Evidence
10 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-10).
-
[1]research packet mt-packet.md (3 sources cited) [museum_official]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED (builder conflict flagged)
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-clyde-ix144-pkt-mt-packet-md
-
[2]Harries, P.G., 'Asbestos hazards in naval dockyards,' Annals of Occupational Hygiene 11(2):135-145 (1968) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Ann. Occup. Hyg. 11(2):135-145; lagging and machinery-space insulation discussion
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed documentation of British naval-dockyard practice records that laggers insulated all hot surfaces in machinery spaces aboard ship with preformed asbestos insulation sections (magnesia, and later amosite sections containing 90-95% amosite), covered with asbestos cloth, and that asbestos-containing gaskets, packing, and jointing were standard on steam plants. This hull's documented machinery - a vertical triple-expansion engine with three single-ended Scotch boilers - is the steam-plant type described.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1918 construction era; UK dockyard practice documented through 1960s
- Population
- Shipyard laggers and engine-room crews of British-built steamships (era context)
- Limitations
- Era/type documentation, not a hull record - Harries documents Royal Navy dockyard lagging practice generally and does not name this vessel; asbestos presence aboard this hull is era inference, not ship-proven. Does not establish quantity, condition, individual exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-clyde-ix144-01
-
[3]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding and ship repair during WWII - the program and era under which this hull was repaired and operated by the War Shipping Administration (1942-1944) and then acquired by the Navy for floating storage (1944-1946).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level scholarship on U.S. WWII shipbuilding; does not name this vessel and does not establish that asbestos was or remained aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-clyde-ix144-02
-
[4]DANFS, 'Clyde II (IX-144)' - NHHC history via Wayback Machine capture (live NHHC page returns 404); mirror at hazegray.org DANFS Online [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS Clyde II entry (IX-144 header statistics and narrative); Wayback capture 2012-11-07
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS: built 1918 in England as the tanker Swivel; transferred from the War Shipping Administration at Brisbane, Australia, 1944-02-09; commissioned 1944-03-14 as St. Mary (Lt. H. I. Ross, USNR); renamed Clyde 1944-06-10; served as station tanker at Langemak and Hollandia, New Guinea, from 1944-06-25 until damaged in a collision 1944-11-01; remained at Hollandia as dead storage until 1945-10-22; decommissioned 1945-04-09 and placed 'in service'; towed via Manus to Subic Bay 1945-12-11/24; returned to WSA at Subic 1946-02-07. DANFS gives displacement 4,800, length 409'8", beam 52'5", draft 25'3", speed 11 kt, complement 97, armament 1x4"/50 and 1x3"/50.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1918-1946
- Population
- Navy crew (97) aboard 1944-1945
- Limitations
- Official ship-history entry. DANFS's builder attribution ('Palmers Shipbuilding & Iron Works, Newcastle' and 'as tanker Swivel') conflicts with the builder-register record - see correction row ev-uss-clyde-ix144-06; DANFS's strike date (1946-05-05) conflicts with the Navy Bulletin/Shipscribe date (1946-06-05) - see gaps. Contains no asbestos or material content information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-clyde-ix144-03
-
[5]NavSource Online, Clyde (IX-144) photo archive page - specifications, name/ownership chronology, and strike record sourced to Navy Bulletin 15 June 1946 (op-414-E-eh, Serial 3297P414) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource IX-144 page, specifications block and chronology
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource documents the full ownership/name chain (Swivel 1918; Scottish Bard 1920; Bacinin Padre 1930; Manzanares 1940; Swivel 1941; USS St. Mary 1944-03-14; Clyde 1944-06-10; WSA 1946-02-07; struck 1946-06-05 per Navy Bulletin; returned to Italian Government per EO 9935 of 1948-03-16) and hull specifications: 4,800 t light / 10,800 t limit, 409'8" x 52'5" x 25'3", 11 kt, complement 11 officers + 86 enlisted, oil cargo capacity 51,200 bbl, armament 1x4"/50, 1x3"/50, 8x20mm, one vertical triple-expansion engine with three single-ended cylindrical Scotch boilers (150 psi sat.), single screw, 2,800 shp; call sign NJTM.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1918-1948
- Population
- Navy crew (97) aboard 1944-1945
- Limitations
- Specialist naval-reference compilation (authoritative secondary, maintained by NavSource Naval History); the strike date carries a primary citation (Navy Bulletin serial) that DANFS's 1946-05-05 contradicts - logged in gaps. The page's 1940/1941 ownership dates conflict with Shipscribe's 11 July 1942 WSA takeover - also logged. Contains no asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-clyde-ix144-04
-
[6]Shipscribe (S.S. Colton), 'Ex-Italian Tankers (IX-132 etc.)' class page - construction/disposition tables, class notes, and IX-144 ship note [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipscribe.com/usnaux/IX2/IX132.html - IX-144 rows in construction and disposition tables, class notes, ship note 144
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Shipscribe construction table: IX-144 Clyde built by James Laing, launched 1918-10-24, acquired by Navy 1944-02-09, commissioned 1944-03-14. Ship note: built as WAR PUNDIT (completed Dec 1918); to WSA from Venezuelan Government 1942-07-11 at Puerto Cabello; acquired at Brisbane; damaged in collision 1944-11-01; decommissioned at Hollandia as constructive total loss 1945-04-09 and placed in service same date as dead storage; to Maritime Commission at Manus 1945-11-28 as SWIVEL; towed to Subic Bay 1945-12-11/24; to MC there 1946-02-07; returned to Italian Government and scrapped soon afterwards. Class note: the Auxiliary Vessels Board (1943-10-12) recommended acquiring 15 old tankers (IX 131-145) for floating fuel storage at Pacific advanced bases with 'only minimum repairs for service' and 'no conversion features'; over half were ex-Italian tankers seized or taken over after the March-June 1941 seizures.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1918-1948
- Population
- Navy crew aboard 1944-1945; merchant crews 1918-1946
- Limitations
- Authoritative compiled reference (NVR-derived), not a primary document; 'scrapped soon afterwards' is approximate - the Wear-built register gives 'reported broken up 1948' and Lloyd's Register deletion 1947. The 'no conversion features' finding is program-level context supporting (not proving) retention of original materials aboard this hull. Contains no asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-clyde-ix144-05
-
[7]Wear Built Ships / Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust, Sunderland ships database - WAR PUNDIT entry, UK Official No. 142731 [other_primary]
- Locator
- sunderlandships.com view.php?ref=102397 (WAR PUNDIT, O.N. 142731)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The Wear-built register for UK Official No. 142731 identifies this hull as WAR PUNDIT: steel screw tanker built by Sir James Laing & Sons Ltd., Deptford Yard, Sunderland (yard no. 673), launched 1918-10-24, completed 1918-12; 5,549 grt, 400.0 x 52.4 ft; T3cyl engine (27, 44, 73 x 48 in, 517 nhp) built by Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Co. Ltd. This corrects DANFS, which reports the ship 'built in 1918 by Palmers Shipbuilding & Iron Works, Newcastle ... as tanker Swivel' - Palmers built the engines, not the hull, and the as-built name was WAR PUNDIT, not Swivel. The register confirms the subsequent name chain (Scottish Bard 1920; Bacicin Padre 1930; Manzanares 1941; Swivel 1942; St. Mary 1944; Clyde 1944; Swivel 1946) and records '1948 reported broken up.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1918
- Limitations
- Specialist shipyard-register database (Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust) - secondary compilation keyed to official number; the correction is corroborated by Shipscribe ('James Laing') and by Lloyd's Register Foundation archive records of sister B37/Laing hulls, but the underlying Lloyd's register entry for this hull was not directly pulled. DANFS remains the official Navy history - the error is documented, not adjudicated.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-clyde-ix144-06
-
[8]Executive Order 9935, 'Directing the Transfer of Certain Vessels to the Government of Italy,' 1948-03-16; 13 FR 1395 (1948-03-18); 3 CFR 1943-1948 Comp., p. 692 [federal_register]
- Locator
- EO 9935 paragraph 1 vessel list ('SWIVEL (ex. BACICIN PADRE)'); NARA EO disposition table 1948
- Finding type
- regulatory
- Finding
- Executive Order 9935 directs the Attorney General and the U.S. Maritime Commission to transfer to the Government of Italy all U.S. right, title, and interest in fourteen vessels under Italian registry on 1939-09-01 - the list explicitly names 'SWIVEL (ex. BACICIN PADRE),' this hull - plus fifteen surplus Liberty ships as tonnage compensation for seized Italian vessels lost in U.S. service. The President's accompanying statement describes the fourteen ships as 'Italian vessels seized by the United States during the war' being returned to rejoin the Italian merchant marine.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1948
- Limitations
- Final-disposition record only - names the hull by its WSA name but contains no asbestos, material, or condition information; the EO does not state where or when the ship was actually broken up.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-clyde-ix144-07
-
[9]Carter, Worrall R., 'Beans, Bullets, and Black Oil' (official Service Force history), Chapter 17 - station-tanker fueling concept at Hollandia, Manus, Woendi, Finschhafen, and Milne Bay [other_primary]
- Locator
- HyperWar, BBBO Chapter 17 (Service Force South Pacific fueling operations)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The official Navy logistics history documents the station-tanker concept under which IX-144 served: tankers were stationed at forward bases (Manus, Hollandia, Woendi, Finschhafen, Milne Bay) to hold fuel for Seventh Fleet units returning from operations - the ship's June-November 1944 duty at Langemak/Hollandia was part of this floating-storage system supporting the Leyte campaign.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944
- Population
- Seventh Fleet logistics workforce (context)
- Limitations
- Operational context only - does not name IX-144 and contains no asbestos or material information; included to document the ship's stationary floating-storage role rather than underway steaming.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-clyde-ix144-08
-
[10]Batch-4714 search ledger (this record): DANFS/NHHC (Wayback), NavSource, Shipscribe, Wear-built register (sunderlandships.com), mariners-l WWI Standard Ships, EO 9935/NARA EO table, HyperWar BBBO, CourtListener [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-clyde-ix144-01 through sl-uss-clyde-ix144-10
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, crew medical record, or docketed asbestos case naming Clyde, St. Mary, IX-144, Swivel, Manzanares, Bacicin Padre, Scottish Bard, or War Pundit was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 2026-09-29
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - the hull was scrapped in 1948 after a collision and a year of dead storage, so no present-day material survives to survey. Does not establish that asbestos is or was not present; does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-clyde-ix144-09