Evidence
10 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-10).
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[1]shipscribe.com, USS Alamosa (AK-156) class page - MC C1-M-AV1 'Design AV' class notes and construction/disposition tables compiled from Maritime Commission and Navy records [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipscribe AK-156 class page, 'Class Notes' (Design AV development) and class spec block
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- The C1-M-AV1 'Design AV' substituted diesel machinery for the reciprocating steam plant the services had requested - no main boilers or steam turbines aboard the type. Era-typical insulation and friction products for a 1944-45 diesel cargo ship of this design: engine exhaust and muffler lagging; engine-room and hold insulation; refrigeration-space insulation (documented class reefer capacity 9,830 cu ft); gaskets and packing; fireproofing and interior paneling; electrical insulation; brake linings on winches and windlass; insulation on auxiliary steam-side equipment. Insulation products and friction materials of this era were commonly manufactured with asbestos fiber.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-21
- Study period
- 1944-1945
- Population
- Construction trades (Froemming Brothers, Milwaukee, 1944-45); USCG crew (1945-46)
- Limitations
- Class/design documentation, not a hull record - the C1-M-AV1 design record does not name this vessel and does not itself state 'asbestos' content; asbestos presence aboard this hull is era inference, not ship-proven. Does not establish quantity, location, condition, individual exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-craighead-ak175-01
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[2]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII, the era and program under which this C1-M-AV1 hull was built under a Maritime Commission contract in 1944-45.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-21
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level scholarly documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel or class and does not establish that asbestos was or remains aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-craighead-ak175-02
-
[3]Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, 'Craighead (AK-175)' (NHHC; entry by Robert J. Cressman) - via Internet Archive Wayback capture 2024-02-23; live NHHC URL returned 404 on 2026-09-21 [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS entry text, AK-175 (Wayback capture 2024-02-23)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS documents the hull end to end: launched 28 February 1945 at Milwaukee, Wisc., by Froemming Brothers, Inc. under Maritime Commission contract (M.C. Hull 2148), sponsored by Mrs. W. R. Provoost; transferred to the Navy 31 July 1945; commissioned 5 September 1945, Lt. Cmdr. George M. Walker, USCG, in command; single cargo circuit Galveston (25 Sep 1945) - Davisville, R.I. (4 Oct) loading cargo for Navy Construction Battalions on the west coast - San Pedro (15 Nov) - Port Hueneme/San Pedro/San Francisco cargo duty - departed 14 Dec 1945, Hampton Roads 5 Jan 1946; decommissioned 18 January 1946 at Norfolk and returned to the Maritime Commission, entering the Reserve Fleet at Lee Hall, Va., at 3:30 p.m. the same day as the first vessel to enter Unit 8 of the James River group; stricken from the Naval Register 7 February 1946; delivered to general agent Dichmann, Wright & Pugh at Lee Hall 8:45 a.m. 30 January 1947; title passed to the Government of Turkey at Washington, D.C., 4:05 p.m. 24 February 1947; transaction finalized at Baltimore 4:00 p.m. 26 February 1947; renamed Kastamonu, operated by Deniz Nakliyati T.A.O. of Istanbul with ex-Navy running mates Malatya (ex-AK-165), Kars (ex-AK-159), and Rize (ex-AK-189) between the Mediterranean and northern Europe for over 15 years; broken up for scrap January 1984 at Aliaga, Turkey. Specs per DANFS: displacement 2,382; length 338'6"; beam 50'0"; draft 21'1"; speed 12 knots; complement 85; armament 1 x 3-inch, 6 x 20mm.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-21
- Study period
- 1944-1984
- Population
- USCG crew, 85 (1945-46)
- Limitations
- Authoritative Navy history; contains no asbestos, insulation-material, survey, or abatement statement - establishes identity, chronology, custody chain, and disposal only. Live NHHC page returned HTTP 404 on 2026-09-21; the cited URL is the Wayback capture of the official NHHC page (3 captures, 2016-2024). DANFS narrative reads CO as 'George M. Walker'; its own CO table reads 'George W. Walker' - internal initial variance noted in gaps.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-craighead-ak175-03
-
[4]MARAD ShipHistory database, CRAIGHEAD (AK-175), Detail 1127 - vessel status cards (1127_2047AF.jpg front, 1127_2047AB.jpg back, 1LL_01.png custody ledger) and digitized U.S. Maritime Commission Transfer Order (No. C-4793) document [marad_nrc]
- Locator
- MARAD Detail 1127; status-card scans /cards/1127_2047AF.jpg, /cards/1127_2047AB.jpg, /cards/1LL_01.png; document /documents/Craighead_1127_001.pdf (USMC Transfer Order C-4793)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Primary custody record: WSA took basis at Lee Hall, Va., 1-18-46 3:30 PM EST from the Navy Department; laid-up fleet entry Lee Hall, fleet unit 'JR' (James River) Unit 8, hull no. 2148, type C1-M-AV1, built Froemming Bros. 1945, tonnage 5010 DWT / 3805 gross / 2123 net, registered dimensions 323.9 x 50.1 x 26.5, draft 21-5/8, 'BHP 1700', and 'Dkcy Blr' (donkey boiler) noted on the card back; termination port of last voyage Hampton Roads. Ledger card: Dichmann, Wright & Pugh, Inc. under General Agency Agreement delivered Lee Hall 1-30-47 8:45 AM EST; Republic of Turkey purchase delivered Baltimore, Md., 2-26-47 4 PM EST, title passed 2-24-47 4:05 PM EST at Washington, D.C., price $693,862.00 handwritten on card. USMC Transfer Order C-4793 (26 December 1946, Secretary A. J. Williams) approves the sale of the undocumented M/V Craighead to the Republic of Turkey under Sections 9 and 37 of the Shipping Act 1916 following the Commission's 15 October 1946 authorization.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-21
- Study period
- 1946-1947
- Population
- Reserve-fleet and general-agent handling crews (1946-47); Turkish delivery crew (1947)
- Limitations
- Primary government custody/disposal documents; contain no asbestos or materials statement - the 'Dkcy Blr' notation establishes an auxiliary boiler aboard this hull but not its insulation material. Card tonnage/dimension figures (5010 DWT, 323.9 ft register length, BHP 1700) differ from secondary compilations - variances logged in gaps.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-craighead-ak175-04
-
[5]shipscribe.com, USS Alamosa (AK-156) class page - construction and disposition tables compiled from Maritime Commission and Navy records [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipscribe AK-156 class page, construction table (AK-175 row) and disposition table
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Shipscribe's Alamosa-class construction table carries AK-175 Craighead: Froemming Bros., keel laid 6 December 1944, launched 28 February 1945, acquired by the Navy 31 July 1945, commissioned 5 September 1945; disposition table carries decommissioned 18 January 1946, struck 7 February 1946, returned to MC custody (MC/D) 18 January 1946, sold 24 February 1947 - all consistent with DANFS and the MARAD cards.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-21
- Study period
- 1944-1947
- Limitations
- Compiled secondary tabulation of primary MC/Navy data - the keel date 1944-12-06 is the only construction fact not in DANFS (which gives only '1944'); treated as the best available laid-down date. No asbestos or materials content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-craighead-ak175-05
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[6]shipscribe.com, USS Alamosa (AK-156) class page - class notes on Great Lakes-built C1-M-AV1 delivery practice [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipscribe AK-156 class page, 'Class Notes' paragraphs on Great Lakes delivery
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Shipscribe's class notes document that Great Lakes-built C1-M-AV1s were taken by Navy ferry crews from Milwaukee to Chicago, dismantled there (bridge deck, superstructure deck, masts, kingposts, rigging, stack, and boats removed and stowed) to clear bridge heights and 13-foot river shallows, pusher-towed from Lockport, Ill., down the Mississippi to New Orleans, then completed/converted at New Orleans or Texas yards before Navy acceptance.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-21
- Study period
- 1944-1945
- Population
- Navy ferry crews; New Orleans/Beaumont completion and conversion yard workers (class context)
- Limitations
- Class-level delivery practice documented for the type; Craighead is a Froemming (Milwaukee) hull so the practice applies to her construction cohort, but her individual transit legs are not documented in located sources - DANFS first places her at Galveston 25 Sep 1945. Carried as context, not as an event of record for this hull. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-craighead-ak175-06
-
[7]Wisconsin Marine Historical Society, 'From Sidewalks to Ships: Froemming Brothers built ships in Milwaukee during World War II'; Milwaukee Public Library 'Remember When' digital collection (Froemming Brothers Shipyard, 1901 S. 1st St.); shipbuildinghistory.com Froemming Bros. yard page [reputable_press]
- Locator
- wmhs.org Froemming article; content.mpl.org 'Remember When' item; shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/emergencylarge/froemming.htm
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Builder context: Froemming Brothers of Milwaukee was a wartime-only yard (1942-1945) on the north side of the Kinnickinnic River that built 26 ships under USMC/Navy emergency contracts - V4-M-A1 tugs, Tacoma-class frigates, and Alamosa-class C1-M-AV1 cargo ships - employing about 2,400 workers in three shifts before being sold in 1945 (Wagner Iron Works).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-21
- Study period
- 1942-1945
- Population
- Froemming Brothers yard workforce (~2,400, 1942-45) - context only
- Limitations
- Institutional local-history sources (marine historical society, public library digital collection, shipbuilding-history compiler); establish the yard's scale and program but contain no asbestos, materials, or industrial-hygiene statement - no exposure finding for yard workers or this hull.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-craighead-ak175-07
-
[8]Batch-853 search ledger (this record): NHHC DANFS (Wayback); MARAD ShipHistory Detail 1127 + status cards + USMC Transfer Order C-4793; NavSource 09/13/130175; shipscribe AK-156 class page; CourtListener API v4 name/hull searches; USCG historian cutter list (Wayback); NARA record-group guidance [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-craighead-ak175-01 through sl-uss-craighead-ak175-10
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, museum record, or docketed case naming USS Craighead / AK-175 / M/V Craighead / Kastamonu was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). CourtListener returned zero qualifying hits - all 'Craighead' matches are surname or Craighead County collisions, and both 'AK-175' matches are docket-number collisions. No U.S. abatement record was expected: U.S. custody ended January 1947, decades before Navy asbestos-control programs and NESHAP, and the 1984 breaking occurred at Aliaga, Turkey.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-21
- Study period
- 2026-09-21
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard during construction or service - a 1945 Maritime Commission diesel cargo hull is era-consistent with asbestos-containing insulation and friction materials. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-craighead-ak175-08
-
[9]NavSource Online Service Ship Photo Archive, USS Craighead (AK-175) page (DANFS mirror, spec block, commanding-officer table); cross-checked against NHHC DANFS Wayback capture and Encyclopedia of Arkansas entry 9223 [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource AK-175 page prose vs CO table; NHHC DANFS capture; MARAD Detail 1127; encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/uss-craighead-9223/; Wayback USCG cutterlist 2008-04-23
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Publication-level discrepancies resolved: (a) Commanding officer's service - NavSource's prose line reads 'LCDR. George M. Walker, USNR' while its own CO table reads 'USCG'; DANFS reads USCG in both narrative and CO table and the archived USCG cutter list carries Craighead among Coast Guard-manned Navy vessels - USCG adopted. (b) Length - Wikipedia/secondary infoboxes carry 388 ft 8 in; DANFS carries 338'6", the MARAD page 338.50 ft, shipscribe 338.5' oa - the 388'8" figure is treated as a propagated typo for ~338'8" (the same error appears on sister-ship pages); the MARAD card's 323.9 ft is register length, not a conflict. (c) Encyclopedia of Arkansas describes the ship as serving 'during World War II and the Korean War' - she was decommissioned and sold before Korea; the framing is a class-level boilerplate error and is not asserted here.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-21
- Study period
- 1945-1947
- Limitations
- Resolves secondary-source discrepancies against primary/near-primary records; does not affect the custody timeline. None of the sources involved contains an asbestos statement.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-craighead-ak175-09
-
[10]NARA guidance, 'Logbooks of the US Navy at the National Archives' (RG 24, Entry 118; WWII-era deck logs at Archives II, College Park); NARA Guide to Federal Records RG 178 (Records of the U.S. Maritime Commission) [other_primary]
- Locator
- https://www.archives.gov/research/military/logbooks/navy ; https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/178.html
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival leads (not retrieved - no spend authorized): (1) NARA RG 24 deck logs for USS Craighead covering the commissioned period September 1945 - January 1946 would document the delivery transit, fitting-out, and cargo circuit; (2) NARA RG 178 (U.S. Maritime Commission) construction/contract records for MC hull 2148 and the Froemming Brothers contract are the likeliest surviving source for as-built outfitting/material specifications; (3) the crew was USCG-manned, so personnel records follow the USCG records path; (4) the January 1984 breaking at Aliaga, Turkey, is undocumented in located sources - Turkish yard records, if any survive, are outside U.S. archives.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-21
- Study period
- 1944-1984 records
- Limitations
- Record-group mapping only - no box-level retrieval performed; whether any asbestos-specific or material-specification document exists for hull 2148 is unknown until surveyed. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding. NARA catalog API not reachable from this environment; digitization status unconfirmed, consistent with WWII-era deck logs generally not being digitized.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-craighead-ak175-10