Evidence
10 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-10).
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[1]DANFS, 'Captivate' (AM-156) - Wayback capture 2013-02-08 of history.navy.mil/danfs/c3/captivate.htm (live NHHC page https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/captivate.html returns 404 - standing link rot, re-confirmed 2026-09-22 batch-1478) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- Wayback capture 2013-02-08 of NHHC DANFS entry 'Captivate' (c3 index) - full entry text and specs block (re-fetched and confirmed verbatim 2026-09-22 batch-1478)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official DANFS record for this hull: Admirable-class minesweeper (AM-156: dp. 630; l. 184'6"; b. 33'; dr. 10'; s. 15 k.; cpl. 104; a. 1 3"; cl. Admirable). Launched 1 December 1942 by Willamette Iron and Steel Corp., Portland, Oreg.; commissioned 30 December 1943, Lieutenant B. J. Kocel, USNR, in command; reported to the Pacific Fleet. Stood out of San Francisco 11 March 1944 for Pearl Harbor and Majuro (arrived 10 April); harbor entrance patrol and pilot vessel at Majuro plus Marshalls convoy escort until 22 September; Marianas convoy escort and patrol off Tinian through 14 October; Palau Islands patrol/escort 23 October 1944 - 3 February 1945; similar duty at Eniwetok through the remainder of February 1945 - the end of her combat-area service under the U.S. flag. Arrived Portland 27 March 1945; Seattle training-program duty until 6 July; cleared for Cold Bay, Alaska, trained a Russian crew; decommissioned 16 August 1945 at Cold Bay and 'transferred to the Soviet Union under lend lease the same day ... she remains in Russian custody.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1942-1945
- Population
- Willamette Iron and Steel construction trades 1942-43; wartime crew (design complement 104); Soviet trainees at Cold Bay, August 1945
- Limitations
- DANFS documents identity, builder, dates, service narrative, and transfer - not materials or asbestos content. DANFS runs the entire record under AM-156, consistent with the AMc-133 designation having been reclassified before laying down (see ev-03). Its 'same day' transfer wording (16 Aug 1945) conflicts with the NHC Project Hula appendix's 17 August transfer date - flagged in gaps, not reconciled. DANFS does not record the reclassification history (AMc-133 -> AM-156; MSF-156) or Soviet-side designation/disposition beyond 'remains in Russian custody.' Mirror capture cited because the live NHHC page returns 404.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-captivate-amc133-01
-
[2]NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive - 'Captivate (MSF 156) ex-AM-156 ex-AMc-133', file 11/02156 (volunteer-compiled naval photo/history archive; via Wayback capture 2024-12-04 - direct fetch refused from this host) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 11/02156 (Wayback 2024-12-04) - chronology block, specifications block, propulsion line, CO list, photo credits
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource per-hull record: 'Admirable Class Minesweeper'; 'Originally planned as Captivate (AMc 133). Reclassified as a Minesweeper, AM-156, 21 February 1942'; laid down 12 May 1942 by the Willamette Iron and Steel Corp., Portland, OR; launched 1 December 1942; commissioned USS Captivate (AM 156) 30 December 1943; 'Decommissioned 16 August 1945 at Cold Bay, AK; transferred to the Soviet Union and reclassified T-338'; 'Assigned to the Pacific Fleet 31 August 1945'; 'Reclassified by U.S. Navy as a Fleet Minesweeper (Steel Hull), MSF-156, 7 February 1955'; 'Converted to a Berthing Ship. Reclassified BRN-34, 3 December 1956'; 'Scrapped 18 January 1960'; 'Struck from the Naval Register 1 January 1983.' Spec block: 650 t; 184'6"; 33' beam; 9'9" draft; 14.8 kts; complement 104; armament one 3"/50 dual-purpose mount, two twin 40mm mounts, one depth-charge projector (hedgehogs), two depth-charge tracks; propulsion 'Two 1,710shp ALCO 539 diesel engines, Farrel-Birmingham single reduction gear, two shafts.' CO list: LT Benjamin Franklin Kocel, USNR (30 December 1943 - 16 August 1945). Photo credits: NARA photo 19-LCM-AM156-1 (camouflage 32/21D, December 1943) and a shakedown-cruise photo off Portland c. December 1943 from a crew collection.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1942-1983
- Population
- Willamette Iron and Steel trades (1942-43); wartime crew; Soviet crew 1945-1960
- Limitations
- Specialist secondary compilation - detailed but non-official; re-fetched via Wayback and confirmed verbatim 2026-09-22 (batch-1478). Its Soviet-service particulars (Pacific Fleet assignment 31 Aug 1945; BRN-34 berthing-ship conversion 3 Dec 1956; scrapped 18 Jan 1960) are uncorroborated by Russell or DANFS - Russell corroborates the designation (T-338) and scrapping year (1960) only; carried as unverified context. CO name 'Benjamin Franklin Kocel' vs DANFS 'B. J. Kocel' - initial mismatch (B.J. vs B.F.) flagged in gaps. Spec block differs from DANFS (650t/9'9"/14.8k vs 630t/10'/15k) - minor drift flagged in gaps. '1,710shp' is ambiguous per-engine vs total (class standard ~855 shp each, ~1,710 total). Contains no asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-captivate-amc133-02
-
[3]Identity consolidation - NavSource 11/02156 chronology ('Originally planned as Captivate (AMc 133). Reclassified as a Minesweeper, AM-156, 21 February 1942') + DANFS commission record (Wayback capture) + the documented class pattern (AMc-113 -> AM-136, AMc-127 -> AM-150 reclassified the same date, 21 Feb 1942) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 11/02156 chronology block (reclassification line); DANFS entry header '(AM-156...)'
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- AMc-133 and AM-156 are the SAME HULL, not two vessels - this record consolidates both designations under one vessel_id so no second vessel record is created. NavSource documents that AMc-133 was the 'originally planned' coastal-minesweeper designation, reclassified to AM-156 on 21 February 1942 - which PREDATES the 12 May 1942 laying down. The hull was therefore never built, launched, commissioned, or operated under AMc-133; it was a paper designation only. Every U.S. Navy record of this hull runs under AM-156: the DANFS entry opens '(AM-156...)' and carries the commission as AM-156; NavSource's chronology carries the single continuous record. The 'AMC-133' rendering in the batch VERIFY flag is a capitalization variant of AMc-133. The batch-1180 Tier-2 record uss-captivate-am156.atlas.json is this same hull's primary record.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1942 (designation period)
- Limitations
- The reclassification is documented by NavSource (secondary compilation) and is fully consistent with the official DANFS commission record and the class-wide pattern of 21 Feb 1942 AMc->AM reclassifications; the underlying BuShips reclassification directive was not itself retrieved (archival lead in ev-10). Not an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-captivate-amc133-03
-
[4]Russell, Richard A., 'Project Hula: Secret Soviet-American Cooperation in the War Against Japan,' Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy, Washington DC, 1997 (ISBN 0-945274-35-1) - appendix 'U.S. Navy Combatant Ships Transferred to the USSR Under Project HULA, May-September 1945' (p. 39), citing NAVSHIPS 250-012 Ships Data vol. II (1949) and Berezhnoi's Flot SSSR lend-lease reference (1994); PDF mirror at ibiblio.org/hyperwar [other_primary]
- Locator
- Russell, Project Hula (NHC 1997), appendix p. 39 - 'Captivate (AM 156) | T-338' row with transfer-date and disposition dittos resolved to 17 Aug. and 1960-scrapped (rendered page verified 2026-09-22 batch-1478); p. 40 'YMS 216 | T-596' cross-row; program narrative pp. 34-35
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official NHHC monograph built on U.S. and Russian Federation archival records unavailable during the Cold War. Appendix row for this hull (verified against the rendered PDF page, batch-1478): 'Captivate (AM 156) | T-338 | " | "' - i.e., Soviet designation T-338, transfer date by ditto to the 17 Aug. block date set by Bond (AM 152), disposition by ditto to '1960-scrapped.' The same table confirms 'YMS 216 | T-596' on p. 40 - the hull that actually carried the T-596 designation hazegray's transcriber's note wrongly attaches to Captivate. Program context from the text: Navy Detachment 3294 at Cold Bay (Fort Randall) transferred 149 ships in 142 days; ~12,000 Soviet personnel trained; transferred minesweepers operated in the Soviet Far East, with transfer convoys making the final leg to Petropavlovsk. Post-war: U.S.-Soviet return negotiations ran from February 1946; Secretary of the Navy Forrestal told the State Department the Navy wanted 480 of the 585 combatants in Soviet hands returned; most transferred minesweepers were never returned.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1945-1960
- Population
- Soviet crew of T-338 (1945-1960); Project Hula transfer-program personnel at Cold Bay (1945)
- Limitations
- NHHC official history and the best authority located on the Soviet-service half of this hull's career, but still a secondary historical work, not a ship file. Confirms designation T-338 and disposition year 1960; the transfer-date ditto resolves to 17 Aug 1945 in the printed table, conflicting with DANFS's 16 Aug 'same day' wording - flagged in gaps, not reconciled (the recurring pattern across Project Hula hulls). Does not corroborate NavSource's Soviet-service particulars (Pacific Fleet assignment date, BRN-34 conversion, specific 18 Jan 1960 scrapping date). Program-level context only for operations - the narrative names no individual minesweeper in combat. Contains no asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-captivate-amc133-04
-
[5]Secondary-source error correction - Russell appendix (NHC 1997) vs hazegray DANFS transcriber's note (hazegray.org/danfs/mine/am156.htm) vs HyperWar 'Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940-1945' per-hull index page (ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ships/AM/AM-156_Captivate.html) [other_primary]
- Locator
- ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ships/AM/AM-156_Captivate.html (verbatim 2026-09-22); hazegray.org/danfs/mine/am156.htm transcriber's note (via search index - hazegray content confirmed in batch-1180 via losthistory.net mirror); Russell appendix pp. 39-40
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Two propagated secondary-source errors corrected against the NHC appendix and DANFS, re-verified verbatim 2026-09-22 (batch-1478). (1) hazegray's DANFS transcriber's note reads 'Serving in the Soviet Navy as T-596, Captivate was allegedly scrapped in 1956' - but the NHC appendix lists T-596 as the former YMS-216 while Captivate is T-338; the 'T-596' attribution and 'scrapped 1956' are propagated errors (Russell disposes Captivate '1960-scrapped'). (2) HyperWar's per-hull index page claims 'Transferred to U.K. under Lend-Lease, 1944' - wrong recipient and year (she transferred to the USSR at Cold Bay, August 1945) - plus 'Diesel-electric engines, twin screws, 1,800 h.p.' and 'commissioned 1944,' all inconsistent with DANFS (commissioned 30 Dec 1943) and the documented plant (geared ALCO 539 diesels through a Farrel-Birmingham reduction gear - not diesel-electric). Its spec block also reads 625 t vs DANFS 630 t.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1945-1960
- Limitations
- Corrects identity and service metadata only. T-338 is carried per the NHC appendix; the T-596 variant is retained solely in aliases for retrieval. The HyperWar index page is a compiled summary (compiler Patrick Clancey), not a DANFS transcription - its UK-transfer, diesel-electric, 1944-commissioning, and 625-ton claims treated as compilation errors, not a competing source. Does not speak to materials or asbestos.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-captivate-amc133-05
-
[6]Consolidated era/design inference - documented propulsion plant (NavSource spec block: 'Two 1,710shp ALCO 539 diesel engines, Farrel-Birmingham single reduction gear, two shafts' - geared diesel, no boilers) + documented builder and construction era (DANFS; NavSource) + Atlas shipyard dataset record 'willamette-iron-steel' (shipyards.json; tier 3) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 11/02156 propulsion line; DANFS construction/service dates; shipyards.json record 'willamette-iron-steel' (ev-willamette-01, verified against dataset 2026-09-22 batch-1478)
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Era/design inference: this hull is a 1942-43-built steel Admirable-class minesweeper with a diesel twin-screw plant - no boilers, no steam distribution - so its insulation load was materially lighter than a steam vessel's. Era-typical asbestos applications for the type and construction period: exhaust and engine-room thermal lagging; machinery-space acoustic and fire insulation; joiner and bulkhead fireproof panels; machinery gaskets and packing; electrical-cable insulation; winch and windlass brake linings; deck coverings. Exposure-relevant populations if any material was present: Willamette Iron and Steel Portland-yard construction trades (1942-43); the wartime U.S. crew (design complement 104) across the Pacific patrol/escort tour; the Soviet crew and Cold Bay transfer trainees (1945-1960) - a population effectively invisible to U.S. claimant channels. Builder Willamette Iron & Steel resolves in the Atlas yard dataset at tier 3, but its only product row is 'disputed' and describes postwar (1960s-70s) Pabco fill-in insulation during repairs - it does not document asbestos use during this hull's 1942-43 construction.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1942-1960
- Population
- Willamette Iron and Steel trades (1942-43); U.S. crew Dec 1943 - Aug 1945; Soviet crew 1945-1960
- Limitations
- Inference from documented design, machinery type, and construction era - NOT a hull materials record. No survey, specification, or material schedule naming AM-156/AMc-133 was located; establishes no asbestos content, quantity, location, condition, individual exposure, or causation. The diesel (non-steam) plant makes even era-level inference weaker than for steam vessels of the same era - no boiler or steam-line insulation inference applies. The yard-level row is weaker than most: the product identification itself is 'disputed' in the dataset and the documented period (1960s-70s repairs) postdates this hull's construction and even her existence as a U.S. asset. Soviet-service maintenance and the USSR scrapping process are undocumented in located sources.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-captivate-amc133-06
-
[7]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987); and Fleischer, W.E., et al., 'A health survey of pipe covering operations in constructing naval vessels,' J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28(1):9-16 (Jan 1946), PMID 21016030 [other_primary]
- Locator
- AJIM 11(3):359-373 (article); PubMed PMID 21016030
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and wartime construction program under which this hull was built at Willamette Iron and Steel, Portland. The USMC-commissioned 1944-45 industrial-hygiene survey of pipe-covering operations at Navy and contract yards documented that 'an important ingredient of pipe covering material used on U.S. Navy vessels is amosite.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; articles 1946/1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (era context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding and naval-vessel construction generally; neither source names this vessel, class, or builder yard. Pipe-covering findings are less applicable to a diesel (non-steam) minesweeper than to steam vessels. Establishes nothing about this hull's materials, condition, or any individual exposure. Both citations re-verified 2026-09-22 (batch-1478): PMID 21016030 via NCBI esummary; DOI 10.1002/ajim.4700110311 via Crossref (AJIM 11(3):359-373, 1987).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-captivate-amc133-07
-
[8]Combined search ledger (this record): DANFS entry via Wayback capture (live NHHC 404); NavSource 11/02156 via Wayback; Russell, Project Hula (NHC 1997) ibiblio PDF re-downloaded and appendix row verified against the rendered page; hazegray DANFS mirror (transcriber's-note error); HyperWar per-hull index page; Naval Vessel Register; CourtListener API v4 (authenticated - blocked, quota); web litigation sweep incl. marketing-roster review; NARA History Hub; shipyards.json; batch-1180 canonical record cross-checked [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-captivate-amc133-01 through sl-uss-captivate-amc133-13
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located for USS Captivate / AMc-133 / AM-156 / MSF-156 / T-338 / BRN-34: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, preservation record, government report, court finding, or docketed asbestos case naming this hull was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). CourtListener structured pass attempted this session with the authenticated key - HTTP 429 on first request ('Rate limit exceeded: 2800/day. Expected available in 10355 seconds'; shared key exhausted by prior batch work) - logged blocked, not retried into a ban; this is now the THIRD session in which the shared daily quota blocked the structured docket search for this hull (batch-1180 + this batch; batch-1468 was likewise blocked for Admirable). Web litigation sweep found only name-in-list entries on law-firm marketing pages (mesothelioma.com minesweepers table 'USS Captivate | AM-156 | Admirable | 12/30/1943 | To Soviet Union, 1945'; mesotheliomahelp.org ship list; freeasbestostesting.com Spanish-language list) - excluded per source rules; list placement is not a ship-specific claim. No VA/BVA decision naming the hull surfaced. Structural note: the vessel's entire post-USN life was in Soviet custody (1945-1960) ending in scrapping in the USSR, so the U.S.-side custodial record types that generate asbestos documentation for preserved or NDRF-laid hulls (surveys, abatement contracts, donation-condition disclosures) never arose for this hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 2026-09-22
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - era construction makes period ACM plausible at inference level only, weakened by the diesel plant. The CourtListener structured pass is incomplete across multiple sessions (shared-key quota; logged blocked, not failed-by-omission) - residual risk that a differently-phrased hull reference exists is logged as a gap. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-captivate-amc133-08
-
[9]Air & Liquid Systems Corp. v. DeVries, 586 U.S. 446 (2019), CourtListener 4601080 [court_record]
- Locator
- CourtListener opinion 4601080
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- No case located names this hull (see negative_finding row and search_ledger). Doctrinal context only for the vessel's type: claims arising from WWII-era Navy-vessel asbestos exposure ran under maritime law against equipment manufacturers, and the Supreme Court's DeVries decision settled the 'bare-metal defense' framework - manufacturers that supplied bare equipment had a duty to warn where their products required asbestos-containing parts. It illustrates the litigation posture claims arising from service aboard a WWII diesel minesweeper would have faced; no such claim naming Captivate was located.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 2019 decision
- Limitations
- Doctrinal context only - the cited case does not name or involve this hull, and DeVries addressed manufacturers' duty to warn for asbestos-containing components on Navy vessels generally. Classification note: a complaint's vessel list would be a pleading allegation, not a finding; no pleading naming this hull was located. Does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-captivate-amc133-09
-
[10]Archival leads - NARA History Hub staff answer (forum thread 'Seeking Muster Roll of USS Captivate (AM-156)') locating this hull's records in RG 24; NARA RG 24 deck logs; NARA RG 19 (Bureau of Ships) Admirable-class / Willamette contract records; BuShips reclassification correspondence for the AMc-133 to AM-156 change of 21 Feb 1942; Navy Detachment 3294 (Cold Bay) Project Hula records; NARA still-photo file incl. 19-LCM-AM156-1 [other_primary]
- Locator
- historyhub.history.gov thread 25592 (search-index capture 2026-09-22); archives.gov RG 19/24 group guides; NavSource 11/02156 photo credits; Russell 1997 source notes
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Hull-specific paper records exist at NARA. A NARA History Hub staff answer (located via web search this session; forum page renders JS-only to automated fetch, answer text captured via search index) confirms: the Muster Rolls of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Other Naval Activities 1939-1949 (RG 24, Bureau of Naval Personnel) include USS Captivate (AM-156) muster rolls for 30 December 1943 through 31 May 1945, 'digitized and can be viewed online through the Catalog'; and the Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships and Stations 1941-1983 (RG 24) include Captivate deck logs for 30 December 1943 through 16 August 1945 (reference via archives2reference@nara.gov). Additional unretrieved leads: NARA RG 19 BuShips contract plans/material specifications for the Admirable-class Willamette hulls - the plausible home of hull-level material schedules; BuShips reclassification correspondence for the AMc-133 to AM-156 change of 21 Feb 1942 - the underlying directive for the same-hull consolidation in ev-03; Navy Detachment 3294 (Cold Bay) Project Hula transfer records underlying Russell's official history; NARA still-photo file incl. 19-LCM-AM156-1 (camouflage 32/21D, Dec 1943, per NavSource credit). Soviet-service records for T-338/BRN-34 are held in Russian archives, inaccessible.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1942-1960 records; lead confirmed via NARA forum (undated in capture)
- Limitations
- Record-group mapping plus one confirmed-locating staff answer - no box-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents for AM-156/AMc-133 is unknown until surveyed. Muster rolls and deck logs are personnel/operations records, not materials documentation. The History Hub answer text was captured via search index (the forum page renders a JS shell to automated fetch) - the locator is confirmed but the digitized muster-roll items themselves were not opened this session. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-captivate-amc133-10