Evidence
11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).
-
[1]NHHC, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, 'Bushnell II (AS-15)' [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS Bushnell II entry, recommissioning paragraph, closing sentence, and 'Updates pending' note (Wayback capture 2025-12-09)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS postwar record: recommissioned 21 February 1952; after West Coast training departed for the Atlantic 7 May 1952, transited the Panama Canal 21 May, and proceeded to Key West, Florida for duty with Submarine Squadron 12, operating there with brief Norfolk service periods and Caribbean cruises. Struck from the Navy list 15 November 1980; 'disposed of in a fleet training exercise' 1 June 1983. The entry notes 'Updates pending for 1952 to 1970s' - the 1970 final decommissioning and reserve-fleet period are outside DANFS coverage.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1952-1983
- Population
- Ship's company at Key West / Norfolk / Caribbean service 1952-1970
- Limitations
- DANFS coverage is incomplete past 1952 (self-flagged 'updates pending'). Final decommission date (June 1970), 1975 in-service/NDRF status, and sinking particulars come from secondary sources and carry a date conflict (1 vs 3 June 1983) - see correction row ev-10. No asbestos or materials content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bushnell-as15-03
-
[2]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and government-shipyard program under which this hull was built at Mare Island Navy Yard, 1941-43 - and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization aboard and around Navy hulls.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level scholarly documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel and does not establish that asbestos was installed aboard, remains aboard, or exposed anyone associated with this hull. No quantity, location, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bushnell-as15-04
-
[3]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text returns HTTP 403 to automated fetch - product-page description used; same limitation logged in BATCH-01)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented the Navy's asbestos-protection program, finding asbestos insulation prevalent aboard Navy ships and evaluating the Navy's 1975 and 1979 insulation-removal policies; fieldwork yards were Long Beach and Norfolk Naval Shipyards. Norfolk Naval Shipyard is the yard reported (in secondary sources) to have handled Bushnell's 1970 decommissioning and her 1983 target-sink preparation.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1975-1979 policy window
- Population
- Navy shipyard insulation workers (program context)
- Limitations
- Program-level; does not name this hull. The Norfolk yard connection rests on secondary sources (NavSource decommission location; private account of SINKEX prep) - not an official record that Norfolk worked this hull. Establishes no ship-specific asbestos presence or exposure.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bushnell-as15-05
-
[4]EPA, 'Transport of Target Vessels for Ocean Disposal' (40 C.F.R. 229.2 general permit description); EPA, Report to Congress Jan 1981-Dec 1983 on Administration of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act [federal_register]
- Locator
- EPA SINKEX general-permit page; EPA/NEPIS report to Congress 1981-1983 (P10070K9), Ocean Dumping / permit program section
- Finding type
- regulatory
- Finding
- The Navy's transport and sinking of target vessels is governed by EPA's MPRSA general permit (40 C.F.R. 229.2, regime in force since the January 1977 ocean-dumping regulations), under which the Navy prepares vessels before sinking and must remove or secure hazardous materials. EPA's Report to Congress on administration of MPRSA covering January 1981-December 1983 - the period spanning this hull's 1 June 1983 sinking - documents the permit program for Navy target vessels. No ship-specific preparation record for Bushnell was located; the one preparation account (Norfolk Naval Shipyard environmental preparation) appears in a private participant letter, not an official source.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1977-1983
- Limitations
- Establishes the regulatory regime in force at the 1983 sinking, not what was done to this hull. No EPA or Navy ship-specific preparation manifest, hazmat inventory, or asbestos record for AS-15 was located; whether residual asbestos went down with the hull is unknown.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bushnell-as15-06
-
[5]EPA Superfund Site Profile, Mare Island Naval Shipyard (CA7170024775); California DTSC Mare Island remedial-action fact sheets (asbestos in installation-restoration scope) [other_primary]
- Locator
- EPA Superfund profile page for Mare Island NSY; DTSC fact-sheet series (asbestos listed under hazardous-materials scope of the disposal EIS/EIR)
- Finding type
- environmental_record
- Finding
- EPA Superfund/RCRA profile for Mare Island Naval Shipyard (EPA ID CA7170024775): federal facility under state-lead cleanup, with asbestos among the documented contaminant categories in the yard's environmental program. Bushnell's builder yard - and the yard that performed her 1947 overhaul and 1947-48 inactivation - is thus a documented asbestos-affected naval industrial site for the relevant periods.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- Yard history through 1996 closure; cleanup program 1980s-present
- Population
- Mare Island NSY workforce (yard context)
- Limitations
- Yard-level environmental documentation - establishes asbestos context at the builder/inactivation yard, not aboard this hull. No asbestos application on this ship is implied; wartime construction conditions predate the documented cleanup era.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bushnell-as15-07
-
[6]NARA, 'Navy Deck Logs Available in the National Archives Catalog' (Bushnell AS-15: 1943); NARA RG 19 photo record CAS 15-1 (via Wikimedia Commons cataloging note); Intrepid Museum ArchivesSpace record OHP 059 [other_primary]
- Locator
- NARA deck-log index, letter B section; catalog.archives.gov/search-within/594258 q="Bushnell (AS-15)" AND "1943"; intrepidmuseum.libraryhost.com/agents/corporate_entities/46
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival leads (not retrieved - catalog-level confirmation only): (a) NARA's Navy deck-log index lists digitized Bushnell (AS-15) logs for 1943 (Catalog search-within NAID 594258); later years not yet digitized in the published index. (b) NARA RG 19 holds a U.S. Navy camouflage-design photograph of this hull (RG19 Box 2815, item CAS 15-1, April 1944 Pearl Harbor) - the measure sheet would document her 1944 configuration. (c) The Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum oral-history archive holds interview OHP 059 with Robert L. Owens, who served aboard Bushnell at Pearl Harbor during WWII. (d) Unsearched hull-record path: RG 19 Bureau of Ships construction files for Mare Island hull contracts and RG 38 WWII war diaries.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1941-1983 records
- Limitations
- Record-location mapping only - no page-level retrieval performed. Deck logs, war diaries, and BuShips contract files for this hull may contain overhaul/materials detail but nothing is asserted until surveyed. No asbestos content is claimed for any item in this row.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bushnell-as15-08
-
[7]CourtListener API v4 search, four queries (opinion corpus), 2026-09-26 [court_record]
- Locator
- Queries logged in search_ledger sl-uss-bushnell-as15-05 through -08; RECAP docket-type search blocked by fleet pacing - logged as gap
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- CourtListener sweep (authenticated API v4, 2026-09-26): "USS Bushnell" opinion search returned 0 results; "Bushnell" "AS-15" returned 12 results - all name collisions (Bushnell appearing as attorney, judge, or party surname; 'AS-15' appearing as incidental citation/docket strings, e.g., Alaska Statutes); "Bushnell" "submarine tender" returned 0 results; "Bushnell" asbestos returned 54 results - all reviewed hits trace to name collisions (e.g., attorney Ralph Wm. Bushnell, defendant J.P. Bushnell Packing & Supply, firm Bushnell Caplan & Fielding). No qualifying asbestos litigation naming this hull was located.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 2026-09-26
- Limitations
- Sweep covers opinions (and, where reached, dockets) in the CourtListener corpus only; it does not cover PACER-only filings, state trial records, MDL-875 plaintiff fact sheets, or unfiled claims. Absence of a docketed opinion does not prove no sailor filed claims naming this vessel - it establishes only that no qualifying hull-specific opinion was located.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bushnell-as15-09
-
[8]NHHC DANFS Bushnell II (controlling values); conflicts logged against secondary compilations (NavSource AS-15 page; Shipscribe Fulton-class table; NavalCoverMuseum designation history; navysite.de; Wikipedia) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS entry (Wayback capture 2025-12-09); NavSource navsource.org/archives/09/36/3615.htm; shipscribe.com/usnaux/AS/AS11.html class table; navalcovermuseum.org/wiki/BUSHNELL_AS_15
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Source discrepancies resolved or logged: (a) Recommissioning - DANFS states 21 February 1952; NavSource's header block shows 1953 but its own commanding-officer table shows 1952; DANFS 1952 is controlling. (b) Final decommissioning - secondary sources split between 20 June 1970 (Wikipedia, navysite.de) and 30 June 1970 (NavSource, Shipscribe class table, NavalCoverMuseum); 30 June is carried as the majority/Ships-Data-derived value, flagged secondary-only since DANFS does not cover 1952-1970s. (c) Sinking date - DANFS and NavSource state 1 June 1983; Shipscribe's class table, tendertale, navysite.de, and Wikipedia's body text state 3 June 1983; DANFS 1 June is controlling and the conflict is logged. (d) NDRF custody - secondary sources report MARAD transfer August 1975 for James River NDRF layup, but MARAD's ShipHistory database contains no AS-15 record (only the earlier Bushnell AS-2); the NDRF layup is therefore unverified and flagged.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1948-1983
- Limitations
- Reconciles publication-level date conflicts. Secondary compilations disagree among themselves and with DANFS; DANFS values control where covered, and secondary-only values are flagged. None of the conflicting dates affects the asbestos record - none of these sources contains an asbestos statement.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bushnell-as15-10
-
[9]Batch-2703 search ledger (this record): DANFS Bushnell II; MARAD ShipHistory 'Bushnell' search; NVR ship-detail page (pre-1987 exclusion note); NARA deck-log index; CourtListener sweeps; secondary-source date reconciliation [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-bushnell-as15-01 through sl-uss-bushnell-as15-11
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat/materials disclosure, or docketed case naming this hull was found in the public sources searched. DANFS contains no materials statement; MARAD ShipHistory holds no AS-15 entry (search under 'Bushnell' returns only AS-2, 1915); the Naval Vessel Register does not cover the hull (disposed before 1987 are excluded); NARA's digitized deck logs extend only through 1943 and were not page-searched; CourtListener returned no qualifying case (see ev-09).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 2026-09-26
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1941-43 Navy-yard-built auxiliary of this era is consistent with asbestos-containing construction and repair materials, and the hull's 1983 deep-water sinking forecloses any present-day survey. This row establishes only that no ship-specific public documentation was located; it does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bushnell-as15-11
-
[10]NHHC, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, 'Bushnell II (AS-15)' [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS Bushnell II (AS-15) entry, header block and opening paragraph. Live URL returned 404 on 2026-09-26 (standing NHHC link rot); verified text via Wayback capture 2025-12-09 (web.archive.org/web/20251209092809/.../bushnell-ii.html). Laid-down date not stated in DANFS; 1941-12-23 carried from secondary compilations only.
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS: the second Bushnell (AS-15) - Fulton-class submarine tender, 9,734 tons displacement, 530'6" length, 73'4" beam, 25'6" draft, 18.5 knots, complement 444, four 5-inch guns - was launched 14 September 1942 by Mare Island Navy Yard, sponsored by Mrs. Luther Gibson, and commissioned 10 April 1943 with Commander C. T. Bonney in command.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1941-1943
- Limitations
- Authoritative for identity, launch/commission dates, and design statistics. Does not state keel-laying date, propulsion detail, or any materials/asbestos statement. Establishes no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bushnell-as15-01
-
[11]NHHC, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, 'Bushnell II (AS-15)' [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS Bushnell II entry, WWII and immediate-postwar paragraphs (Wayback capture 2025-12-09)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS WWII service record: departed 27 June 1943 for Pearl Harbor (arrived 3 July); Submarine Squadron 14 assembled with Bushnell as tender and staff headquarters; Midway provision/material run September 1943; Pearl Harbor submarine refits through April 1944; Majuro Atoll forward submarine operating base 27 April 1944 through 5 February 1945; Midway refits from 29 May 1945 until end of hostilities; San Diego repair duties September-December 1945; Guam occupation-support tending January-April 1946; Pearl Harbor Submarine Squadron 1 to 24 May 1947; Mare Island overhaul; Pearl Harbor 10 September 1947; Mare Island inactivation December 1947; out of commission in reserve 30 April 1948.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1943-1948
- Population
- Ship's company (complement 444, DANFS) plus embarked squadron/division staff and submarine crews under repair alongside
- Limitations
- Operational history only. Sustained submarine-refit and repair work documents a crew-era industrial function consistent with (but not proving) insulation/hot-work materials handling; the entry contains no asbestos or materials statement. Does not establish exposure, quantity, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-bushnell-as15-02