Evidence
9 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-9).
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[1]Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (NHHC), 'Avenge I (AMc-66)' entry - verbatim public-domain text via hazegray.org transcription mirror (Wayback capture 2024-06-20). Canonical NHHC page returned 404 at all candidate URLs on 2026-09-23 (known NHHC link rot); corroborated by NavSource chronology and historycentral.com DANFS transcription. [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS body paragraphs + stat line, Avenge (AMc-66) entry; Wayback capture http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/mine/amc66.htm 2024-06-20
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS history: Bulwark (AMc-66) laid down 8 May 1941 at South Bristol, Maine, by the Bristol Yacht Building Co.; renamed Avenge on 17 May 1941; launched 14 February 1942, sponsored by Mrs. William A. Parker; placed in service at Boston 2 April 1942. After fitting out at Boston she sailed for Hampton Roads, arrived Yorktown, Va., 23 April for training at the Mine Warfare School, then reported to the 6th Naval District, Charleston, S.C., where she served for the duration of her career. Placed out of service 14 December 1945 and laid up in the Wando River; struck from the Navy list 8 January 1946; turned over to the Maritime Commission for disposal 8 August 1946; subsequently sold to the United Fisheries Co., Gloucester, Mass. Stat line: dp 195; l. 97'; b. 22'; dr. 9'; s. 10 k.; cpl. 19; a. 2 .50-cal. mg.; cl. Accentor.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-23
- Study period
- 1941-1946
- Population
- Crew (complement 17-19); construction trades at Bristol Yacht Building Co., South Bristol (1941-42); Boston Navy Yard workers (fitting out, 1942); Mine Warfare School, Yorktown (1942)
- Limitations
- Establishes identity, construction, and Navy service history only - the DANFS entry contains no asbestos or materials information. Verified through a public-domain transcription mirror rather than the live NHHC page, which returned 404 at all candidate URLs on 2026-09-23 (known NHHC link rot). The rename date inside this entry (17 May 1941) conflicts with the DANFS Assertive entry and Bulwark index stub (23 May 1941) - both carried, see gaps.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bulwark-amc66-01
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[2]Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (NHHC), 'Assertive (AMc-65)' and 'Bulwark (AMc-68)' entries - verbatim public-domain text via hazegray.org transcription mirror (Wayback captures 2024-06-24 / 2024-06-20) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS Assertive (AMc-65) entry, first paragraph; DANFS Bulwark (AMc-68) stub entry; Wayback captures of hazegray.org/danfs/mine/amc65.htm and amc68.htm
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Name-history correction and hull disambiguation: sister hull AMc-65 (same builder, South Bristol) was 'named Avenge (AMc-65) on 17 May 1941; renamed Assertive on 23 May 1941 when the name Avenge was reassigned to AMc-66.' Separately, Bulwark (AMc-68) was a different wooden-hulled coastal minesweeper - built by Hodgdon Bros. & Goudy & Stevens, East Boothbay, Maine; placed in service 5 February 1942; served the 1st Naval District; sold to the City of Boston 12 September 1946. The supplied name 'USS Bulwark (AMC-66)' is therefore a pre-service name only; the hull entered service as USS Avenge.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-23
- Study period
- 1941-1946
- Limitations
- Documents the name reassignment and separates this hull from same-name hulls AMc-68 and AM-425 - it does not resolve the intra-DANFS conflict between 17 May (Avenge entry) and 23 May (Assertive entry and Bulwark index stub); both dates are carried and flagged in gaps. No asbestos or materials information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bulwark-amc66-02
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[3]Bureau of Ships, Ships' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels, Vol. II - Mine Vessels (less CM & DM), Patrol Vessels, Landing Ships and Craft (NAVSHIPS 250-011, 15 April 1945), per-hull rows for AVENGE AMc-66 (shipscribe.com scan of the official BuShips publication) [other_primary]
- Locator
- SDB1945v2 AMc tables: dimensions p.50 (row 33 + wood-hull footnote), machinery p.52 (row 33), construction/dates p.53 (row 33); index p.658-equivalent ('Avenge AMc66 ... Mine Sweeper (coastal) ... 50')
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official BuShips Ships' Data 1945 Vol. II carries per-hull rows for AVENGE AMc-66 (row 33 of the AMc tables): length 97'1" overall / 92'0" waterline; extreme beam 22'0"; displacement 195 tons / 228 tons load; trial speed 10.0 knots; class-wide footnote 'All AMCs are wood hulls.' Machinery table: 1 propeller; Atlas Diesel (6)HM-2124, 400 shaft horsepower; two 25-kW diesel-drive ship's-service generators, 120 V DC; diesel-oil capacity 98 bbl. Construction table: Bristol Yacht Bldg. Co., South Bristol, Maine; keel laid 8 May 41; launched 14 Feb 42; placed in service 2 Apr 42 - matching DANFS on builder and all three dates.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-23
- Study period
- 1945 (publication); 1941-42 construction
- Population
- Construction trades at Bristol Yacht Building Co., South Bristol (1941-42); wartime crew
- Limitations
- Authoritative wartime BuShips publication naming this hull - confirms identity, wooden hull, machinery plant, builder, and key dates. OCR of the scanned columnar tables is partially garbled; values cross-verified against DANFS. Contains no materials, insulation, or asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bulwark-amc66-03
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[4]HyperWar, 'Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940-1945 - Minecraft' - official-record compilation of mine-warfare class characteristics (Accentor/Acme class block; AMc-66 Avenge listed in the class table) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Accentor/Acme class specification block and AMc hull table (AMc-66 row), ships-dm.html
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Class configuration: the Accentor/Acme class were small wooden-hulled coastal minesweepers designed for inshore operations - 185-205 tons, 97'1"-98'5", diesel engine of about 400 hp, 10 knots, complement 17, armament two .50-caliber machine guns. AMc-66 Avenge appears in the class table. A wooden hull and diesel propulsion mean the class carried no boilers or steam plant - the machinery category most associated with documented WWII-era asbestos insulation aboard larger combatants.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-23
- Study period
- 1940-1945
- Population
- WWII coastal-minesweeper crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Class-level specification; documents the type's plant, not materials aboard this hull. Absence of a steam plant removes the most commonly documented WWII asbestos pathway but does not establish that no asbestos-containing material was aboard (gaskets, exhaust insulation, electrical insulation, fireproofing compounds remain undocumented either way).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bulwark-amc66-04
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[5]Consolidated era/design inference - BuShips SDB 1945 Vol. II per-hull machinery row for this hull (Atlas diesel, wood hull) + Accentor/Acme class data [other_primary]
- Locator
- SDB1945v2 machinery table, AMc section (AVENGE row); HyperWar Accentor/Acme class block
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Era/design inference: this hull was a wooden-hulled, single-diesel coastal minesweeper built 1941-42 at the peak of WWII asbestos usage - but the documented plant (one Atlas 6HM-2124 diesel, 400 shp, no boilers or steam system) lacks the machinery configuration for which boiler and fireroom insulation, main and auxiliary steam-line lagging, and turbine lagging were commonly asbestos-containing aboard WWII combatants. Era-consistent but undocumented possibilities aboard this craft type: diesel exhaust insulation, engine-room gaskets and packing, electrical insulation, and fireproofing compounds.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-23
- Study period
- 1941-1946
- Population
- Construction trades at Bristol Yacht Building Co. (1941-42); wartime crew; Boston Navy Yard outfitting workforce
- Limitations
- Inference from the documented machinery plant and construction era - NOT a hull record of materials. No survey, specification, or material schedule naming AMc-66 was located; establishes no asbestos content, quantity, location, individual exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bulwark-amc66-05
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[6]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and program context in which this 1941-42 wooden-hulled minesweeper was built - and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization across naval and merchant construction.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-23
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (era context)
- Limitations
- Era-level scholarship on WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel or the Accentor class and does not establish that asbestos was or remains aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, individual exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bulwark-amc66-06
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[7]NavSource Online, Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive - Avenge (AMc 66) page, 'ex-Bulwark' (volunteer archival compilation, not an official record) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Chronology and specification block, Avenge (AMc 66) page
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource confirms the DANFS chronology verbatim (laid down as Bulwark, renamed Avenge, in service 2 April 1942 at Boston Navy Yard, out of service 14 December 1945 at Charleston, struck 8 January 1946, Maritime Commission transfer 8 August 1946, sold to United Fisheries Co. of Gloucester, MA - 'Fate unknown') and adds a specification block: displacement 195 t., 97'1" x 22' x 9'1", 10 knots, complement 17, two .50-cal. machine guns, one 400-bhp Atlas 6HM-2124 diesel on one shaft; call sign Nan-Baker-Tare-Tare; one dated photo (21 March 1942, credited Robert Hurst).
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-23
- Study period
- 1941-1946
- Population
- Wartime crew (class context)
- Limitations
- Volunteer archival compilation used as corroboration and as a photo/spec lead, not an official record; its complement figure (17) conflicts with the DANFS stat line (19) - both carried, see gaps. Establishes no asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bulwark-amc66-07
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[8]Batch-1603 search ledger (this record): NHHC DANFS + public-domain mirrors (hazegray via Wayback, historycentral); BuShips SDB 1945 Vol. II; HyperWar minecraft compilation; NavSource; CourtListener API v4 (authenticated, fleet-paced); MARAD ShipHistory; NARA catalog; web-level ship-name and asbestos-litigation searches [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-bulwark-amc66-01 through sl-uss-bulwark-amc66-12
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, court finding, or docketed asbestos case naming Bulwark, Avenge, or AMc-66 was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). CourtListener: 'USS Avenge' returned zero opinions and zero qualifying dockets (one incidental text collision inside NYT v. Microsoft exhibit scans); 'AMc-66' returned zero opinions; 'Avenge' + asbestos returned three opinions that are all name collisions ('avenge' as a verb in criminal/utility cases - United States v. Harrell, S.D.N.Y. 2002; United States v. Bonds, 6th Cir. 1994; Entergy Texas, Tex. App. 2015). A law-firm marketing page (mesotheliomahope.com minesweepers list) names 'USS Avenge (AM-423)' - the different 1944 ocean-minesweeper hull, not this one - and is excluded per the no-law-firm-sources rule.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-23
- Study period
- 2026-09-23
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - it reports that no qualifying record was found. Two planned CourtListener queries ('USS Bulwark' RECAP dockets; 'Bulwark' + asbestos opinions) were deferred by the fleet pacing budget at query time; the completed surfaces (exact name, hull number, asbestos-qualified) returned no qualifying hit. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bulwark-amc66-08
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[9]NARA record-path mapping: RG 24 deck logs (1942-1945, Charleston operations); RG 178 U.S. Maritime Commission disposal file (August 1946 transfer and sale); USCG Merchant Vessels of the United States annuals (United Fisheries documentation chain); NARA still-picture holdings (NavSource-credited photos) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NARA record-group structure (RG 24, RG 178, RG 19); USCG MVUS annual series
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival leads not retrieved: NARA RG 24 deck logs for AMc-66 (College Park; digitization status undetermined - the catalog API returned a JavaScript shell, not records, at query time); the Maritime Commission disposal file covering the 8 August 1946 transfer and sale to United Fisheries Co.; USCG Merchant Vessels of the United States annuals, which could document the post-sale fishing-fleet documentation chain (official number, owners, disposition) and resolve the 'fate unknown' DANFS entry; RG 19 BuShips records for the Accentor-class contract drawings.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-23
- Limitations
- Record-path mapping only - not evidence about this hull's materials or condition. No box-level retrieval performed and no reproduction ordered; digitization status unverified for each holding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bulwark-amc66-09