The adjacent Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge's 1999 FWS contaminants survey - prompted in part by neighboring industrial land uses including the shipyard - explicitly tested for asbestos (alongside creosote and pesticides) and reported results below laboratory detection limits.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- Yard operation 1924-1999; EPA listing and 1999 survey (documentation era)
- Population
- Yard workforce (historic); site/remediation workers and refuge staff (contemporary)
- Limitations
- Documents the builder's real-estate regulatory record only - not shipboard material. The EPA profile does not itemize contaminants; the only asbestos-specific test result located is from the adjacent wildlife refuge (not the yard itself) and was below detection. Wooden-hull boatyard practice and site regulatory status do not document shipboard asbestos aboard APc-23; included strictly as builder-site context.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-amc-159-amc159-08
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[9]Batch-1506 search ledger (this record): NHHC/DANFS; official Ships' Data 1945 Vols. II-III; NAVPERS 15,790 awards manual; NARA SL-44 deck-log index and digitized-logs catalog; NavSource/shipscribe/shipbuildinghistory secondary compilations; CourtListener (authenticated API rate-limited; indexed fallback); EPA CERCLA and USFWS records; MARAD vessel-history database; NavalCoverMuseum [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-amc-159-amc159-01 through sl-uss-amc-159-amc159-14
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying asbestos record located for this hull or class: no asbestos survey, abatement record, hazmat disclosure, shipyard work package, or docketed case naming APc-23 or AMc-159 was found in the sources searched (see search_ledger). No class-level asbestos itemization exists for the APc-1 wooden-hulled diesel transport type in the inspected record.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 2026-09-22
- Limitations
- Absence of a located record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - era-typical components on a 1942 diesel craft (gaskets, exhaust lagging, packing, electrical insulation, deck compounds) cannot be ruled out, and the undigitized deck-log run (Nov 1942-Jun 1945) is an unexamined primary source for maintenance events. CourtListener coverage is additionally qualified: the authenticated API was rate-limited (2,800/day cap, HTTP 429) during this batch and only the indexed-search fallback was available - litigation coverage is a partial gap, not a clean negative.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-amc-159-amc159-09