Evidence
9 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-9).
-
[1]DANFS, Barracuda (SSK-1) - construction, sponsor, commissioning, SubDevGru2 service, 1956 renaming (verbatim transcription; live NHHC page returned 404) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS service narrative and spec block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: launched 2 March 1951 by Electric Boat Division, General Dynamics Corp., Groton, CT, as K-1 (SSK-1); sponsored by Mrs. Willis Manning Thomas; commissioned 10 November 1951, Lt. Cmdr. F. A. Andrews in command. Joined Submarine Development Group 2, home port New London, CT; cruised the Atlantic coast of the US and Canada and the Caribbean; visited Greenock and Rothesay, Scotland, June 1955. 'On 16 December 1956 her name was changed from K-1 to Barracuda (SSK-1).' Spec block: dp. 765; l. 196'1"; b. 24'7"; dr. 14'5"; s. 13 k.; cpl. 37; cl. Barracuda.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1949-1959 (entry coverage)
- Population
- EB construction trades (1949-51); crew (1951-forward)
- Limitations
- Ship-specific history only; no asbestos or material content. The DANFS entry predates her 1959 redesignation and 1973 disposal - post-1959 milestones come from other rows. Live NHHC DANFS page returned 404 on 2026-09-18; verbatim transcription used.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-barracuda-ssk1-01
-
[2]NavSource Online: Submarine Photo Archive, K-1 / Barracuda (SSK-1) (SST-3) - designation timeline, specifications, disposal (via Wayback capture; direct fetch unreachable) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 08/08550.htm header block, specifications block, and 'Scrapping' photo captions
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource timeline for this hull: laid down 1 July 1949 at Electric Boat, Groton; launched 2 March 1951; commissioned USS K-1 (SSK-1) 10 November 1951; renamed USS Barracuda (SSK-1) 16 December 1956; redesignated training submarine (SST-3) 3 July 1959; simultaneously decommissioned and struck from the Naval Register 3 October 1973; final disposition - sold to Georgetown Steel Corp. and scrapped between 8 April and 8 July 1974 near Charleston, SC, at the Braswell Shipyards. Scrapping is documented by a contemporaneous photo series credited to Christopher Breeze / Georgetown Steel Corporation showing the hull being cut up off East Bay Street, Charleston. Page captions further document: 'the first new-type submarine to be launched since the end of World War II... equipped with the latest developments in sonar and electronic detection equipment' (AP Wirephoto, March 1951); a New Orleans Mardi Gras visit in 1955; and SubRon 12 Key West service in the 1960s alongside tender Bushnell (AS-15) under CO Capt. Daniel L. Bailey (29 Jan 1960 - 15 Mar 1962).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1949-1974
- Population
- EB construction trades (1949-51); crew (1951-73); shipbreakers, Braswell Shipyards / Georgetown Steel (1974)
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation, not a primary registry - its milestone dates generally track NVR/DANFS but secondary sources conflict on three dates (rename, SST-3, decommission; see gaps). Page fetched via Wayback capture; direct fetch unreachable from this network. Contains no asbestos content. The 1974 scrapping predates modern ACM-handling regulation but no hazmat or material record for the breakup was located.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-barracuda-ssk1-02
-
[3]Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum, 'Jimmy Carter's Naval Service' (duty-assignment chronology); corroborated by NHHC, 'Passing of President Jimmy Carter' (usnhistory.navylive.dodlive.mil) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Carter Library naval-service chronology (duty entries 01 FEB 1951 - 16 OCT 1952); NHHC navylive article 3787526
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The future 39th President was a plankowner of this hull: Jimmy Carter served 1 Feb 1951 - 10 Nov 1951 with the Shipbuilding and Naval Inspector of Ordnance, Groton, CT, as prospective Engineering Officer of USS K-1 during precommissioning fitting-out of the submarine; then 10 Nov 1951 - 16 Oct 1952 aboard USS K-1 (SSK-1) as Executive Officer, Engineering Officer, Operations Officer, Gunnery Officer, and Electronics Repair Officer, qualifying for command of submarines. The library record notes the submarine was 'new construction, first vessel of its class.' Carter then entered the Naval Nuclear Propulsion program.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1951-1952
- Population
- Lt.(jg)/Lt. James E. Carter; K-1 pre-commissioning and first-year crew; EB fitting-out trades (1951)
- Limitations
- Vessel-history fact only: establishes that a named individual served aboard during construction-era fitting-out at EB and the first commissioned year. It is NOT an exposure record - this record makes no asbestos claim for Carter or any individual; the construction-era population is relevant to era inference only. Carter Library page fetched via Wayback; NHHC navylive corroboration verified 2026-09-18.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-barracuda-ssk1-03
-
[4]NARA photographs, NAID 6929052 / local ID 19-NN-AG-154, RG 19 'Photographs of U.S. and Foreign Naval Vessels, 1883-1972' (metadata transcribed in NavSource captions); plus NavSource-captioned SubRon 12 Key West photography [other_primary]
- Locator
- NARA NAID 6929052 (RG 19 vessel photographs); NavSource 08/08550.htm photo captions (Norfolk Naval Shipyard quay wall; SubRon 12 Key West)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA-held photographs (Bureau of Ships series) place this hull at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard quay wall in the late 1950s, alongside T-1 (SST-1) and Observation Island (AG-154). NavSource-captioned photography further places Barracuda (SST-3) with SubRon 12 at Key West in the 1960s alongside the submarine tender Bushnell (AS-15), during the command of Capt. Daniel L. Bailey (29 Jan 1960 - 15 Mar 1962). These are archival leads for her post-1959 yard presence and operating bases - physical-presence documentation, not work records.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- circa 1957-1962
- Population
- Crew and any yard trades during Norfolk visits (late 1950s); SubRon 12 Key West population (1960s)
- Limitations
- Archival lead only: photographs establish presence at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard quay wall, not what work (if any) was performed there - a quay-wall photo is not an availability or overhaul record. NARA catalog page is JS-rendered and could not be independently fetched; NAID and series metadata transcribed via NavSource captions. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-barracuda-ssk1-04
-
[5]Era inference built on: DANFS spec block (diesel-electric Barracuda class); NavSource specifications (GM diesels, GE motors, 2 shafts); shipyard-exposure-map documented asbestos product list for Electric Boat/Groton (thermal pipe insulation in submarine construction, steam/propulsion lagging, gaskets, packing, insulation used through the 1970s); NIOSH HETA 78-135-1333 (see ev-06) [other_primary]
- Locator
- DANFS spec block; NavSource specifications; shipyards.json product list for electric-boat-groton
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A diesel-electric submarine built 1949-51 at Electric Boat sits inside that yard's documented asbestos-use era; era-standard submarine applications aboard a boat of this type and period were thermal insulation, machinery and diesel-exhaust lagging, gaskets, valve packing, and electrical insulation in the confined hull volume. As a diesel-electric boat she carried no steam plant - the boiler/turbine lagging pathway of steam vessels does not apply, but the submarine confined-space exposure dynamic applies with full force.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1949-1974
- Population
- EB construction trades (1949-51); crew (1951-73); yard/base trades at Key West, Charleston, Norfolk availabilities; 1974 shipbreakers
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, or work package located for SSK-1. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity. Product names are normalized era terms; no manufacturer attribution for this hull.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-barracuda-ssk1-05
-
[6]NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 78-135-1333, Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corp., Groton, CT (August 1983; surveys Jul-Oct 1979, May 1980, Mar 1981) [other_primary]
- Locator
- HETA 78-135-1333, pp. 13-14 (asbestos narrative), Table 6 (reported-exposure statistics)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- Government documentation of asbestos exposure at this hull's builder: NIOSH found 'historical reports of overexposure to asbestos were common among workers with eight or more years work experience at Electric Boat,' occurring 'primarily in the course of submarine overhaul and/or retrofit,' and reported that asbestos use 'in the shipyard and on the submarines' was being phased out. In the surveyed cohort of 246 painters, 67% reported working with or being exposed to asbestos at EB; 30% reported exposure during the 1950-65 window that covers this hull's construction. Pulmonary-function decrements correlated with reported asbestos exposure and smoking.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1979-1983 (survey/report); exposure windows reported back to 1950
- Population
- Electric Boat trades, esp. submarine overhaul/retrofit workers (1950-79 exposure windows); HHE requested for ~1,000 employees; surveyed cohort 246 of 424 union painters
- Limitations
- Yard-level survey, not a hull record: documents asbestos exposure and use on Electric Boat submarines generally - SSK-1 is not named. The request targeted painters' solvent/metal-fume complaints; asbestos content is historical-report data within the study, not an asbestos fiber-count evaluation. Does not establish materials aboard this hull, individual exposure, quantity, or present-day presence.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-barracuda-ssk1-06
-
[7]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's entire construction (1949-51) and service era (1951-73).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403, confirmed 2026-09-18) - content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-barracuda-ssk1-07
-
[8]Batch-98 search ledger (this record): DANFS transcription; Carter Presidential Library; NHHC navylive; NavSource/Wayback; NARA NAID lead; NIOSH full text; GAO product page; CourtListener (blocked); secondary web litigation sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-barracuda-ssk1-01 through -12
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or verified litigation naming USS Barracuda (SSK-1/SST-3) was found in the public sources searched. CAVEAT: CourtListener could not be queried this session - API returned HTTP 429 (125/day quota exhausted, ~9 h to reset) and the HTML interface returned 403; logged as blocked in search_ledger, not as a negative result. Secondary web sweeps surfaced no qualifying case; the only 'asbestos aboard' material is law-firm marketing content (mesothelioma.net, asbestos-ships.com, mesolawcenter.com listicles) asserting asbestos without primary sourcing - excluded by source policy, including an untraceable '60,000 lbs of asbestos per submarine' figure.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 2026-09-18
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - and the litigation repository search is a genuine open gap (throttled, not run). Deck logs, EB work packages, and any scrapping-contract records are undigitized leads. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-barracuda-ssk1-08
-
[9]Designation cross-check: NavSource designation history (SSK-1 -> SST-3 only); Wikipedia class article (sisters redesignated SS-551/SS-552 in 1959; 'SS-550 probably reserved... she never officially held this designation'; final SS-T3 in 1972-73); globalsecurity.org SSK-1 page (labels her 'SS-570') [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource header designation line; Wikipedia USS Barracuda (SSK-1) and Barracuda-class articles; globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/ssk-1.htm
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- CORRECTION: secondary sources attach two post-1959 attack-submarine numbers to this hull - 'SS-550' (Wikipedia article title slug 'SSK-1/SST-3/SS-550') and 'SS-570' (globalsecurity.org page title). Both are misattributions: her sisters Bass and Bonita were redesignated SS-551 and SS-552 in 1959, but Barracuda went to the training-submarine series as SST-3 and never officially held an SS-5xx attack designation; her last designation was SS-T3 (August 1972 per secondary sourcing). NavSource's designation line - SSK-1, SST-3 - matches the documented sequence.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1959-1973 (designation window)
- Limitations
- Corrects a circulating designation error, not a material claim. The SS-T3 final designation itself rests on secondary sourcing (Wikipedia citing NavSource/Friedman); NavSource does not display it. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-barracuda-ssk1-09