Evidence
10 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-10).
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[1]DANFS, 'Cardinal II (AM-67)' entry, Naval History and Heritage Command (verbatim via Wayback capture 20220927144428 - live NHHC page serves 404; verbatim mirror at losthistory.net/hazegray/danfs/mine/am67.htm) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS 'Cardinal II (AM-67)' entry - spec block + two-paragraph service narrative (Wayback capture 2022-09-27; mirror losthistory.net/hazegray/danfs/mine/am67.htm)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS record for this hull: spec block (AM-67: dp. 425; l. 136'4"; b. 24'; dr. 9'; s. 10 k.; a. 1 3"). 'The second Cardinal (AM-67) was built in 1937 by Bath Iron Works Corp., Bath, Maine, as Jeanne D'Arc; acquired by the Navy 19 August 1940; and commissioned 2 November 1940, Lieutenant J. E. Smith, Jr., in command. Cardinal served in the 5th Naval District for four years, patrolling and sweeping coastal waters from Norfolk, Va., to Cape May, N.J. She was decommissioned at Norfolk 8 September 1944, and transferred to the War Shipping Administration for disposal 29 August 1945.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1937-1945
- Population
- Bath Iron Works construction trades 1937; wartime crew 1940-1944
- Limitations
- DANFS documents service history, dates, and specifications - not materials or asbestos content. The entry is short; it gives no complement figure, no conversion-yard detail, and no post-disposal history. Live NHHC page returns 404; Wayback capture plus verbatim mirror cited.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-cardinal-am67-01
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[2]NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive - Cardinal (AM 67), file 11/02067 [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 02067.htm - chronology block, specifications block, commanding-officer table
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource file for this hull corroborates DANFS and adds the full chronology: laid down 20 April 1937 as the trawler Jeanne d'Arc by Bath Iron Works, Bath, ME, for Francis J. O'Hara and Sons, Inc. of Boston; launched 21 August 1937; delivered 23 October 1937; renamed Cardinal 14 August 1940; acquired by the Navy 19 August 1940; commissioned in ordinary 28 August 1940 and started conversion to a minesweeper at the Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, VA - conversion completed 4 September 1940; commissioned in full as USS Cardinal (AM 67) 2 November 1940; conversion work fully completed 22 April 1941; decommissioned 8 September 1944 at Norfolk; struck from the Naval Register 23 September 1944; transferred to the War Shipping Administration for disposal 29 August 1945; returned to her owner and renamed Red Jacket; acquired 1946 by Atlantic Coast Fisheries Co. of Portland, ME; acquired 1947 by Trawler Red Jacket, Inc. of Boston; operated 1980 by Irving Usen Trawling Co. of Boston; out of documentation 1989; fate unknown. Spec block: 516 t., 136' x 24' x 11'2", 10 kts; armament one 3"/50 dual-purpose mount, two .30-cal machine guns, two depth-charge tracks; propulsion one 735-hp Fairbanks-Morse diesel, one shaft. Call sign Nan-Easy-Charlie-How. Commanding-officer table: LT Julius E. Smith Jr. USN (2 Nov 1940-1941); LT Howard C. Plummer USNR (1941-Dec 1942); LTJG Richard J. Cruise USNR (Dec 1942-May 1944); LTJG Arethur C. Cobb USNR (May 1944-8 Sep 1944).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1937-1989
- Population
- Bath Iron Works construction trades 1937; Norfolk Navy Yard conversion workforce 1940-41; wartime crew 1940-44; postwar commercial crews 1945-1989
- Limitations
- Volunteer-compiled archive quoting official records (DANFS, NVR, Navy photos) - corroborating source, not the official record itself. Documents chronology, machinery, and postwar ownership chain, not materials or asbestos content. Spec figures conflict with DANFS on displacement (516 t. vs 425) and draft (11'2" vs 9') - carried in gaps.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-cardinal-am67-02
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[3]Naval Historical Center, Online Library of Selected Images - USS Cardinal (AM-67), 1940-1945 (ibiblio/HyperWar mirror of the NHHC photo catalog page) [other_primary]
- Locator
- ibiblio.org/hyperwar/OnlineLibrary/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-c/am67.htm - page text + captions for photos 19-N-23212, 19-N-25946, 80-G-456448, 80-G-457683
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NHHC photo-catalog page for this hull: 'USS Cardinal, a 435-ton minesweeper, was built at Bath, Maine, in 1937 as the civilian fishing boat Jeanne D'Arc. She was acquired by the Navy in August 1940 ... Renamed Cardinal and given an initial conversion for mine clearance work, she was commissioned in November 1940. The ship was further modified in 1941 and spent the rest of her active Navy career on patrol and minesweeping duties in the Fifth Naval District, encompassing the coastal waters from Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. Cardinal was placed out of commission in September 1944 and transferred to the War Shipping Administration in late August 1945.' Photo captions document a 1941 refit: 80-G-456448 shows the ship 'probably off Norfolk, Virginia, in late 1941, soon after being refitted with an extended forecastle, 3"/50 deck gun, and small foremast'; 19-N-25946 shows USS Cardinal and USS Bullfinch (AM-66) together at the Norfolk Navy Yard 31 October 1941, both 'fitted with 3"/50 deck guns.' Photos 19-N-23212 (Hampton Roads, 25 November 1940) and 19-N-25946 are Bureau of Ships Collection images in the U.S. National Archives.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1940-1945
- Population
- Norfolk Navy Yard refit workforce 1941; wartime crew
- Limitations
- Documents a second, distinct modification event aboard this hull (the 1941 extended-forecastle/gun/foremast refit, following the 1940-41 minesweeper conversion) - a documented disturbance event for whatever materials the ship carried; contains no asbestos or materials information. The page's 435-ton figure is a third displacement value - variance carried in gaps.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-cardinal-am67-03
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[4]Shipbuilding History (Tim Colton), Bath Iron Works yard table + hazegray.org BIW production record (biw2.htm) [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/large/bath.htm - yard table rows 175 (Jeanne d'Arc) and 176 (Villanova); hazegray.org/shipbuilding/biw2.htm - BIW production record row 175
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Colton's Bath Iron Works yard table independently corroborates the builder and the civilian contract: BIW yard hull no. 175 = Jeanne d'Arc, 262-GT trawler, owner F. J. O'Hara & Sons, dated 23-Oct-37 (delivery, matching NavSource's delivered date); yard hull no. 176 = Villanova, a second 262-GT O'Hara trawler completed days later - the sister that became USS Bullfinch (AM-66). The hazegray BIW production record lists hull 175 'Jeanne D'Arc | 136' Beam Trawler | F.J. O'Hara & Sons | 23 Oct 1937 | Discarded 1945.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1937; 1945
- Population
- Bath Iron Works construction trades 1937
- Limitations
- Compiled yard tables - corroborating secondary sources, not Navy records. 'Discarded 1945' in the hazegray table refers to departure from government custody, consistent with the WSA disposal; NavSource's more detailed postwar commercial chain (Red Jacket to 1989) is carried instead. No materials or asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-cardinal-am67-04
-
[5]HyperWar 'Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940-1945' - Minecraft section, 'Converted Fishing Trawlers' group table (Patrick Clancey compilation of official data) [other_primary]
- Locator
- ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ships/ships-dm.html - 'Converted Fishing Trawlers' group spec block + AM-67 table row
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- HyperWar's official-data compilation lists this hull in the 'Converted Fishing Trawlers' group: 'AM-67 Cardinal | 1940 | ex-Jeanne D'Arc (1937)' alongside AM-66 Bullfinch (ex-Villanova 1937), AM-68 Catbird (ex-Bittern 1937), AM-69 Curlew (ex-Kittiwake 1937), and the wider trawler-conversion program (AM-70 through AM-134). Group spec block: displacement 314-585 tons, length 122'6"-150', beam 23'-28'8", draft 10'11"-14'7", speed 9-13 knots, armament 1 3"/23 or 1 3"/50, complement 36, diesel engine.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1940-1945
- Population
- Wartime crew (group complement 36)
- Limitations
- Compiled secondary mirror of official data. The hull row is ship-specific; the group spec block is class-level - the complement-36 figure carried for this hull derives from the group spec, not a ship-specific source, and is flagged as such. No materials or asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-cardinal-am67-05
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[6]Consolidated era/design inference - NavSource machinery line for this hull (1x 735-hp Fairbanks-Morse diesel, single shaft) + DANFS/NavSource-documented Norfolk Navy Yard conversion 1940-41 and NHHC-documented 1941 refit + GAO HRD-80-2 policy context [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource spec block (machinery line) and conversion chronology; NHHC photo page (1941 refit caption); GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text historically blocked to automated fetch, HTTP 403 - product-page description relied on)
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Era/design inference for a civilian-built fishing trawler converted to a minesweeper at Norfolk Navy Yard in 1940-41: NO boilers or steam plant - the steam-ship boiler/turbine lagging pathway does not apply to this hull (single Fairbanks-Morse diesel, 10 knots). Plausible period asbestos applications on this type concentrate in diesel-engine and exhaust-system insulation, gaskets and packing in the engineering spaces, electrical insulation and cable, deck coverings, accommodation-space insulation, and brake/friction linings on winches and sweep-gear handling machinery. The asbestos load is weaker still than for a Navy-built hull of the era: construction was a 1937 civilian contract predating the wartime asbestos escalation, and GAO HRD-80-2 documents that the Navy did not begin systematic asbestos substitution until the early 1970s - so any asbestos aboard would have arrived with the 1940-41 Navy-yard conversion, the documented 1941 refit (extended forecastle, 3"/50 gun, foremast), or in-service maintenance rather than original construction. Documented disturbance events for this hull: 1937 BIW construction, the 1940-41 Norfolk Navy Yard conversion, the 1941 refit, four years of 5th Naval District operation, the 1944 decommissioning, the 1945 WSA disposal, and ~44 years of undocumented commercial fishing operation as Red Jacket to 1989.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1937-1989
- Population
- BIW construction trades 1937; Norfolk Navy Yard conversion/refit workforce 1940-41; wartime crew (group complement ~36) 1940-44; postwar commercial crews 1945-1989
- Limitations
- Class/era and design inference only - no hull-level material schedule, insulation spec, conversion work order, or survey exists in the located public record for this ship. Establishes no asbestos content, quantity, location, individual exposure, or causation. Whether era materials were installed, and whether any persisted through 44 postwar civilian years, is unknown.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-cardinal-am67-06
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[7]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era of this hull's Navy conversion and service - and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization in shipbuilding, including at Navy yards of the type that converted her.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (era context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level scholarly documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel or type. This hull's original 1937 construction was civilian and predates the documented wartime escalation; the study bears on the 1940-41 conversion-yard environment, not this hull's materials - establishes nothing about asbestos aboard, its quantity, condition, exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-cardinal-am67-07
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[8]Fleischer, W.E., Viles, F.J. Jr., Gade, R.L., and Drinker, P., 'A health survey of pipe covering operations in constructing naval vessels,' J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28(1):9-16 (Jan 1946), PMID 21016030 [other_primary]
- Locator
- PubMed record PMID 21016030; article pp. 9-16 (pipe covering material section)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- The U.S. Maritime Commission-commissioned industrial-hygiene survey of WWII pipe-covering operations at two Navy yards and two Navy contract yards documented that 'an important ingredient of pipe covering material used on U.S. Navy vessels is amosite' - i.e., asbestos insulation was standard material in wartime naval-vessel work of the period in which this hull was converted and refitted at Norfolk Navy Yard (1940-41).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- survey ~1944-45; published 1946
- Population
- WWII pipe coverers and insulators at Navy and contract yards (era context)
- Limitations
- Era-level documentation of asbestos use in naval construction generally; does not name this vessel or type, and whether Norfolk Navy Yard was among the surveyed yards is unverified. The steam-pipe-covering category it documents is largely inapplicable to this diesel trawler's machinery - the relevant hull pathway would be accommodation and machinery-space insulation, not steam lagging. Establishes nothing about this hull's materials, condition, or any individual exposure. (The study's exculpatory 'not a dangerous occupation' conclusion has since been heavily criticized.)
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-cardinal-am67-08
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[9]Batch-1418 search ledger (this record): NHHC/DANFS via Wayback + losthistory/hazegray mirror; NavSource 02067; NHHC Online Library photo page; HyperWar minecraft table; Colton BIW yard table + hazegray BIW record; CourtListener API v4 (blocked); indexed-web litigation checks; VA BVA indexed check; NVR; MARAD ShipHistory; NARA record-group guides [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-cardinal-am67-01 through sl-uss-cardinal-am67-12
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, museum record, or docketed case naming USS Cardinal (AM-67), Jeanne D'Arc, or Red Jacket was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). CourtListener API v4 queries were rate-limit blocked on 2026-09-22 (HTTP 429; authenticated 2,800/day quota exhausted by prior batch work on this machine - backed off per batch instruction rather than retrying); residual litigation surface was assessed via indexed-web checking, which surfaced only law-firm marketing ship lists (mesothelioma.com minesweeper roster naming 'USS Cardinal AM-67', mesotheliomahelp.org, freeasbestostesting.com) that name the hull in generic rosters without primary support - an excluded source class - and 'Cardinal' name collisions (the word, the bird, four other Navy hulls). The VA BVA index returned no decision naming the ship via indexed-web check. The NVR carries no per-hull record (disposed pre-1987 exclusion). MARAD ShipHistory indexes no Cardinal/Jeanne D'Arc/Red Jacket record (WSA disposal 1945 predates MARAD; status card not located).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 2026-09-22
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a hull that spent 44 postwar years in undocumented commercial service is consistent with either retained era materials or undocumented removal; nothing here establishes presence, absence, quantity, exposure, or legal eligibility. The litigation negative is partial: direct CourtListener API search was blocked, so unindexed or very recent filings naming the hull cannot be ruled out, and 'Cardinal' is a high-collision name requiring strict hull discrimination when the index is searchable.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-cardinal-am67-09
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[10]NARA Guide to Federal Records: RG 24 (Navy deck logs), RG 19 (Records of the Bureau of Ships - including the BuShips photo collection holding this hull's 19-N imagery), RG 181 (Records of Naval Districts and Shore Establishments - 5th Naval District / Norfolk Navy Yard conversion records); WSA/Maritime Commission disposal records; USCG merchant vessel documentation for Red Jacket [other_primary]
- Locator
- https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/024.html ; /groups/019.html ; /groups/181.html
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival leads (not retrieved - requires research-room or reproduction order; no spend authorized): Navy deck logs for USS Cardinal 1940-1944 (RG 24, NARA) - would document operating areas, availabilities, and any in-service work; BuShips records for the 1940-41 trawler-to-minesweeper conversion and the 1941 extended-forecastle refit, including any hull-level material schedules or work orders (RG 19) - the most promising asbestos-relevant leads; 5th Naval District and Norfolk Navy Yard records for the conversion period (RG 181); WSA/U.S. Maritime Commission disposal records for the 29 August 1945 transfer - the document class that could carry condition disclosures at sale; and USCG merchant-vessel documentation files for the post-1945 Red Jacket identity (official number, enrollment, surrender 1989) - the only plausible paper trail on the hull's final disposition.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1937-1989 records
- Limitations
- Record-group mapping only - no box-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents for this hull is unknown until surveyed in person. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-cardinal-am67-10