USS Doyen (APA-1)

Evidence

11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).

1. [1]Bureau of Ships, Ships' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels, Vol. 3 (NAVSHIPS 250-012, 1945), auxiliaries - transports, attack (APA) section, class no. 81 DOYEN row (shipscribe.com scan of the official BuShips publication) [other_primary]

   Locator

   SDB1945v3 APA tables pp. 240-242 area: dimensions, personnel/troop-capacity, machinery, armament/cargo, and construction rows for class no. 81; alphabetical index 'Doyen (ex-AP2) -> 240'

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   Official BuShips Ships' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels, Vol. 3 (NAVSHIPS 250-012, 1945) carries a per-hull row for DOYEN APA-1 (auxiliaries - transports, attack (APA) tables, class no. 81, index entry 'Doyen (ex-AP2)'): 414'6" overall / 405'0" waterline; extreme beam 56'0"; designed trial speed 19.0 kt; limiting displacement 6,710 t; limiting draft 18'6"; accommodations 36 officers + 436 enlisted; troop capacity 64 officers + 730 enlisted; largest boom 15 t; machinery 2 propellers, Westinghouse turbines, 8,000 shp, 2 Babcock & Wilcox 'D' type boilers at 450 psi / 765 deg F; armament 4 x 3"/50 cal (D.P.) + 2 twin (40mm); cargo 90,000 cu ft non-refrigerated; builder Consolidated Steel Corp., Wilmington, Calif.; contract 10 Jan 41; commissioned 22 May 43.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   1945

   Limitations

   Authoritative wartime BuShips publication naming this hull - confirms identity, machinery plant, manning, builder, and key dates. Contains no materials, insulation, or asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-doyen-apa1-01

2. [2]DANFS, 'Doyen II (APA-1)' entry, Naval History and Heritage Command (published 2019-04-26; retrieved via Internet Archive Wayback capture 20220707160911) [nhhc_danfs]

   Locator

   DANFS entry body text + spec block (capture 20220707160911); live history.navy.mil URL returned 404 at research time (standing link rot, cf. BATCH-01)

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   NHHC DANFS 'Doyen II (APA-1)' entry (published 2019-04-26; live NHHC URL pattern 404s - verbatim text retrieved via Internet Archive Wayback capture 20220707160911) records: second ship of the name (after DD-280); launched as AP-2 on 9 Jul 1942 by Consolidated Steel Co., Los Angeles, Calif., under a Maritime Commission contract, sponsored by Miss F. D. Johnson (granddaughter of BGen Charles A. Doyen, USMC); reclassified APA-1 on 1 Feb 1943; acquired by the Navy 20 Apr 1943 and converted at Bethlehem Steel Co., San Pedro, Calif.; commissioned 22 May 1943, Cmdr. P. F. Dugan in command. Service: Kiska (Aleutians) troop lift and invasion 14-21 Aug 1943; Wellington, New Zealand, then Tarawa landings 20-24 Nov 1943 with 2nd Marines (embarked casualties under shore-battery and torpedo-plane attack); Kwajalein landing 31 Jan 1944, casualties/POWs to Pearl Harbor arriving 15 Feb; Saipan 15-22 Jun 1944 and Guam 22-28 Jul 1944; Leyte assault landings 20-21 Oct 1944 and reinforcement landing 18 Nov; Lingayen Gulf assault 9-10 Jan 1945; Iwo Jima assault 19 Feb 1945, casualties landed Saipan 9 Mar; Noumea repairs/training; San Diego arrival 17 Jun 1945 and complete overhaul; west coast-Pearl Harbor troop/veteran runs 28 Sep-30 Dec 1945; Seattle to New York arriving 4 Feb 1946; decommissioned 22 Mar 1946; transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal 26 Jun 1946. Six battle stars. Spec block: displacement 4,351; length 414'6"; beam 56'; draft 19'; speed 19 kt; complement 453; armament 4 3-inch; class Doyen.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   1942-1946

   Limitations

   Primary Navy historical entry - authoritative for service history and custody chain to MARAD transfer. Contains no asbestos or materials information; supports no asbestos claim. Differs from the print-DANFS transcription (HyperWar mirror) on three dates - see correction row ev-uss-doyen-apa1-05.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-doyen-apa1-02

3. [3]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive - USS Doyen (APA-1), file 10/03/03001 (last updated 2025-05-02) [other_primary]

   Locator

   NavSource 03001.htm - specifications block, Asiatic-Pacific campaign table, awards/ribbons, disposal entries, commanding-officer table

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   NavSource Amphibious Photo Archive file 10/03/03001 corroborates DANFS and adds operational and disposal detail: Maritime Commission type P1-S2-L2 hull under MC contract (MC hull 181) at Consolidated Steel Co., Los Angeles CA ('laid down, date unknown'); Asiatic-Pacific assignments TransRon Eleven (COMO D. W. Loomis) and TransDiv Thirty-Two (flagship, CAPT C. W. Weitzel); campaign table - Gilbert Islands (Tarawa assault 20 Nov-4 Dec 1943), Marshall Islands (Kwajalein and Majuro 31 Jan-8 Feb 1944), Marianas (Saipan 15-22 Jun, Guam 22-28 Jul 1944), Leyte (20 Oct and 18 Nov 1944), Luzon (Lingayen Gulf 9 Jan 1945), Iwo Jima (19 Feb-6 Mar 1945); awards incl. retroactive Combat Action Ribbon (11 Aug-24 Sep 1943 period, per NavSource), Philippines Presidential Unit Citation, Philippines Liberation Medal (2); struck from Naval Register 12 Apr 1946; transferred to Maritime Commission 26 Jun 1946 for lay-up in NDRF Hudson River Group, Tarrytown, N.Y.; loaned 15 May 1957 to Massachusetts Maritime Academy, Buzzards Bay; physically delivered 24 Oct 1957; renamed T.S. Bay State Dec 1957; loaned to Maritime Administration at Olympia, Wash., 28 Feb 1959 'to obtain parts'; returned to MMA 9 Mar 1959; returned to MARAD at Buzzards Bay 23 Jan 1973; sold 23 Jan 1974 to Union Minerals & Alloys Corp. (PD-X-970 dated 14 Dec 1973) for $90,421.33 'for conversion to a barge'; withdrawn/delivered 12 Feb 1974 to River Development Corp., Kearny, N.J. Spec block matches BuShips SDB: 4,351 t light / 6,710 t full; 414'6" x 56' x 19'; 19 kt; 36 officers + 436 enlisted; troops 64 + 730; 90,000 cu ft cargo; 4 x 3"/50 DP + 2 twin 40mm; 2 Westinghouse turbines, 2 B&W D-type boilers 450 psi/765F, 8,000 shp, 2 propellers. Commanding officers: Dugan (to 24 Oct 1943), McClaughry (to 24 Mar 1945), Hogan (to 28 Sep 1945), Phillips (to 22 Oct 1945), Lewis (to 20 Mar 1946).

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   1942-1974

   Limitations

   Specialist secondary compilation - detailed and consistent with NHHC/MARAD but non-official; the 'conversion to a barge' buyer-intent statement is NavSource-only and conflicts with the MARAD sale record's 'Scrap Hull_US' award condition (see correction row). Contains no asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-doyen-apa1-03

4. [4]U.S. Maritime Administration, ShipHistory database - DOYEN (APA-1), Ship History Detail 5620 and BAY STATE (I), Detail 429, incl. digitized vessel status cards and Record of Ship Sales (Form MA-20, PD-X-970 / contract MA-7240) [marad_nrc]

   Locator

   ShipHistory Detail 5620 registry block, Milestones tab (Entry 6/27/1946; Withdrawal 5/15/1957), Status Cards tab (card images incl. MA-20 sale record), Documents tab DOYEN.pdf; companion Detail 429 milestones (Disposition/Withdrawal 1/23/1974, 'Scrapped/Union Minerals &')

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   MARAD ShipHistory record and digitized primary custody documents for this hull (Detail 5620; companion entry BAY STATE (I), Detail 429): registry fields - Year Built 1943; Shipyard 'Consolidated Steel Corporation'; General Type Naval Auxiliary; Specific Type 'APA Attack Transport'; MARAD Type P1-S2-L2; length 414.50 ft; beam 56.00 ft; light immersion 4,351 t; Fate 'Sold - Scrap'; name history 1943-1957 Doyen (APA-1), 1957-1974 Bay State. Digitized vessel status cards document: built by Consolidated Steel Corp. Ltd., Wilmington, Cal., completed 4-20-43 ('Basis to W.S.A.' 4-20-43 3:45PM at Wilmington); Navy Dept. purchase at Wilmington 4-20-43; Reserve Fleet delivery Tarrytown, N.Y., 6-26-46 (Hudson River Group; reason-for-lay-up note 'Recommended for Scrap. Navy estimated in Jan. 1948 that it would cost $425,000 to put ship in operable condition. No est. cost given for repairs. Ref. Gorman memo 12/21/51'); withdrawn under Repair Program FY1955 to Moore-McCormack Lines GAA 11-22-54 1545 hrs, returned Hudson River 1-19-55 0830 hrs, cost $47,506; loaned to Massachusetts Maritime Academy (training-conversion; 'to replace Charleston') at Hudson River 5-15-57 1115 hrs EDST, renamed 'BAY STATE' 12-57, physical delivery for use as a training ship effective 10-24-57; Reserve Fleet 'to obtain parts' at Olympia, Wash., 2-28-59; back to MMA at Buzzards Bay 3-9-59; returned to Maritime Administration at Buzzards Bay 1-23-73; sold to Union Minerals & Alloys Corp. (purchase) at Buzzards Bay. MARAD Record of Ship Sales (Form MA-20, PD-X-970): BAY STATE (ex-DOYEN), type P1-S2-L2(S), awarded to Union Minerals & Alloys Corp. 1-23-74, purchase price $90,421.33, contract MA-7240, year built 1943, advertised under PD-X-970 dated 12-14-73, opened 1-16-74 under two conditions - (1) NTU and (2) Scrap Hull_US - 'Award under condition (2)'; physically delivered 2-12-74 2:20pm EST.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   1943-1974

   Limitations

   Authoritative government custody chain with digitized primary documents - strongest sourcing in this record. Contains no asbestos, materials, or condition-survey information; supports no asbestos claim. Status-card handwriting partially legible (read visually; OCR unusable). Companion milestone table records only Entry/Withdrawal for the NDRF period - post-1957 custody documented on cards.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-doyen-apa1-04

5. [5]Cross-source reconciliation: NHHC DANFS 'Doyen II (APA-1)' (Wayback 20220707160911) vs print DANFS (HyperWar/ibiblio apa1.html), NavSource 03001, shipscribe APA-1 class page, MARAD Detail 5620/429 + MA-20 card, Wikipedia derivatives [nhhc_danfs]

   Locator

   NHHC entry service paragraphs and spec block; HyperWar print transcription; NavSource timeline and spec block; shipscribe construction/disposition tables; MARAD status-card and MA-20 images; NTSB report TRID 388021 (excluded collision)

   Finding type

   historical_record

   Finding

   Source discrepancies resolved or logged: (a) print DANFS (HyperWar transcription) vs current NHHC entry - San Francisco departure 9 Jul 1943 (print) vs 29 Jul 1943 (NHHC); Pearl Harbor arrival 16 Feb 1944 (print) vs 15 Feb (NHHC); Saipan dates 16-22 Jun (print) vs 15-22 Jun (NHHC); print spec displacement '4,361' vs NHHC 4,351 and MARAD/NavSource/shipscribe 4,351 - NHHC adopted. (b) Laid-down date - shipscribe class construction table gives keel 18 Sep 1941; NavSource states 'date unknown'; BuShips SDB construction row carries contract date 10 Jan 41 and commission 22 May 43 without a keel date - shipscribe figure carried with flag. (c) Decommission/strike - NavSource and shipscribe record decommissioned 22 Mar 1946 and struck 12 Apr 1946; Wikipedia infobox gives decommissioned 20 Mar and stricken 22 Mar 1946 - NavSource/shipscribe adopted. (d) Final sale - MARAD MA-20 shows sale award 1-23-74 (PD-X-970 advertised 12-14-73, opened 1-16-74) under 'Scrap Hull_US' condition; NavSource records sale 23 Jan 1974 'for conversion to a barge' to Union Minerals & Alloys and delivery 12 Feb 1974 to River Development Corp., Kearny, N.J.; Wikipedia states 'sold for scrap 23 January 1973' (a year early, conflating the 23 Jan 1973 MARAD return) - MARAD dates adopted; scrap-vs-barge outcome left unresolved in gaps. (e) The MMA-era NTSB marine-accident record of the 1981 training-ship Bay State engine-room fire is a DIFFERENT hull (later MMA training ship) - excluded name collision, not this vessel.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   correction

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   1941-1974

   Limitations

   Resolves publication-level conflicts in identity, dates, and disposal; the scrap-vs-barge-conversion end state remains unresolved. None of the compared sources contains asbestos information; this row supports no asbestos claim.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-doyen-apa1-05

6. [6]Consolidated era/design inference - BuShips SDB 1945 v3 machinery row for this hull + shipscribe P1-S2-L2 class data (MC Military Program construction standard) + MARAD custody card events [other_primary]

   Locator

   SDB1945v3 machinery table class no. 81; shipscribe APA-1 class notes (MC Military Program, P-X-L/P1-S2-L1-to-L2 design development); MARAD status-card repair/loan entries

   Finding type

   asbestos_application

   Finding

   Era/design inference: this hull carried a twin-screw geared-steam plant (two Westinghouse turbines, two Babcock & Wilcox 'D' type boilers at 450 psi / 765 deg F superheat) built 1941-43 to Maritime Commission P1-S2-L2 design under the MC Military Program - commercial standards with military conversion features incorporated during construction - then converted for Navy service at Bethlehem Steel, San Pedro (Apr-May 1943). This is the machinery configuration for which boiler and fireroom insulation, main and auxiliary steam-line lagging, valve and flange gaskets, machinery packing, and accommodation/joiner insulation of the period were commonly asbestos-containing. Documented disturbance-phase pathways for this hull: the 1943 San Pedro conversion; the 1954-55 Emergency/Repair Program withdrawal under Moore-McCormack GAA ($47,506); the 1957 training-ship conversion and 16-year stationary use as MMA dormitory/classroom; and the 1974 disposal sale under scrap condition.

   Verification

   inferred

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   class_or_era

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   1941-1974

   Population

   Construction trades at Consolidated Steel, Wilmington (1941-43) and Bethlehem Steel San Pedro conversion workers (1943); wartime crew and embarked troops; NDRF lay-up/1954-55 repair workers; MMA conversion yard workers, cadets and staff (1957-1973); 1974 disposal-yard workers

   Limitations

   Inference from the documented machinery plant, construction program, and custody events - NOT a hull record. No survey, specification, material schedule, or abatement record naming APA-1 was located; establishes no asbestos content, quantity, location, individual exposure, or causation.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-doyen-apa1-06

7. [7]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]

   Locator

   Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373

   Finding type

   asbestos_application

   Finding

   Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and Maritime Commission emergency/military construction program under which this P1-S2-L2 attack transport was built - and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization in shipbuilding.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   context

   Documentation level

   class_or_era

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   1940s era documented; article 1987

   Population

   WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)

   Limitations

   Program/era-level scholarly documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel or class and does not establish that asbestos was or remains aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-doyen-apa1-07

8. [8]Fleischer, W.E., Viles, F.J. Jr., Gade, R.L., and Drinker, P., 'A health survey of pipe covering operations in constructing naval vessels,' J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28(1):9-16 (Jan 1946), PMID 21016030 [other_primary]

   Locator

   PubMed record PMID 21016030; article pp. 9-16 (pipe covering material section)

   Finding type

   gov_survey

   Finding

   The U.S. Maritime Commission-commissioned industrial-hygiene survey of WWII pipe-covering operations at two Navy yards and two Navy contract yards documented that 'an important ingredient of pipe covering material used on U.S. Navy vessels is amosite' - i.e., asbestos insulation was standard material in wartime naval-vessel construction of exactly this hull's era and type.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   context

   Documentation level

   class_or_era

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   survey ~1944-45; published 1946

   Population

   WWII pipe coverers and insulators at Navy and contract yards (era context)

   Limitations

   Era-level documentation of asbestos use in naval construction generally; does not name this vessel, class, or builder yard and establishes nothing about this hull's materials, condition, or any individual exposure. (The study's exculpatory 'not a dangerous occupation' conclusion has since been heavily criticized - see the 2026 critique at DOI 10.1177/10482911261446696.)

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-doyen-apa1-08

9. [9]CourtListener API v4 searches via authenticated helper cl-auth-search.py, 2026-09-25; Pruitt v. Air & Liquid Systems Corp., C.A. No. 18-1101-MN-SRF (D. Del., MDL-875 track) Report and Recommendation - located attack-transport asbestos docket resolving to another class [court_record]

   Locator

   CourtListener type=o queries '"USS Doyen"' (0), 'Doyen' (470), '"Doyen" asbestos' (8), '"APA-1"' (459); type=r query 'Doyen' (771 dockets); Pruitt Report & Recommendation, Facts section; search_ledger rows sl-uss-doyen-apa1-07/08

   Finding type

   litigation_documented

   Finding

   CourtListener API v4 sweeps returned no qualifying asbestos litigation naming this hull: '"USS Doyen"' opinion search count=0; bare 'Doyen' opinion search count=470 with all first-page results surname collisions (criminal, zoning, probate, aviation-tort cases); '"Doyen" asbestos' opinion search count=8, all attorney-surname collisions (e.g., Munger Tolles's Michael R. Doyen; Carter, Brinker, Doyen & Kovacs) in unrelated cases; '"APA-1"' opinion search count=459, all statutory Administrative Procedure Act-style citations; 'Doyen' docket search count=771, all first-page results personal-name cases (bankruptcies, Doyen v. Abbott Labs, Doyen v. United States). The APA-type asbestos litigation surface documented in this database resolves to other hulls (e.g., Pruitt v. Air & Liquid Systems Corp., D. Del. C.A. 18-1101, MDL-875 track - plaintiff's service aboard USS Bayfield APA-33 and USS Tolovana AO-64, not this hull).

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   context

   Documentation level

   context_only

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   search 2026-09-25

   Population

   Navy veterans of APA-type auxiliaries (type context)

   Limitations

   Collision-screened negative result: broad 'Doyen' and 'APA-1' corpora were triaged via first-page classification plus asbestos-qualified and exact-name queries rather than exhaustive paging of all 470+771 hits; a Doyen-named asbestos case not surfaced by those queries would remain undetected. Deposition/pleading-stage exposure descriptions in located APA litigation are allegations, not findings, and involve different hulls.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-doyen-apa1-09

10. [10]Batch-2166 search ledger (this record): NHHC DANFS via Wayback; HyperWar print DANFS; NavSource 03001; MARAD ShipHistory Details 5620/429 + status cards + MA-20; BuShips SDB 1945 v3; shipscribe APA-1 class page; CourtListener opinion/docket sweeps (all collisions); indexed-web checks; NARA record-group guides [other_primary]

    Locator

    search_ledger rows sl-uss-doyen-apa1-01 through sl-uss-doyen-apa1-14

    Finding type

    historical_record

    Finding

    No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or docketed case naming the Doyen/APA-1/Bay State hull was found in the public sources searched - the NHHC DANFS entry, print DANFS, BuShips SDB 1945 v3 row, NavSource page, MARAD registry and digitized status cards/MA-20 sale record, and shipscribe class page all contain no asbestos or insulation-material statement; CourtListener opinion and docket sweeps returned no qualifying asbestos litigation naming the hull (all hits surname/statutory collisions); indexed-web checking surfaced only an excluded law-firm marketing page (asbestos-ships.com) asserting era-typical asbestos content without primary support.

    Verification

    verified

    Role

    negative_finding

    Documentation level

    ship_specific

    Accessed

    2026-09-25

    Study period

    2026-09-25

    Limitations

    Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1941-43 MC-type steam hull retained in use through 1973 (incl. 16 years as a stationary training ship/dormitory) is era-consistent with asbestos-containing materials, and the documented repair/conversion events are plausible disturbance pathways. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.

    Atlas source

    true

    Evidence ID

    ev-uss-doyen-apa1-10

11. [11]NARA Guide to Federal Records: RG 19, RG 24, RG 178, RG 357; MMA/mass-archives lead; Marsden 'Gemini Ship' (2002) publication lead [other_primary]

    Locator

    RG guides 19/24/178/357 at archives.gov; shipscribe APA-1 class notes (contract dates); Wikipedia-located Marsden publication lead (unverified in-hand)

    Finding type

    historical_record

    Finding

    Archival leads (not retrieved - require research-room or reproduction order; no spend authorized): NARA RG 19 (Bureau of Ships) - P1-S2-L2 design files and APA-1 conversion specifications; RG 24 (Bureau of Naval Personnel) - deck logs 1943-1946; RG 178 (U.S. Maritime Commission) - construction-contract and inspection records for MC hull 181 (contract award 31 Dec 1940; contract of record 10 Jan 1941 Navy / 24 Feb 1941 MC); RG 357 (MARAD NDRF custody files) - Hudson River Group lay-up, FY1955 repair program work scope, and 1957 loan/transfer files; Massachusetts state archives / Massachusetts Maritime Academy records for the 1957-1973 Bay State conversion and maintenance history; published memoir 'Gemini Ship' by Lt. Cdr. Lawrence A. Marsden (SC) USN ret. (Infinity Press, 2002) - secondary account of the ship's WWII and MMA service.

    Verification

    unverified

    Role

    archival_lead

    Documentation level

    context_only

    Accessed

    2026-09-25

    Study period

    1941-1974 records

    Limitations

    Record-group and publication mapping only - no box-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents for this hull is unknown until surveyed in person. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.

    Atlas source

    true

    Evidence ID

    ev-uss-doyen-apa1-11