Evidence
9 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-9).
-
[1]DANFS, 'Antrim I (AK-159)' (NHHC, 18 June 2015) - canonical NHHC URL returned 404 on 2026-09-20; no Wayback capture located; verbatim federal text verified via public-domain reproduction (Wikipedia USS Antrim (AK-159), citing this entry) and the NavSource DANFS transcription [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS 'Antrim I (AK-159)' full entry text (canonical slug confirmed from the citing article's bibliography)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS entry 'Antrim I (AK-159)' (NHHC, published 18 June 2015): the first Antrim, named for Antrim County, Michigan, 'was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract, MC hull 2104, on 18 April 1944 at Richmond, California, by Kaiser Cargo, Inc.; launched on 17 July 1944; sponsored by Mrs. F. H. Horstman; and, after her delivery to and acceptance by the Navy on 31 October 1944, was commissioned the same day,' Lt. Glen Martin, USNR, in command. Service narrative: shakedown out of San Pedro completed by 13 December 1944; reached Pearl Harbor New Year's Day 1945; departed three days later for the western Pacific via Eniwetok, Ulithi, and Kossol Roads; reached Leyte 9 February 1945 to unload cargo. Operating under Service Squadron 9 through the end of the war, she carried cargo between Manus (Admiralty Islands) and Philippine ports on three voyages - 19 March to 27 April, 30 May to 22 June, and 6 to 30 August 1945. After supporting the occupation of Japan through the autumn, she departed the western Pacific 4 January 1946, transited to Cristobal (20 February), arrived Norfolk 4 March, decommissioned 3 April 1946, was delivered to the War Shipping Administration three days later, and was struck from the Navy list 17 April 1946. DANFS records that the ship briefly operated under the U.S. flag with Dichmann, Wright & Pugh, Inc. of San Francisco in 1947 'before being transferred to Turkish registry the following year,' was renamed Kars, homeported at Istanbul, and operated under the Turkish flag into the 1980s.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-20
- Study period
- 1944-1947 (Navy/WSA); Turkish service into the 1980s
- Population
- Wartime ship's company (class figure ~79-85); construction trades at Kaiser Richmond Yard No. 4
- Limitations
- Authoritative for identity, construction milestones, service chronology, and disposal outline; contains no asbestos, insulation, or materials information. The vague 'transferred to Turkish registry the following year' conflicts in detail with the MARAD status card (title passed to the Republic of Turkey 1947-02-14; delivered Norfolk 1947-02-15) - the card is primary and controls (see correction row). No spec block for this hull was captured in located mirrors, so complement/armament figures are class-level, not DANFS-verified.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-antrim-ak159-01
-
[2]U.S. Maritime Administration, ShipHistory database - ANTRIM (AK-159), Ship History Detail 283 (digitized vessel status cards 283_538AF.jpg, 283_538AB.jpg, and 3ec643a7-cfb8-4714-9972-fe16ddc96361.png) [marad_nrc]
- Locator
- ShipHistory Detail 283 milestone table + card scans (/cards/283_538AF.jpg, /cards/283_538AB.jpg, /cards/3ec643a7-cfb8-4714-9972-fe16ddc96361.png)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- MARAD ShipHistory record for ANTRIM (AK-159) (Detail 283), including three digitized status-card scans read ship-specifically: Official No. 246751; type C1-M-AV1 (main card) / 'Naval Auxiliary - AK Cargo Ship' (web record); built 1944 by Kaiser Cargo, Inc. at Richmond, Calif. (hull no. 'MC 2104'); completed 10-31-44; 'Basis to W.S.A. 10-31-44 2:00PM PWT @ Richmond, Calif. del. by Builders to USMC'; allocation row 1 'Navy Dept. (Del. by USMC)' form of agreement 'LB' at Richmond 10-31-44 2:00 PM PWT; 'Reserve Fleet' at Lee Hall, Va. 4-6-46 10:35 AM EST (matches DANFS WSA delivery and the James River Group, Lee Hall lay-up); 'Dichmann, Wright & Pugh Inc (Pending Disposition)' on GAA at Lee Hall 1-13-47 3:10 PM EST; 'Republic of Turkey Oct 1946 (Title passed 2-14-47 11:40AM EST @ Wash. DC)' purchase delivery at Norfolk, Va. 2-15-47 Noon EST; 'Renamed "KARS" (Turkish)'; 'Purchase Price: $693,862.00'. Card fields: fleet 'JR' unit 8; DWT 4967 (entry card) vs web 'Ship Length 321.40' (registered length - overall length ~388'8" per class data); breadth 50; depth 29; termination port of last voyage 'HAMPTON ROADS'; 'Ships papers: FINAL ALLOC- 12/26' (the 1946-12-26 transfer order); withdrawn from fleet 1-13-47 'Delivered to Republic of Turkey'; web milestones 'Disposition 12/26/1946' and 'Withdrawal 1/13/1947', fate 'Sold - Foreign Flag Op.' Card reverse: 'NEXT CHATHAM'; tonnage 3805 gr. / 2123 net; draft 21' 5-8/8"; 'BHP 1700'; 'DKy Blr.' (donkey/auxiliary boiler aboard); speed 11.4.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-20
- Study period
- 1944-1947
- Limitations
- Authoritative for government custody milestones, hull identity (ON 246751 = MC 2104 = AK-159 on the card face), the 1944 builder->USMC->WSA->Navy allocation chain, the 1946-47 disposition timeline, and equipment notes (BHP 1700 diesel; donkey boiler). Contains no asbestos, materials, or condition-survey information and supports no asbestos claim. Card handwriting OCR/hand-read; 'DKy Blr.' and 'LB' abbreviations are interpreted, not expanded, on the card.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-antrim-ak159-02
-
[3]U.S. Maritime Commission, Transfer Order No. G-1791 (1946-12-26), scan in MARAD ShipHistory documents for ANTRIM (AK-159) [marad_nrc]
- Locator
- MARAD ShipHistory Detail 283 > Documents > ANTRIM.pdf (single-page transfer-order scan, OCR-illegible in places, hand-read)
- Finding type
- regulatory
- Finding
- United States Maritime Commission Transfer Order No. G-1791 (scanned PDF hosted on MARAD ShipHistory), dated 26 December 1946: order 'Approving the Sale Alien [sic - 'Sale, Alien'] and Transfer to Turkish Registry and Flag' of the M/V Antrim, Official No. 246751, to the Republic of Turkey, represented by 'Devlet Denizyollari ve Limanlari Isletme Genel Mudurlugu' (State Maritime Lines and Ports Enterprise General Directorate), granting the approval required by Sections 9 and 37 of the Shipping Act 1916, as amended, for sale of the vessel to an alien with transfer to Turkish registry and flag. This is the primary instrument behind the card's 'FINAL ALLOC- 12/26' annotation and the web milestone 'Disposition 12/26/1946'.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-20
- Study period
- 1946
- Limitations
- Documents the legal instrument authorizing foreign-flag sale/transfer; contains no asbestos, materials, condition, or crew information. Confirms Official No. 246751 and the Turkish state buyer named on the card. Scan quality is poor - order number and some phrasing were hand-read through OCR noise; the 'Sale Alien' reading is interpreted.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-antrim-ak159-03
-
[4]NavSource Online, Service Ship Photo Archive, USS Antrim (AK-159) index page (volunteer-compiled index; includes the DANFS transcription and merchant-service notes) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 09/13/130159 page: Alamosa class block, DANFS transcription, awards ribbon list, CO table, merchant-service paragraph
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource service-ship archive page for Antrim (AK-159), Alamosa class: laid down 18 April 1944 as Maritime Commission type C1-M-AV1 hull (MC 2104) at Kaiser Cargo Inc., Richmond, CA; launched 17 July 1944; commissioned USS Antrim (AK-159) 31 October 1944, Lt. Glen Martin USNR in command (sole listed CO, to 3 April 1946); WWII assignment Asiatic-Pacific Theater; campaign/award ribbon set: American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, WWII Victory Medal, Navy Occupation Service Medal (Asia clasp), Philippine Liberation Medal; decommissioned 3 April 1946 at Norfolk, VA; delivered to WSA 6 April 1946 at NDRF James River Group, Lee Hall, VA; struck from the Naval Register 17 April 1946. Merchant service: sold 13 January 1947 for $693,862 to 'Dickman, Wright & Pugh' (sic - 'Dichmann' per the MARAD card and DANFS), San Francisco, agents for buyer; delivered 14 February 1947 to Deniz Nakliyati T.A.O., Turkey, reflagged Turkish and renamed Kars; with sisters MV Malatya (ex-USS Bullock AK-165), MV Kastamonu (ex-USS Craighead AK-175), and MV Rize (ex-USS Hidalgo AK-189) provided Turkey-Northern Europe service for ~15 years; scrapped January 1983 at Aliaga, Turkey.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-20
- Study period
- 1944-1983
- Population
- Ship's company 1944-1946; postwar merchant crews (US-flag DW&P interlude 1947; Turkish crews 1947-c.1982)
- Limitations
- Secondary compilation, not an official publication - consistent with DANFS and the MARAD record where they overlap (dates, buyer, price, Lee Hall lay-up). 'Dickman' spelling is a NavSource typo for Dichmann. Turkish-era details (sister-ship grouping, Aliaga breaking January 1983, IMO 5182748 in derivative compilations) rest on secondary sources only. No asbestos or materials information. Direct fetch of navsource.org failed at access time; content confirmed via indexed snippets and cross-source corroboration.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-antrim-ak159-04
-
[5]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987); equipment anchor: MARAD status card for ANTRIM (AK-159), Detail 283 ('DKy Blr.', 'BHP 1700') [other_primary]
- Locator
- AJIM 11(3):359-373 (era documentation); MARAD card reverse (equipment)
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Era-consistent asbestos applications for a 1944 USMC C1-M-AV1 diesel cargo ship: peer-reviewed scholarship documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in WWII U.S. shipbuilding, and that the federal government reserved asbestos supply for shipbuilding during the period this hull was mass-produced at Kaiser Cargo's Richmond Yard No. 4. For a diesel motorship of the type, era-typical applications would have included exhaust-line/muffler lagging, auxiliary 'donkey' boiler insulation (a donkey boiler is documented aboard this hull by its MARAD status card), steam- and hot-line gaskets and packing, bulkhead and accommodation fire insulation, galley-range insulation, electrical cable insulation, deck coverings, and winch/windlass brake linings.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-20
- Study period
- 1944-1983
- Population
- Construction trades (Kaiser Richmond Yard No. 4, 1944); Navy crew (engineering, maintenance, gun crews) 1944-46; merchant crews 1947-83; Aliaga breakers 1983
- Limitations
- Era/program documentation plus a ship-specific equipment note - NOT a hull asbestos record. No C1-M-AV1 outfitting manual was located; the application list is generic to 1944 diesel cargo construction and is not documented aboard this hull. Does not establish presence, quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation; the hull was scrapped in Turkey in 1983 and no survey survives in located sources.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-antrim-ak159-05
-
[6]O'Neil v. Crane Co., 53 Cal. 4th 335 (2012), CourtListener opinion 844228; Robinson v. United States (In re Joint E. & S. Dists. Asbestos Litig.), 891 F.2d 31 (2d Cir. 1989), CourtListener opinion 533004 [court_record]
- Locator
- Opinions 53 Cal. 4th 335 (No. S177401) and 891 F.2d 31 - both cluster-verified in batch-01
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- O'Neil v. Crane Co., 53 Cal. 4th 335 (2012): California Supreme Court 'bare metal' decision arising from a sailor's asbestos exposure aboard USS Oriskany (CV-34) - holds that a product manufacturer is not liable for harm caused by another manufacturer's asbestos-containing product used with its equipment. Establishes the doctrinal posture under which WWII-era Navy-ship asbestos product claims are litigated; for this hull the governing structure is the WSA-owned/Navy-allocated arrangement documented on the MARAD status card (sailors' exposure claims historically proceeded against product suppliers, not the government - cf. Robinson v. United States, 891 F.2d 31 (2d Cir. 1989), barring WSA-fleet claims on discretionary-function grounds).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-20
- Study period
- 1989/2012 (opinions); wartime exposure period
- Population
- WWII-era Navy sailors and merchant mariners (class context)
- Limitations
- Doctrinal context only - neither opinion names this hull, finds asbestos conditions aboard any specific vessel, or establishes exposure. No docketed case naming Antrim, AK-159, MC 2104, ON 246751, or Kars was located (see negative-finding row and search ledger); CourtListener coverage was rate-limited on 2026-09-20, so that absence is partial. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-antrim-ak159-06
-
[7]Batch-836 search ledger (this record): NHHC DANFS via public-domain transcription; MARAD ShipHistory Detail 283 + three status-card scans + Transfer Order G-1791; NavSource; shipbuildinghistory C1 table and Kaiser Richmond #4 page; CourtListener API/HTML (blocked) + Google site: check; general litigation web check; NARA record-group guides [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-antrim-ak159-01 through sl-uss-antrim-ak159-10
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or docketed case naming Antrim, AK-159, MC hull 2104, ON 246751, or Kars was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). Direct CourtListener API and HTML searches were blocked by rate limiting on 2026-09-20 (shared machine 125/day quota; same outage logged by batches 788 and 796); a Google site:courtlistener.com check returned only name collisions - the 'Hong Kong Fir' (ex-'Antrim', a different and larger vessel of ~5,395 grt that was never this Turkish-flag hull) of the 1962 English contract case, Antrim County/place and surname uses, and FFG-20 material - no vessel-specific or asbestos match for this hull. The hull appears on law-firm SEO ship lists (freeasbestostesting.com auxiliary-ships list; duboselawfirm.com cargo-ship list; navyshipexposure.com covers FFG-20) - marketing compilations excluded per source rules; list presence is not documentation.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-20
- Study period
- 2026-09-20
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1944 USMC hull is era-consistent with asbestos-containing materials. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility. Litigation coverage is partial: CourtListener opinion and RECAP docket searches were blocked by the 125/day shared rate limit (retry window ~4h) and HTML endpoint 403; the site: check is a partial substitute only.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-antrim-ak159-07
-
[8]NARA Guide to Federal Records: RG 24 (Navy deck logs), RG 178 (U.S. Maritime Commission), RG 248 (War Shipping Administration); NARA deck-log guidance [other_primary]
- Locator
- archives.gov record-group guides 178/248 + https://www.archives.gov/research/military/logbooks/navy-deck-logs.html
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival leads (not retrieved - require research-room or reproduction orders; no spend authorized): NARA RG 24 WWII deck logs for USS Antrim (AK-159), Oct 1944 - Apr 1946 (a commissioned Navy hull - deck logs exist as a series; WWII-era logs at College Park); NARA RG 178 (U.S. Maritime Commission) Construction Division records 1942-46 and West Coast Director for Construction files (San Francisco) covering Kaiser Cargo Inc. contract MC 2104 construction/outfitting; RG 248 (War Shipping Administration) vessel acquisition/operation files for the 1944-10-31 WSA 'LB' allocation to Navy and the 1947 DW&P GAA interlude; NARA still-photo series (80-G and related) may hold construction/launch views for yard hull 61; Turkish registry/classification records for Kars (Deniz Nakliyati) are outside U.S. holdings and were not surveyed.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-20
- Study period
- 1944-1947 records
- Limitations
- Record-group mapping only - no box-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents for MC hull 2104 is unknown until surveyed in person. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-antrim-ak159-08
-
[9]MARAD status cards and web record (Detail 283) vs DANFS 'Antrim I (AK-159)' text; NavSource AK-159 page; NavalCoverMuseum ANTRIM AK-159 page; Wikipedia USS Antrim (FFG-20) (disambiguation only); Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha [1962] 2 QB 26 (collision identification only) [other_primary]
- Locator
- MARAD Detail 283 card scans; DANFS entry text; navsource.org/archives/09/13/130159.htm; navalcovermuseum.org/wiki/ANTRIM_AK_159; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Antrim_(FFG-20)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Cross-source reconciliation: (a) Hull disambiguation - USS Antrim (AK-159), named for Antrim County, Michigan, is a different hull from USS Antrim (FFG-20), the Oliver Hazard Perry frigate (Todd Pacific Seattle, commissioned 1981-09-26, stricken 1997-09-04, transferred to Turkey as Giresun F-491), named for RADM Richard Nott Antrim; commercial asbestos pages and ship lists address or conflate the two, and litigation searches must distinguish them. (b) DANFS says the ship 'briefly operated under the United States flag ... in 1947, before being transferred to Turkish registry the following year' - the MARAD status card (primary) shows title passed to the Republic of Turkey 1947-02-14 11:40 AM EST and delivery at Norfolk 1947-02-15; DANFS's 'following year' (implying 1948) is not reconciled - the card controls; plausibly flag-registry formalization lagged the sale. (c) NavalCoverMuseum's 'Returned to Maritime Commission July 23 1946' is a secondary variant not on the card; the card shows the WSA reserve-fleet entry at Lee Hall 1946-04-06 (consistent with DANFS) - WSA administered NDRF for the Commission, so a later Commission-side booking date is plausible but unverified. (d) NavSource renders 'Dickman, Wright & Pugh'; the MARAD card and DANFS read 'Dichmann, Wright & Pugh' - Dichmann carried. (e) Complement conflict: secondary spec blocks give 15 officers + 70 enlisted (85); HyperWar's Alamosa class table gives 79 - neither is the missing DANFS spec block, so the figure stays class-level in gaps. (f) Call sign: class list gives NEUQ; the NavSource page header renders NEFN - unverified, carried in gaps. (g) Name collision: the famous Hong Kong Fir contract case (1962) involved a different ship 'formerly the Antrim' (~5,395 grt) - not this hull, which was Turkish-flag Kars by then.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-20
- Study period
- 1944-1983
- Limitations
- Resolves identifier collisions and date/spelling inconsistencies across primary and secondary sources; the 1947-vs-1948 flag-transfer wording and the 7/23/1946 variant are logged rather than harmonized. No asbestos content in any of these sources.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-antrim-ak159-09