Evidence
13 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-13).
-
[1]research packet ap-packet.md (4 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED — real identity: APL-28 (no ship name assigned)
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-apl-28-apl28-pkt-ap-packet-md
-
[2]NavSource Naval History, APL-28 service ship photo archive page (compiled from NVR/Ships' Data and NHHC photographic records) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource archives/09/71/7128.htm chronology bullets, specifications block, awards display, single photo caption (NHHC photo, APL-28 with APL-41 at Norfolk, 1954-59)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource record for this hull: APL-17 class non-self-propelled barracks ship (260-ft APL-2 design type); laid down 30 October 1944 at Tampa Ship Building Co., Tampa, FL; launched 10 December 1944; delivered and placed in service 30 April 1945; deactivated and placed in reserve 1945-46 at Seattle; photograph shows APL-28 in reserve at Norfolk, VA between 1954 and 1959 alongside APL-41 (in reserve at Norfolk since 1946). WWII-era award display: American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, WWII Victory Medal. Spec block: 1,300 t light / 2,600 t full; 261 ft; beam 49 ft; draft 8 ft 6 in limiting; complement 5 officers / 66 enlisted; accommodation 6 officers / 583 enlisted; ship's-service generators three diesel-drive 100 kW 450 V A.C.; diesel fuel 1,000 bbls.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1944-1959
- Population
- Craft crew (5 officers / 66 enlisted complement); embarked berthing population up to 6 officers / 583 enlisted
- Limitations
- Volunteer-compiled secondary archive - carried facts corroborated against shipscribe (construction/disposition), the NHHC photograph, and DANFS (Okinawa 9 Oct 1945). The same page carries a Vietnam-era block (reactivated fall 1966, 15 campaigns 1967-1973, unit awards) that is uncorroborated and assessed as likely erroneous - carried separately and classified disputed at ev-uss-apl-28-07. WWII award display is compilation data not verified against the official awards file. No asbestos or materials content; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-apl-28-01
-
[3]shipscribe.com, USS APL-2 class file - construction table, disposition table, class notes, and ship note for APL-28 (compiled by Stephen S. Roberts from Auxiliary Vessels Board / BuShips / register records) [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipscribe.com/usnaux/APL/APL02.html - construction table row APL-28, disposition table row APL-28 (strike 1 Dec 59 / disposal 1 Apr 60 / Sold), ship note row APL-28, class notes (APL 27-29 Dravo order cancelled/reassigned to Tampa)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Shipscribe record for this hull: construction table - APL-28 ordered 5 Apr 44, builder Tampa SB, keel 30 Oct 44, launched 10 Dec 44, delivered/in-service 30 Apr 45; ship note - 'Earlier order: Dravo, Pittsburgh (3 Feb 44, canc. 23 Mar 44). Sold 1960 to Foss Launch & Tug.'; disposition table - strike 1 Dec 59, disposal 1 Apr 60, fate 'Sold'. Class notes: APL 27-29 were originally ordered from Dravo, Pittsburgh on 3 Feb 44, cancelled 23 Mar 44, and reassigned to Tampa; the 260-ft APL type was a non-self-propelled 2,000-ton steel covered barge with a two-story barracks built on top, developed for long-distance ocean towing with ship-style raised bow and skegs, ordered by the Auxiliary Vessels Board to house repair-force personnel so tenders and EC-2 repair-ship conversions could work three shifts. Class header: design Navy APL-2, 1,300 light / 2,600 full tons, 261.2 ft oa x 260.0 ft wl x 49.2 ft e x 8.5 ft, original armament 4-20mm, complement 71 + 583 troops, machinery 'None'.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1944-1960
- Population
- Tampa Shipbuilding construction workforce 1944-45; craft crew and embarked berthing population 1945-46
- Limitations
- Compiled-from-records secondary source (Shipscribe reproduces BuShips/Auxiliary Vessels Board data); the 5 Apr 44 figure is the Tampa contract/order date shown in the construction table - the Dravo order (3 Feb 44, cancelled 23 Mar 44) predates it. No materials or asbestos content; supports no asbestos claim. Shipscribe's ship note does not mention any Vietnam-era return to service - silent on the period between the 1960 sale and the present.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-apl-28-02
-
[4]shipbuildinghistory.com (Tim Colton), Tampa Shipbuilding (TASCO) yard table, Tampa FL - row for hull 144 [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipbuildinghistory.com TASCO yard table, hull no. 144 row (delivered 30-Apr-45; 'Sold 1960 to Foss, later McDermott Pull Barge No. 1 (ON 285717)')
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Shipbuilding history compilation of Tampa Shipbuilding (TASCO) yard output records this hull as yard hull no. 144: 'APL 28,' owner US Navy, delivered 30-Apr-45, disposition 'Sold 1960 to Foss, later McDermott Pull Barge No. 1 (ON 285717).' The USCG official number identifies the ex-Navy hull in documented merchant service after the 1960 sale.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1945-1960+
- Population
- Commercial crews aboard the ex-hull as Foss / McDermott Pull Barge No. 1 (post-1960)
- Limitations
- Secondary compilation of yard and merchant-vessel records (delivered-hull tables); the USCG official number ON 285717 is citable to merchant-vessel documentation files (not retrieved - archival lead). This row places the physical hull in commercial hands from 1960 - materially inconsistent with the NavSource claim of Navy Vietnam service 1967-73 for this designation (see ev-uss-apl-28-07). No asbestos content; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-apl-28-03
-
[5]Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS), Naval History and Heritage Command, entry 'Wateree II (ATF-117)' - Typhoon Louise passage [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS Wateree II (ATF-117), paragraph covering 7-9 October 1945 at Buckner Bay; canonical NHHC URL returns 404 (standing link-rot noted since Batch 01) - text verified via Internet Archive Wayback capture 2025-04-25
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The official DANFS history of fleet tug Wateree (ATF-117) places APL-28 moored at Buckner Bay, Okinawa, during Typhoon Louise on 9 October 1945: 'the wind blew her afoul the anchor buoy for APL-28, and she was drawn in toward that ship. She and APL-28 collided, but the damage was repaired quickly, and she untangled herself from the anchor buoy.' Wateree was subsequently blown onto a reef and lost (eight dead, including the CO and XO); APL-28 survived the storm on its mooring - it is not listed among the hulls destroyed or grounded at Okinawa (APL-12, APL-13, APL-33 were).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1945-10-09
- Population
- Craft crew aboard at Okinawa during Typhoon Louise
- Limitations
- Establishes presence of this hull moored to a buoy at Buckner Bay, Okinawa on 9 Oct 1945 and a minor collision with Wateree; does not give APL-28's arrival or departure dates, assignment, damage (if any), or crew state. The DANFS entry is about Wateree - APL-28 is an incidental named object. No asbestos or materials content; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-apl-28-04
-
[6]Naval History and Heritage Command photograph of APL-28 in reserve at Norfolk, 1954-1959 (photo number unrecorded by the compilations); captions at NavSource archives/09/71/7128.htm and shipscribe.com/usnaux/APL/APL02-p.html [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipscribe APL-2 class photo page, caption 'USS APL-28 In reserve at Norfolk, Va., between 1954 and 1959. The sister to the left is APL-41...' (NHHC photo); NavSource archives/09/71/7128.htm image 09712801 caption
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- A Naval History and Heritage Command photograph (captioned on both NavSource and the shipscribe class photo page) shows APL-28 in reserve at Norfolk, VA between 1954 and 1959, with sister craft APL-41 moored alongside - APL-41 having been in reserve at Norfolk since 1946. The photograph documents Atlantic-side reserve custody of the hull in the years immediately preceding its December 1959 strike.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1954-1959
- Limitations
- Photographic documentation establishes presence at Norfolk in the 1954-59 window; continuous custody is not established - the craft is shown in reserve at Seattle (1945-46 per NavSource) and Norfolk (1954-59), and the transfer between Pacific and Atlantic reserve fleets is undocumented. No materials or asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-apl-28-05
-
[7]Chief of Naval Operations, OPNAVNOTE 1650 (9 Mar 2001), 'Master List of Unit Awards and Campaign Medals,' enclosure - USS SHIPS section (OP-09B33 as of 29-Jan-01); mirrored PDF at usscoralsea.net [other_primary]
- Locator
- OPNAVNOTE 1650 master list, USS SHIPS enclosure, page 13 - alphabetical run listing APL 21, APL 26, APL 27, APL 30, APL 46; no APL 28 row exists
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The Chief of Naval Operations' official master list of unit awards and campaign participation (OPNAVNOTE 1650, 9 March 2001; data as of 29 January 2001) lists five APL-class barracks craft with Vietnam-era unit awards: APL 21 (NUC 1 Jul 69-30 Jun 71), APL 26 (NUC x3 1967-71, PUC x2 1968/1969, RVN Gallantry Cross), APL 27 (NUC 1 Jul 69-30 Jun 71), APL 30 (NUC x3 1968-72, PUC 1969), and APL 46 (NUC 1 Jul 69-30 Jun 71). No entry for APL-28 appears anywhere in the master list - awards or campaign participation.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1966-1973 (award periods listed); list compiled to 2001-01-29
- Limitations
- An absence finding, not a positive record: the master list covers unit awards and campaign participation to which in-service craft contributed; the absence of any APL-28 entry while all five documented Vietnam-serving sister craft appear is strong official evidence that no Navy unit designated APL-28 earned Vietnam-era awards - i.e., it contradicts the NavSource Vietnam block (ev-uss-apl-28-07). The list does not itself record the 1960 sale or directly establish where the hull was 1966-73.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-apl-28-06
-
[8]NavSource Naval History, APL-28 page - 'Reactivated', Vietnam campaign table, awards display, and 'fate unknown' disposition lines [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource archives/09/71/7128.htm 'Reactivated in th Fall of 1966' line, 15-row campaign table, awards block, and disposition lines
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NavSource's APL-28 page carries a Vietnam-era block not corroborated by any other located source: 'Reactivated in th Fall of 1966'; participation in 15 Vietnam campaigns from Vietnamese Counteroffensive Phase II (22 February 1967) through Vietnam Ceasefire (28 January 1973); awards display of two Presidential Unit Citations, three Navy Unit Commendations, National Defense Service Medal, Vietnam Service Medal, four RVN Gallantry Cross unit citations, RVN Civil Actions unit citation, and RVN Campaign Medal; Vietnam-era armament (four .50 cal., two '80MM' mortars, four .30 cal. on the 02 deck corners); 'Placed out of service, date and location unknown... Struck from the Naval Register, date unknown. Final Disposition, fate unknown.' This block is contradicted by (a) the documented strike of 1 Dec 1959 and sale of 1 Apr 1960 to Foss Launch & Tug (ev-uss-apl-28-02, ev-uss-apl-28-03), (b) the official CNO unit-awards/campaign master list containing no APL-28 entry while listing APL 21/26/27/30/46 (ev-uss-apl-28-06), and (c) the NavSource page's own photo record, which contains no Vietnam-era image. The claimed campaign start (22 February 1967) and 'reactivated fall 1966' framing coincide with APL-26's documented reactivation from Seattle mothballs and arrival in Vietnam on 22 February 1967 - suggesting possible cross-hull misattribution, though that mechanism is unproven.
- Verification
- disputed
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1966-1973 (as claimed, unverified)
- Limitations
- This row records a published claim and documents why it is not carried as fact: uncorroborated by official awards/campaign records, inconsistent with the compiled sale record, and carrying internal signals of error ('fate unknown' against a documented 1960 commercial sale; no Vietnam photography). It does not prove no Navy unit bore the designation in Vietnam (e.g., a chartered hull) - only that no such unit appears in the official awards list and no reacquisition record was located. If any part of NavSource's block proves correct, this row's assessment would need revision.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-apl-28-07
-
[9]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and program under which this 1944-45 Tampa-built barracks craft was mass-produced - and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization aboard Navy and merchant-type hulls.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level scholarly documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel or vessel type and does not establish that asbestos was aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, individual exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-apl-28-08
-
[10]shipscribe.com, USS APL-2 class data sheet and class notes (compiled from BuShips design and Ships' Data records); NavSource APL-28 specifications block [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipscribe.com/usnaux/APL/APL02.html class data (design, machinery 'none', complement) and class notes; navsource.net/archives/09/71/7128.htm specifications
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Class design data relevant to asbestos footprint: the APL-2 design type was a non-self-propelled 2,000-ton, 260-ft covered-barge hull with a two-story barracks built on top - machinery 'none' (no propulsion plant; ship's-service power from three 100 kW diesel generators). A wartime accommodation craft of this era could carry asbestos-containing thermal/acoustic insulation, pipe lagging on heating and plumbing lines, gaskets, packing, deck coverings, and interior finish materials, but no materials specification for the APL-2 design or this hull was located. Absence of a steam propulsion plant reduces the machinery-space asbestos profile relative to steam vessels; accommodation and utility-system applications remain unverified inference.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1945-1960
- Population
- Ship's company and embarked berthing population (up to several hundred)
- Limitations
- Design/era inference only - no APL-2-class or hull-specific materials specification located, and no source located states asbestos content for this craft. The listed applications are era-typical possibilities, not documented installations. Does not establish presence, absence, quantity, or exposure.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-apl-28-09
-
[11]Batch-2482 search ledger (this record): NavSource 09/71/7128; shipscribe APL-2 class file; shipbuildinghistory TASCO yard table; DANFS Wateree II; NHHC photo caption; OPNAVNOTE 1650 master list; CourtListener name/hull searches [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-apl-28-01 through sl-uss-apl-28-13
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazardous-materials disclosure, litigation, or material-condition statement naming APL-28 (or its commercial identities) was found in the public sources searched - the NavSource and shipscribe compiled records, the TASCO yard table, the DANFS/Wateree Okinawa record, the NHHC photographic record, and the CNO unit-awards master list contain no asbestos statement for this hull (see search_ledger).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 2026-09-26
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1944-45 accommodation craft is era-consistent with asbestos-containing materials, and no abatement-era documentation is expected for a hull sold in 1960, before the Navy's documented asbestos-control program era. The hull's subsequent commercial career (Foss / McDermott Pull Barge No. 1) is undocumented; whether original-era material survives aboard the commercial hull is unknown. This row neither establishes nor defeats any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-apl-28-10
-
[12]CourtListener API v4 opinion and docket search indexes, queries 'APL-28', 'USS APL-28' [court_record]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-apl-28-10 through sl-uss-apl-28-12
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- CourtListener sweep by hull identifier (authenticated API v4, 2026-09-26): 'APL-28' opinion search returned 1,130 ranked hits, all non-qualifying name/token collisions - none of the top-ranked opinions names a vessel (generic criminal, family-law, and procedural-rule opinions; loose tokenization of 'APL' and '28'). 'APL-28' docket search returned 9,431 hits, all collisions (American President Lines / APL Logistics maritime and commercial litigation, unrelated docket-number fragments, criminal dockets) - none naming the vessel, none asbestos. The 'USS APL-28' variant opinion query returned zero hits - a clean null. No qualifying asbestos litigation located.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 2026-09-26
- Limitations
- CourtListener coverage is not exhaustive - PACER/RECAP dockets, state-court filings, and MDL-875 plaintiff ship-lists indexed by vessel name rather than hull number may be incompletely searchable; non-judicial claims (asbestos trust filings, settlements) are outside the sweep. A null result does not prove no claim was ever filed.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-apl-28-11
-
[13]NARA Guide to Federal Records RG 24 (Bureau of Naval Personnel - deck logs); USCG vessel documentation (official number 285717); MARAD/Navy sale records [other_primary]
- Locator
- NARA RG 24 record-group guide; USCG vessel documentation system; MARAD historical ship-sales records
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival leads (not retrieved - no spend authorized): (a) NARA RG 24 deck logs - if maintained for this in-service craft, 1945-46 logs would document the Okinawa assignment and inactivation; any 1966-73 logs under designation APL-28 would settle the NavSource Vietnam block (its absence from the OPNAVNOTE awards list predicts none exist); (b) USCG merchant-vessel documentation file for ON 285717 (McDermott Pull Barge No. 1, ex-Foss) - would document the commercial career, ownership chain, and any government requisition, and could definitively establish whether the physical hull left Navy custody permanently in 1960; (c) MARAD/DSAFO sale records for the 1 Apr 1960 disposal; (d) Foss Launch & Tug / J. Ray McDermott fleet records for the barge's later career and disposition.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1944-1960+ records
- Limitations
- Record-group and program mapping only - no box-level or document-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents for this hull is unknown until surveyed. Whether deck logs were kept for an in-service barracks craft is itself unverified. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-apl-28-12