Evidence
12 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-12).
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[1]Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, 'Ammonusuc' (AOG-23) entry - full text via NavSource DANFS reproduction and public-domain transcription; canonical NHHC URL returned HTTP 404 on 2026-09-24 [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- NavSource AOG-23 page, DANFS section; transcription also at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ammonusuc (incorporates PD DANFS text)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS entry: Mettawee-class gasoline tanker laid down under Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 1520) 1943-11-23 at East Coast Shipyard Inc., Bayonne NJ; launched 1944-03-25 sponsored by Miss Helen T. Clark; acquired on loan-charter basis 1944-05-18; commissioned 1944-05-19. Fitted out at New York Navy Yard; sailed 1944-08-11 for Norfolk availability; loaded aviation gasoline and diesel oil at New York, departed in convoy, weathered a hurricane, reached Guantanamo Bay 1944-09-17; transited Panama Canal; reported to Squadron 8, Service Force Pacific Fleet; San Diego 10-12; Pearl Harbor 11-06; cargo run of several thousand barrels of aviation gasoline to Johnston Island; departed in convoy for the Marianas 1944-12-31 via Kwajalein and Eniwetok, reached Saipan 1945-02-11; seven months of Saipan-Iwo Jima shuttle delivering fuel oil and aviation gasoline for U.S. Army Air Force operations; post-surrender carried medical supplies and stores to working parties at Chichi Jima; returned via Saipan (1946-01-08) to San Francisco (1946-03-08); repairs at Colbert Boat Works, Stockton CA; departed 1946-04-17, retransited canal, reached New Orleans 1946-05-14; decommissioned there 1946-06-04; stricken 1947-04-23; transferred to Maritime Commission 1948-03-09; sold later that year and refitted as merchant vessel; final disposition given by DANFS as fate unknown.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-24
- Study period
- 1943-1948
- Limitations
- Authoritative for construction, commissioning, wartime service, and disposal timeline. Contains no asbestos, insulation, or materials information; supports no asbestos claim. Live NHHC page 404s (standing link-rot issue); text verified through two independent DANFS reproductions.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ammonusuc-aog23-01
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[2]U.S. Maritime Administration, ShipHistory database - AMMONUSUC (AOG-23), Ship History Detail 6704 [marad_nrc]
- Locator
- ShipHistory Detail 6704, vessel data block, milestone table, status-card scan tab
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- MARAD ShipHistory database record for AMMONUSUC (AOG-23): U.S. Official No. 255611; built 1944 by East Coast Shipyard; MARAD type T1-M-A2; Naval Auxiliary / AOG Gasoline Tanker; length 221 ft, beam 38 ft, gross 1,286 t, net 856 t; fate 'Sold - No Further Info.' Milestones: renamed Providence 5/18/1944; renamed Texaco Providence 6/1/1959; sold to Peerless No. Five Corp. 8/1/1967; renamed Dean Reinauer 8/1/1967. A digitized MARAD status card exists for this hull (ED_01.png, not transcribed).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-24
- Study period
- 1944-1967
- Limitations
- Authoritative for official number, MC type, government-custody milestones, and merchant rename/sale events. The 'Renamed to Providence 5/18/1944' milestone is internally inconsistent with documented Navy service to 1946-06 (see correction row). Contains no asbestos, materials, or condition-survey information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ammonusuc-aog23-02
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[3]U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office, Historic Ships / webcutters roster entry 'AMMONUSUC, USS; AOG 23' (archived); NavSource commanding-officers table (Hechler/Reeves data) [other_primary]
- Locator
- USCG Historian's Office Historic Ships page, alphabetical roster 'A' section; NavSource AOG-23 page, Commanding Officers table
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- USS Ammonusuc (AOG-23) was manned by the U.S. Coast Guard during World War II - listed in the U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office 'Cutters, Craft & U.S. Coast Guard Manned Army & Navy Vessels' roster (Navy vessels manned by CG crews, a WWII-only practice). Her commissioning and sole commanding officer was LTjg. Lester F. Baker, USCG, in command 1944-05-19 to 1946-06-05.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-24
- Study period
- 1944-1946
- Population
- USCG crew, ~62 (complement)
- Limitations
- Establishes USCG manning and command identity - relevant because crew-era records may sit in USCG (RG 26) rather than Navy channels. Contains no asbestos or materials information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ammonusuc-aog23-03
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[4]NavSource Online AOG-23 page, Merchant Service section; corroborated by tugboatinformation.com vessel record (USCG Doc. No. 255611) and Auke Visser's T-Tanker pages (AOG-23 entry, casualty notes) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource AOG-23 Merchant Service section; tugboatinformation.com tug.cfm?id=2798; aukevisser.nl T-tanker AOG-23 entry
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Merchant service chain (secondary sources, mutually corroborating): sold February 1948 to The Texas Company and refitted as MT Providence; renamed MT Texaco Providence (June 1959 per MARAD/NavSource; 1962 per tugboatinformation/shipbuildinghistory); sold August 1967 (1968 per some secondary sources) to Peerless No. Five Corp./Reinauer Transportation Companies of Staten Island NY and renamed MT Dean Reinauer; suffered explosion and fire December 1969 (reported 1969-12-30 at South Portland ME) and declared a constructive total loss; converted to a tank barge in 1970 at Caddell's Dry Dock, Staten Island, renamed BFT No. 1 for Boston Fuel Transportation (Reinauer subsidiary); later renamed Mary C. at Norfolk VA and converted to carry ship sludge; acquired by Eklof Marine Corp. of Staten Island, stripped for spare parts, and scuttled by explosives 1990-10-30 on New Jersey's Garden State Reef.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-24
- Study period
- 1948-1990
- Population
- Merchant crews (1948-1990); Caddell's Dry Dock conversion workers (1970)
- Limitations
- NavSource/tugboatinformation/aukevisser are secondary compiler sources, not official records - merchant-chain details are corroborated across all three plus MARAD milestones but rename years conflict (1959 vs 1962; 1967 vs 1968) and the fire location/date rests on one casualty note. No asbestos information; the 1969 fire and 1970 barge conversion are relevant only as structure-altering events bounding any survival of original material.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ammonusuc-aog23-04
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[5]NavSource AOG-23 specifications section; HyperWar 'Ships of the U.S. Navy 1940-1945' AOG-23 data sheet; Auke Visser T-Tanker register (engine detail) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource spec sheet block; ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ships/AOG/AOG-23_Ammonusuc.html; aukevisser.nl entry (Fairbanks-Morse 5-cyl 2SA detail)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Physical characteristics: T1-M-A2 design, 846 t light / 2,270 t full load; 220 ft 6 in x 37 ft; Fairbanks-Morse diesel engines, direct drive, single screw (720 shp per DANFS-derived data; 800 shp per NavSource spec sheet; 790 bhp 5-cyl 2SA engine per T-tanker register); diesel ship's-service generators (1x40kW, 2x75kW 120V DC); cargo ~1,228-1,365 DWT, 12,100 bbl in 12 tanks; complement 62. No boilers or steam plant - a diesel-driven hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-24
- Study period
- 1944
- Limitations
- Establishes propulsion type and dimensions - material to asbestos analysis because diesel plants lack the boiler/steam-line insulation load of steam auxiliaries; this is a design fact, not an asbestos finding. Horsepower figures conflict across sources (720/790/800); draft figures conflict (13'1" vs 17').
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ammonusuc-aog23-05
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[6]New Jersey DEP Division of Fish & Wildlife, Garden State North reef coordinates/deployment chart (nj.gov/dep/fgw/pdf/reefs/garden_state_north.pdf) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Deployment entry no. 23, 'Mary C', 10/30/1990, 39 37.17000N 074 01.72002W
- Finding type
- environmental_record
- Finding
- New Jersey DEP Division of Fish & Wildlife's official Garden State North reef chart lists deployment no. 23 as '135' Tanker - Mary C' sponsored by Princeton Dive Club, Village Harbor Fishing Club, Atlantic County Reef Society, Fish Hawks, Spentonbush Red Star Co., and Beach Haven Marlin & Tuna Club, deployed 10/30/1990 at 39 37.170'N, 074 01.720'W. The Mary C is the ex-AOG-23 hull after barge conversion - confirming final disposition as an artificial-reef wreck in ~80 ft of water.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-24
- Study period
- 1990
- Population
- Eklof Marine stripping/salvage workers (1990)
- Limitations
- Official state record confirming reef deployment date and position for the Mary C hull; DEP chart's 135-ft length conflicts with secondary sources' ~240 ft (post-lengthening dimension) - see correction row. Contains no hazmat, asbestos-removal, or materials information; reef-sinking preparation (stripping) is undocumented in this record.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ammonusuc-aog23-06
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[7]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and program under which this MC-contract T1-M-A2 tanker was built in 1943-44 - and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization aboard Navy and merchant-type hulls.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-24
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level scholarship; does not name this vessel or class and does not establish that asbestos was or remains aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ammonusuc-aog23-07
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[8]Class/design inference grounded on the documented T1-M-A2 diesel configuration (NavSource spec sheet; T-tanker register engine data) and era shipbuilding-materials scholarship (Corn & Starr 1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource AOG-23 spec sheet (propulsion block); AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Design-level inference for the type: a 1944 Maritime Commission T1-M-A2 gasoline tanker was diesel-driven (no boilers or steam mains, eliminating the insulation-heavy steam plant), but vessels of the type and era commonly carried asbestos in exhaust-system lagging, flange gaskets and machinery packing (including cargo/fuel piping), fireproofing around gasoline-cargo and magazine spaces, machinery-space insulation, deck tile and mastic, electrical insulation, and winch/windlass brake linings. MC-built hulls of this program were constructed during the period when asbestos supply was federally reserved for shipbuilding.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-24
- Study period
- 1943-1944
- Population
- Construction trades (East Coast Shipyard, Bayonne, 1943-44); fitting-out workers (New York Navy Yard, 1944); USCG engine-room crew
- Limitations
- Inference only - no manual, plan, or survey names asbestos aboard this hull. Diesel propulsion reduces but does not eliminate era-typical asbestos applications; the listed applications are typical-of-type, not ship-proven. Does not establish quantity, present-day presence, individual exposure, or causation; the hull's 1969 fire, 1970 barge conversion, and 1990 stripping/scuttling bound any survival of original material.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ammonusuc-aog23-08
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[9]Batch-1967 search ledger (this record): DANFS transcriptions; MARAD ShipHistory 6704 + status card; NavSource page; USCG Historian's Office roster; NJ DEP reef chart; CourtListener name/hull/asbestos searches; secondary merchant-chain sources [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-ammonusuc-aog23-01 through sl-uss-ammonusuc-aog23-13
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, museum/owner disclosure, or docketed case naming the Ammonusuc/AOG-23 hull was found in the public sources searched. CourtListener API v4 returned zero opinion hits for 'Ammonusuc', 'AOG-23', and 'Ammonusuc' + asbestos, and zero docket hits for 'Ammonusuc' (see search_ledger).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-24
- Study period
- 2026-09-24
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1944 MC-contract hull is era-consistent with asbestos-containing materials, and the name is unusual enough that zero docket hits is a meaningful (if partial) result. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility. PACER-only and state-court filings not exhaustively searched.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ammonusuc-aog23-09
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[10]DANFS (fitting-out and Stockton repair periods); NavSource photo captions (NARA RG-19-LCM 19-N-68216 BuShips photo; NHHC photo NH 78152; Gulfport drydock photo caption) [other_primary]
- Locator
- DANFS narrative paragraphs 2 and 5; NavSource image caption block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented yard periods on this hull: fitting-out at the New York Navy Yard, Brooklyn (completed August 1944 - she was delivered/commissioned in May 1944 but did not report for shakedown until August); post-war repairs at Colbert Boat Works, Stockton CA (March-April 1946); and a documented photograph of the decommissioned ship drydocked at Gulfport Boiler and Iron Works, Port Arthur TX, circa 1947 (contributor-provided photo caption, unverified detail). New York Navy Yard is a shipyards.json entry (brooklyn-navy-yard) with documented asbestos-history relevance.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-24
- Study period
- 1944-1947
- Population
- New York Navy Yard fitting-out workers (1944); Colbert Boat Works repair crew (1946)
- Limitations
- Yard periods are documented events; any asbestos scope within them is inference - no work package, survey, or material record was located for this hull at any of the three yards. Gulfport drydock caption is contributor-provided, not an official record. Does not establish exposure at any yard.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ammonusuc-aog23-10
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[11]NARA record-group guidance (RG 24 deck logs; RG 178 USMC; RG 19 BuShips; RG 26 USCG); NavSource-verified NARA/NHHC photo numbers; MARAD status-card scan tab [other_primary]
- Locator
- archives.gov RG guides; NavSource photo captions (19-N-68216, NH 78152); MARAD Detail 6704 status-card tab
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival leads (not retrieved - no spend authorized): NARA RG 24 WWII deck logs (Logbooks of Ships and Stations, College Park) should hold Ammonusuc's 1944-46 logs; RG 178 (U.S. Maritime Commission) construction records may cover MC hull 1520 incl. outfitting specifications; RG 19 Bureau of Ships photographs are verified extant for this hull (19-N-68216 and related BuShips views, NHHC photo NH 78152); RG 26 Coast Guard records may hold USCG-manned-period documentation; the digitized MARAD status card (ED_01.png) for this hull exists but was not transcribed.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-24
- Study period
- 1943-1990 records
- Limitations
- Record-group mapping only - no box-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents for this hull is unknown until surveyed. The verified photo numbers confirm NARA/NHLC holdings exist. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ammonusuc-aog23-11
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[12]Cross-source comparison: MARAD Detail 6704 vs NavSource vs tugboatinformation vs aukevisser T-tanker register vs shipbuildinghistory.com AOG table vs NJ DEP chart [other_primary]
- Locator
- Milestone tables and spec blocks across cited sources
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Source discrepancies logged and resolved as follows: (a) MC design type - HyperWar's ship-data page says T1-M-A1 while MARAD, NavSource, and secondary registers all say T1-M-A2; T1-M-A2 adopted (MARAD authoritative). (b) MARAD milestone 'Renamed to Providence 5/18/1944' is internally inconsistent with documented Navy service through 1946-06-04 - treated as a status-card/data artifact; merchant rename adopted as 1948 per DANFS-consistent secondary sources. (c) Texaco Providence rename year: MARAD/NavSource 1959 vs tugboatinformation/shipbuildinghistory 1962 - unresolved, both logged. (d) Dean Reinauer rename/sale: MARAD/NavSource August 1967 vs secondary sources 1968 - unresolved, both logged. (e) Shaft horsepower 720 (DANFS-derived) vs 790 bhp/800 shp (registers) - unresolved. (f) Draft 13'1" (NavSource) vs 17' (infobox-derived) and wreck length 135' (DEP chart) vs ~240' (secondary) - post-lengthening dimensions unresolved.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-24
- Study period
- 1944-1990
- Limitations
- Resolves or flags publication-level discrepancies so downstream users do not read conflicting values as settled. No asbestos content in any of these sources; discrepancies do not affect the negative-finding result.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ammonusuc-aog23-12