USS Control (AM-164)

Evidence

12 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-12).

1. [1]DANFS, Control (AM-164) (word-origin, builder, dates, service narrative, reclassification, sale; verbatim NHHC text via Wayback capture of history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/control.html, 2021-07-23 - the live NHHC page returns 404) [nhhc_danfs]

   Locator

   DANFS entry 'Control' (AM-164), specifications block + service narrative (Wayback capture 2021-07-23)

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   DANFS record for this hull: 'The exercise of restraint or direction.' Spec block: dp. 530; l. 184'6"; b. 33'; dr. 9'9"; s. 15 k.; cpl. 104; a. 1 3"; cl. Admirable. 'Control (AM-164) was launched 28 January 1943 by Willamette Iron and Steel Corp., Portland, Oreg.; and commissioned 11 May 1944, Lieutenant Commander S. A. Brand, USNR, in command.' Reached Pearl Harbor 29 July 1944; during August removed mines previously planted in the defenses of French Frigate Shoals; 5 September - 30 November patrolled and escorted from Eniwetok to Saipan, Ulithi, and Manus; Kossol Roads patrol duty off the Palaus; arrived Guam 1 February 1945 to sweep Apra Harbor; convoy escort from Eniwetok until June, then Pearl Harbor for brief overhaul; 1 July - 11 August 1945 cleared the harbor at Eniwetok and planted navigational buoys; served at Okinawa 25 September - 13 October; returned to the west coast; decommissioned and placed in reserve at San Diego 6 June 1946; classification changed to MSF-164 on 7 February 1955; 'Control was sold on 30 March 1959.'

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   1942-1959

   Population

   Willamette Iron and Steel construction trades 1942-43; wartime crew (design complement 104)

   Limitations

   DANFS documents service history and specifications, not materials or asbestos content. DANFS does not print a laid-down date (the official NAVSHIPS register prints 18 June 1942; NavSource/uboat.net/Wikipedia print 15 June 1942 - conflict logged in ev-07), does not print the AMc-141 origin designation (NavSource does), and does not print a stricken date or sale buyer. Live NHHC page 404s (standing batch-01 defect); verbatim text read via Wayback capture and cross-checked against the hazegray transcription (verbatim identical).

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-control-am164-01

2. [2]Bureau of Ships, Ships' Data U.S. Naval Vessels, Vol. II: Mine Vessels (less DM and CM), Patrol Vessels, Landing Ships and Craft, NAVSHIPS 250-011, 13 April 1945 (GPO 1945; scan via shipscribe.com) [other_primary]

   Locator

   NAVSHIPS 250-011, Mine Vessels - Mine Sweepers (AM) tables: builder/date table (CONTROL AM164 row, p. 31 of the section: keel 18 Jun 42, launch 28 Jan 43, first commission 11 May 44), propulsion/generator table (p. 30), name index (p. 30), + AM136-165 class characteristics block

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   The official 1945 BuShips register names CONTROL, official number AM164, in the mine-sweeper tables: builder Willamette Iron & Steel Corp., Portland, Ore.; keel laid 18 June 1942; launched 28 January 1943; date of first commission 11 May 1944; engine manufacturer/model 'Alco 539', shaft horsepower 1,710, 'F.B.' (Farrel-Birmingham) single reduction gear; ship's-service generators on the 450 V A.C. / 120 V D.C. class fit. The AM136-165 class characteristics block prints: 2 propellers, diesel drive with single reduction gears; length 184'6" o.a., 180'0" w.l.; extreme beam 33'0"; full-load displacement 945 tons (at limiting draft); trial speed 14.8 knots; total accommodations 11 officers + 93 enlisted; armament 1 x 3"/50 cal. D.P. and 2 twin 40mm A.A. mounts.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   1942-1945 (register data as of 13 April 1945)

   Population

   Willamette Iron & Steel construction trades 1942-43; wartime crew

   Limitations

   Contemporaneous official register - establishes identity, builder, construction dates, and propulsion for this hull; contains no materials or asbestos information. The official keel date (18 Jun 42) conflicts with secondary sources (NavSource, uboat.net, Wikipedia: 15 Jun 42) - the register is carried and the conflict logged in ev-07. The class block prints 'Diesel' (geared) drive for AM136-165, not 'diesel-electric' - secondary summaries (HyperWar data card, 'diesel-electric engines, twin screws, 1,800 h.p.') conflict with this table; the official table is carried. The 1,710 figure is the class-table shaft-horsepower entry and is not labeled per-engine or aggregate. OCR noise in the scanned table does not affect the row's substance.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-control-am164-02

3. [3]NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive, Control (MSF 164) ex-AM-164, ex-AMc-141 (photo/data archive page) [other_primary]

   Locator

   NavSource AM-164 archive page (file 11/02164), ship history block + specifications block + CO roster

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   NavSource archive record for this hull: 'Originally planned as Coastal Minesweeper Control (AMc 141). Reclassified as a Minesweeper AM-164, 21 February 1942'; laid down 15 June 1942 by the Willamette Iron and Steel Corp., Portland, OR; launched 28 January 1943; commissioned USS Control (AM 164) on 11 May 1944; decommissioned 6 June 1946 at San Diego, CA; 'Naval Vessel Register of 1 January 1949 lists out of commission, in reserve as December 1945'; 'Reclassified as a Fleet Minesweeper (Steel Hull), MSF-163 [sic], 7 February 1955'; 'Sold for scrap 30 March 1959.' Spec block (650 t.; 184'6" x 33' x 9'9"; 14.8 kts; complement 104; 1 x 3"/50 DP, two twin 40mm, hedgehog, two depth-charge tracks; two 1,710 shp ALCO 539 diesels, Farrel-Birmingham single reduction gear, two shafts) is consistent with the official NAVSHIPS table where they overlap. Commanding officers: LCDR Stanley Arthur Brand, USNR (11 May 1944 - 16 April 1945); LT Ernest Treadwell Chadwell, Jr., USN (16 April 1945). Call sign November-Delta-Quebec-Mike.

   Verification

   partial

   Role

   archival_lead

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   1942-1959 (compiled)

   Population

   Construction trades 1942-43; wartime crew; reserve-fleet caretakers 1946-1959

   Limitations

   Private photo/data archive, not an official source: the laid-down date (15 Jun 42) conflicts with the official NAVSHIPS register (18 Jun 42) - the register is carried and the conflict logged in ev-07. The page text prints 'MSF-163' while its own header and DANFS read MSF-164 - transcriber typo flagged in ev-07. The NVR 1 Jan 1949 'in reserve as December 1945' line post-dates the documented 6 Jun 1946 decommissioning by five months - variance flagged in ev-07 (the same NVR phrasing appears on sister Concise AM-163's page). Consistent with DANFS where the two overlap but not independently corroborated by an official source. No materials or asbestos content.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-control-am164-03

4. [4]Shipbuilding History (Tim Colton compilation), 'Willamette Iron & Steel (WISCO), Portland OR' yard table - hull #15 row (AM 164 Control) + yard history header [other_primary]

   Locator

   willamette.htm - hull #15 row + yard history header; block sisters #9-16 (AM 158-165)

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   Yard-table row for this hull: yard hull #15, 'Control | (AM 164) | U.S. Navy | Minesweeper | 650d | 185 | 11-May-44 | Scrapped 1959.' The WISCO table carries the consecutive Admirable-class block as hulls #9-16 - #9 Caution (AM 158), #10 Change (AM 159), #11 Clamor (AM 160), #12 Climax (AM 161), #13 Compel (AM 162), #14 Concise (AM 163), #15 Control (AM 164), #16 Counsel (AM 165) - followed by a PCE-891+ patrol-escort block. Yard history header: established 1865 as Willamette Iron Works, a general foundry; renamed Willamette Iron & Steel 1904; continued as a repair yard after WWII until closing in 1990; yard at the foot of N.W. 17th Avenue, Portland.

   Verification

   partial

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   1941-1959

   Population

   WISCO construction workforce (Portland, OR, 1942-43)

   Limitations

   Compiler's yard table, secondary - corroborates builder, yard hull number (#15), delivery date (11-May-44 matches commissioning), type, tonnage (650d consistent with NavSource), and 'Scrapped 1959' disposition. The header's 'closing in 1990' conflicts with the Atlas yard record's year_closed 1957 - yard-level discrepancy outside this record's scope, noted in the batch report. Contains no asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-control-am164-04

5. [5]Consolidated era/design inference - documented propulsion plant (NAVSHIPS 250-011 register + NavSource spec block: two ALCO 539 diesels, Farrel-Birmingham single reduction gear, twin shafts) + 1942 wartime construction at WISCO Portland [other_primary]

   Locator

   NAVSHIPS 250-011 propulsion table; NavSource 11/02164 propulsion line; HyperWar ships-dm.html Admirable-class block; DANFS construction/service dates; Colton willamette.htm

   Finding type

   asbestos_application

   Finding

   Era/design inference: this hull is a 1942-built steel Admirable-class minesweeper with a diesel direct-drive twin-screw plant (two ALCO 539 diesels, Farrel-Birmingham single reduction gear) - no boilers, no steam distribution. Its insulation load was materially lighter than a steam combatant's, but machinery and construction materials of the 1942 wartime era were commonly asbestos-containing: exhaust-system and muffler lagging, machinery gaskets and packing, electrical-cable insulation, accommodation/galley joiner insulation, winch and windlass brake linings, and deck compositions of the period.

   Verification

   inferred

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   class_or_era

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   1941-1959

   Population

   WISCO trades (1942-43); U.S. crew May 1944 - Jun 1946; PRF layup crews (1946); 1959 scrapping workforce

   Limitations

   Inference from documented design, machinery type, and construction era - NOT a hull materials record. No survey, specification, or material schedule naming AM-164 was located; establishes no asbestos content, quantity, location, condition, individual exposure, or causation. The diesel (non-steam) plant makes even era-level inference weaker than for steam vessels of the same era. The 1946-1959 reserve-fleet period and the 1959 scrapping are undocumented for materials.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-control-am164-05

6. [6]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987); and Fleischer, W.E., et al., 'A health survey of pipe covering operations in constructing naval vessels,' J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28(1):9-16 (Jan 1946), PMID 21016030 [other_primary]

   Locator

   AJIM 11(3):359-373 (article); PubMed PMID 21016030

   Finding type

   gov_survey

   Finding

   Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and wartime construction program under which this hull was built at Willamette Iron & Steel, Portland. The USMC-commissioned 1944-45 industrial-hygiene survey of pipe-covering operations at Navy and contract yards documented that 'an important ingredient of pipe covering material used on U.S. Navy vessels is amosite.'

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   context

   Documentation level

   class_or_era

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   1940s era documented; articles 1946/1987

   Population

   WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (era context)

   Limitations

   Program/era-level documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding and naval-vessel construction generally; neither source names this vessel, class, or builder yard. Pipe-covering findings are less applicable to a diesel (non-steam) minesweeper than to steam vessels. Establishes nothing about this hull's materials, condition, or any individual exposure.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-control-am164-06

7. [7]Source-discrepancy resolution - NAVSHIPS 250-011 official register vs NavSource 11/02164 vs uboat.net 5282 vs Wikipedia vs HyperWar class block vs Colton yard table [other_primary]

   Locator

   NAVSHIPS 250-011 builder/date table p. 31; navsource.net/archives/11/02164.htm; uboat.net/allies/warships/5282.html; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Control_(MSF-164); ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ships/AM/AM-164_Control.html; shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/small/willamette.htm

   Finding type

   historical_record

   Finding

   Source discrepancies logged, not silently merged: (a) Keel date - the official NAVSHIPS 250-011 builder/date table prints 18 June 1942; NavSource, uboat.net, and Wikipedia print 15 June 1942 - the official register is carried (1942-06-18); the 3-day conflict is flagged, not resolved silently. (b) NavSource page text prints 'MSF-163' for the 7 Feb 1955 reclassification while its own page header reads 'MSF 164' and DANFS reads MSF-164 - transcriber typo; MSF-164 carried. (c) Reserve-entry variance - NavSource's NVR 1 Jan 1949 line reads 'out of commission, in reserve as December 1945' against the documented 6 June 1946 decommissioning (DANFS); the same NVR phrasing appears on sister Concise's page - layup date vs formal decommissioning; both readings carried. (d) Displacement/speed - DANFS spec block reads dp. 530 / 15 k.; NavSource reads 650 t / 14.8 kts; NAVSHIPS class block reads 945 t full load / 14.8 kt trial; HyperWar class block reads 625 t / 15 kts - unresolved load-state/source variance; the schema has no dimension fields, so variance lives here and in gaps. (e) Propulsion label - official register and NavSource print geared diesel (ALCO 539, 1,710 shp, Farrel-Birmingham reduction gear); HyperWar class block prints 'diesel-electric engines, twin screws, 1,800 h.p.' - the official table is carried; 'diesel-electric' contradicted by the documented reduction-gear fit. (f) Ordered date 30 December 1941 rests on uboat.net (secondary compilation) only.

   Verification

   partial

   Role

   correction

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   1941-1959

   Limitations

   Resolves publication-level discrepancies among the official register/DANFS text and secondary compilations, adopting the better-supported values and flagging the rest. No asbestos content in any of these sources.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-control-am164-07

8. [8]Albina Engine & Machine v. Director, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, 627 F.3d 1293 (9th Cir. 2010), No. 09-70592 [court_record]

   Locator

   Opinion text, 627 F.3d 1293 at 1296-1297 (Background; employment dates; stipulation)

   Finding type

   litigation_documented

   Finding

   Published appellate opinion records an LHWCA death-benefits claim by the widow of James McAllister, a shipyard carpenter who died of mesothelioma from asbestos exposure across three shipyard employers: Willamette Iron & Steel Co. ('WISCO'), Albina Engine & Machine, and Lockheed Shipbuilding. All parties stipulated the death was caused by asbestos exposure at a maritime situs; the opinion notes 'WISCO admitted that Decedent was exposed to asbestos in its employ.' WISCO is the builder of this hull (the Atlas yard dataset lists 'WISCO' as an alias of Willamette Iron & Steel Corp., Portland, OR). The Ninth Circuit resolved only which employer was liable for benefits under the last-employer framework, holding Lockheed liable.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   context

   Documentation level

   context_only

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   1956-1960 (employment); 2010 (opinion)

   Population

   Willamette Iron & Steel shipyard workers (1956 employment window documented)

   Limitations

   Yard-level context, not a hull finding: McAllister's WISCO employment was in 1956 - more than a decade after this hull's 1942-43 construction - so the documented exposure window does not overlap the build period. The opinion names the employer, not AM-164, and adjudicates an LHWCA liability-allocation question only; exposure at WISCO was stipulated/admitted, not tried. Does not establish conditions aboard any vessel or during the wartime window. CourtListener API was unavailable on 2026-09-22 (shared daily quota exhausted); opinion read via vLex.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-control-am164-08

9. [9]Lineaweaver v. Plant Insulation Co., 31 Cal. App. 4th 1409, 37 Cal. Rptr. 2d 902 (1995) - as carried in the Atlas yard record for willamette-iron-steel (ev-willamette-01) [court_record]

   Locator

   shipyards.json yard_id willamette-iron-steel (ev-willamette-01); Lineaweaver opinion at Justia

   Finding type

   litigation_product_id

   Finding

   Yard-level context only: the Atlas shipyards.json record for Willamette Iron & Steel (yard_id willamette-iron-steel, evidence_tier 3) carries a litigation product identification - Pabco (Fibreboard) used as fill-in insulation 'at Willamette' in the 1960s-1970s, per the Lineaweaver appellate opinion. The builder of this hull therefore has its own yard-level asbestos documentation - but the documented product use is repair-era, roughly two decades after this hull's 1942-43 construction, and the yard record itself marks the identification 'disputed' (the opinion names only 'Willamette Shipyard' - no corporate name or state given).

   Verification

   disputed

   Role

   context

   Documentation level

   context_only

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   1966-1968 documented use; opinion 1995

   Population

   WISCO repair-yard insulators (1960s-70s, yard-level context)

   Limitations

   Yard-level record cited as context, not hull evidence: (a) the documented use period (1960s-70s repair work) post-dates this hull's construction by ~20 years; (b) the opinion's 'Willamette Shipyard' identification is marked disputed in the yard record; (c) yard-level documentation can never establish ship-specific content - a hull built at a documented-asbestos yard is not thereby documented. Does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-control-am164-09

10. [10]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979); and Air & Liquid Systems Corp. v. DeVries, 586 U.S. 446 (2019), CourtListener 4601080 (doctrinal litigation-posture context) [gao]

    Locator

    GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403); CourtListener opinion 4601080 (DeVries, 586 U.S. 446)

    Finding type

    gov_survey

    Finding

    GAO documented the Navy's asbestos-protection program and its 1975/1979 insulation-removal policies covering the WWII-built fleet - program-level confirmation that Navy ship construction of Control's era incorporated asbestos insulation and that the material was managed as a known hazard aboard Navy vessels. Litigation-posture context for the era: claims arising from WWII-era Navy-vessel asbestos exposure ran under maritime law against equipment manufacturers, and the Supreme Court's DeVries decision settled the 'bare-metal defense' framework - manufacturers that supplied bare equipment had a duty to warn where their products required asbestos-containing parts. No case naming this hull was located (see negative_finding row; the authenticated CourtListener sweep is logged blocked, not clean).

    Verification

    verified

    Role

    context

    Documentation level

    class_or_era

    Accessed

    2026-09-22

    Study period

    1979 (GAO); 2019 (DeVries)

    Population

    Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review (era context)

    Limitations

    Program-level and doctrinal documentation, not hull-specific; establishes era context for WWII Navy construction, not materials aboard AM-164 - which left active service in June 1946 and was sold for scrap in 1959, before the Navy's documented asbestos-management program existed. DeVries names no vessel and addresses manufacturers' duty to warn generally; a complaint's vessel list would be a pleading allegation, not a finding - and no pleading naming this hull was located. Does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility. GAO full text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403) - content via product-page description.

    Atlas source

    true

    Evidence ID

    ev-uss-control-am164-10

11. [11]Batch-1188 search ledger (this record): NHHC DANFS (live + Wayback capture), hazegray DANFS transcription (Wayback), NAVSHIPS 250-011 Ships' Data 1945, Naval Vessel Register, NavSource archive, Colton WISCO yard table, uboat.net, CourtListener opinion/docket indexes, NARA catalog, general web index [other_primary]

    Locator

    search_ledger rows sl-uss-control-am164-01 through sl-uss-control-am164-15

    Finding type

    historical_record

    Finding

    No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or docketed case naming USS Control under AM-164, AMc-141, or MSF-164 was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). CourtListener API sweep could not be completed on 2026-09-22 (authenticated 2,800/day quota exhausted on the shared key; HTTP 429, retry window ~9,000s); web-index spot checks surfaced only marketing listicles naming the vessel without evidence and one unrelated name collision (a USS Saratoga asbestos case, Edmonds v. ... M.D. Fla. 2022 - 'control' appears as ordinary text).

    Verification

    verified

    Role

    negative_finding

    Documentation level

    ship_specific

    Accessed

    2026-09-22

    Study period

    2026-09-22

    Limitations

    Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - the hull was built 1942-43 at a yard later documented as an asbestos-litigation site (post-war windows), and its post-1946 life was reserve-fleet lay-up followed by a 1959 sale for scrap for which no survey or sale/disposal record was located. Does not establish that asbestos is or was not present; does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility. CourtListener sweep remains open - logged as a gap, not a clean negative. 'Control' is a high-collision search term; the web-index proxy check cannot substitute for the docket-level sweep.

    Atlas source

    true

    Evidence ID

    ev-uss-control-am164-11

12. [12]Archival leads - NARA WWII muster rolls and RG 24 deck logs for this hull's May 1944 - June 1946 commission; NARA RG 19 (Bureau of Ships) General Information Books and the Navy contract file for the WISCO Admirable-class block (yard hulls #9-16 / AM-158-165); the June 1945 Pearl Harbor overhaul yard record; the 1959 disposal file [other_primary]

    Locator

    archives.gov RG 19/24 group guides; nvr.navy.mil SHIPSDETAIL redirects; NavSource 11/02164

    Finding type

    historical_record

    Finding

    Archival leads (not retrieved - require research-room or reproduction order; no spend authorized; NARA catalog returns only its JS application shell to automated fetch): (a) NARA's WWII muster-rolls series should cover this hull for her May 1944 - June 1946 commission - sibling Admirable-class hulls are demonstrably indexed (batch-1148 noted Heed AM-100 via a DPLA item), so coverage for AM-164 is expected but unconfirmed this session; (b) NARA RG 24 deck logs, May 1944 - Jun 1946; (c) NARA RG 19 BuShips records / General Information Books and the Navy contract file for the WISCO Admirable-class block (yard hulls #9-16 / AM-158-165) - the plausible home of hull-level material schedules; (d) the June 1945 Pearl Harbor overhaul record (DANFS says 'brief overhaul' without naming the yard); (e) the 1959 sale/scrapping contract - no located source cites buyer, yard, or striking date; (f) NVR 1949 'in reserve as December 1945' vs documented 6 June 1946 decommissioning - a record-level reconciliation worth a paper-trail check.

    Verification

    unverified

    Role

    archival_lead

    Documentation level

    context_only

    Accessed

    2026-09-22

    Study period

    1941-1959 records

    Limitations

    Record-group mapping only - no box-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents for AM-164 is unknown until surveyed in person. Muster rolls, deck logs, and contract files are personnel/operations/procurement records, not materials documentation. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.

    Atlas source

    true

    Evidence ID

    ev-uss-control-am164-12