Evidence
11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).
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[1]CourtListener opinion search: 'USS Galveston' [court_record]
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- CourtListener opinion search 'USS Galveston' returned 14 result(s) (2026-10-07); individual records not reviewed
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Limitations
- hit count only — underlying dockets/opinions not individually reviewed; name query may match same-named vessels
- Evidence ID
- uss-galveston-cl19-cl-name-opinion
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[2]CourtListener docket search: 'USS Galveston' [court_record]
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- CourtListener docket search 'USS Galveston' returned 293 result(s) (2026-10-07); individual records not reviewed
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Limitations
- hit count only — underlying dockets/opinions not individually reviewed; name query may match same-named vessels
- Evidence ID
- uss-galveston-cl19-cl-name-docket
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[3]CourtListener opinion search: 'CL-19' [court_record]
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- CourtListener opinion search 'CL-19' returned 54513 result(s) (2026-10-07); individual records not reviewed
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Limitations
- hit count only — underlying dockets/opinions not individually reviewed
- Evidence ID
- uss-galveston-cl19-cl-hull-opinion
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[4]CourtListener docket search: 'CL-19' [court_record]
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- CourtListener docket search 'CL-19' returned 278461 result(s) (2026-10-07); individual records not reviewed
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Limitations
- hit count only — underlying dockets/opinions not individually reviewed
- Evidence ID
- uss-galveston-cl19-cl-hull-docket
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[5]DANFS, Galveston I (Cruiser No. 17) - builder, dates, full service narrative (verbatim text from Wayback capture 2025-02-02 of the official NHHC page; live page returns 404) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS entry, specifications block + full service narrative
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS record for this hull: laid down 19 January 1901 by William R. Trigg Co., Richmond, Va.; launched 23 July 1903; commissioned at Norfolk 15 February 1905. Service: John Paul Jones ceremonies (Cherbourg-Annapolis) and Russo-Japanese Peace Conference host ship, 1905; European Squadron and Asiatic Station 1905-1910; decommissioned Puget Sound Navy Yard 21 February 1910; recommissioned 29 June 1912; Asiatic Fleet convoy/Yangtze patrol 1913-1918; Atlantic Fleet Cruiser Force convoy escort 1918 incl. the 30 September 1918 U-152 attack (Ticonderoga sunk, 213 lost); Murmansk transport and Patrol Force flagship 1919; Constantinople station ship/flagship (Rear Adm. Bristol) July 1919-July 1920; classified PG-31 (1920), reclassified CL-19 (8 August 1921); Special Service Squadron Caribbean/Central America 1920-23; decommissioned Charleston Navy Yard 30 November 1923; recommissioned 5 February 1924; Bluefields, Nicaragua landing (195 men) 27 August 1926; Boston Navy Yard overhaul fall 1929; inactivation overhaul and decommissioning Philadelphia Navy Yard 2 September 1930; struck 1 November 1930; sold for scrapping 13 September 1933 to Northern Metal Co., Philadelphia.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-19
- Study period
- 1901-1933
- Population
- Construction trades 1901-1905 (Trigg yard + Norfolk Navy Yard); crew 1905-1930; yard workers at documented availabilities
- Limitations
- DANFS documents service history and specifications, not materials or asbestos content. Wayback capture of the official page cited because the live NHHC page returns 404 (standing link-rot noted since batch-01).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-galveston-cl19-01
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[6]Denver-class design specifications (Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905 as carried in published class profiles; NavSource cruiser photo index machinery data; GlobalSecurity quoting a period engineering description of the class) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource C-17 machinery line; Denver-class design data; DANFS specifications block (boilers not enumerated in DANFS - class-sourced)
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Galveston's plant - six coal-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers (275 psi) feeding two vertical inverted triple-expansion engines (~4,700 ihp design; ~16.5 kt) - is a turn-of-the-century coal-fired steam installation that would have been lagged with period thermal insulation. Asbestos-containing marine insulation products (asbestos-magnesia pipe covering and related) were in commercial use by the turn of the century, so era insulation aboard plausibly contained asbestos - but no hull-specific insulation record was located; asbestos presence aboard is era inference, not ship-proven.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-19
- Study period
- 1901-1930
- Population
- Trigg/Norfolk NY construction trades 1901-1905; engine-room and black-gang crew 1905-1930; yard trades at documented overhauls (Puget Sound 1910-12; Boston NY 1929; Philadelphia NY 1930)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - weaker than for WWII-cohort ships because the documented Navy asbestos-requirement era (mid-1930s specifications; see ev-03) postdates this hull's 1930 decommissioning. No hull insulation survey, spec, or work package located; no quantity; does not establish asbestos was aboard at any period and does not establish or defeat any exposure claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-galveston-cl19-02
-
[7]Franke K, Paustenbach D, 'Government and Navy knowledge regarding health hazards of asbestos: A state of the science evaluation (1900 to 1970),' Inhalation Toxicology 23(S3) (2011) - corroborated by Notre Dame Journal of Legislation scholarship (by 1937 the U.S. specified asbestos in naval thermal-insulation products) and Fleischer et al., 'A health survey of pipe covering operations in constructing naval vessels,' J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28:9-16 (1946), PMID 21016030 [other_primary]
- Locator
- Franke & Paustenbach 2011, naval-use and 1930s-approval passages; Notre Dame J. Legis. (Fleischer-Drinker citation); PubMed PMID 21016030
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed state-of-the-science evaluation documents asbestos insulating materials in use on naval ships beginning in the 1880s, but formal U.S. Navy approval of amosite asbestos only in the mid-to-late 1930s with required use in many applications thereafter; the corroborating legal-historical record places U.S. specification of asbestos in naval thermal-insulation products by 1937. The documented requirement era therefore postdates this hull's September 1930 decommissioning and 1933 disposal.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-19
- Study period
- 1880s-1970 (review scope); 1937-1946 (requirement-era anchors)
- Population
- Navy shipyard pipe coverers and crew, WWII-era (context)
- Limitations
- Secondary review (authored by experts associated with defense-side work); era-level, names no hull. Used only to bound the ev-02 inference: asbestos marine insulation existed during this hull's life but the documented Navy requirement era came after her disposal. Does not establish what was aboard.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-galveston-cl19-03
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[8]United States v. Ansonia Brass & Copper Co., 218 U.S. 452 (1910) (U.S. Reports official PDF via govinfo) [court_record]
- Locator
- 218 U.S. 452 at 452-455 (contract recital); companion proceedings 115 Va. 272 (1912)
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- U.S. Supreme Court opinion naming this hull's construction contract: the William R. Trigg Company's contract 'for the Navy Department, called the Galveston' at $1,027,000, dated December 14, 1899, is recited in deciding lien priority between Virginia supply-lien creditors and the United States after the builder's December 1902 receivership. The insolvency litigation (state proceedings Hawes & Co. v. Trigg Co.; United States v. William R. Trigg Co., 115 Va. 272, 78 S.E. 542 (1912)) documents why the ~66%-complete hull was towed to Norfolk Navy Yard for completion after the contract was revoked in May 1903.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-19
- Study period
- 1899-1912 (contract through final state disposition)
- Population
- William R. Trigg Co. yard, Richmond, VA (1901-1903); Norfolk Navy Yard completion workforce (1903-1905)
- Limitations
- NON-ASBESTOS litigation - contract/insolvency lien-priority matter predating the asbestos-litigation era by ~70 years. Carried because it is the only litigation located naming this hull and it documents construction provenance. Not qualifying asbestos litigation; establishes nothing about materials aboard.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-galveston-cl19-04
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[9]Batch-210 search ledger (this record): NHHC DANFS + Online Library (via mirrors); TSHA Handbook of Texas; NavSource cruiser index; shipbuildinghistory.com yard table; CourtListener API v4 (throttled); site-index litigation sweeps; PubMed; Naval Vessel Register (out of scope by disposal date); NARA record groups (not digitized) [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-galveston-cl19-01 through sl-uss-galveston-cl19-10
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or docketed asbestos case naming C-17/PG-31/CL-19 was found in the sources searched. The hull was sold for scrap in 1933, decades before the asbestos-litigation era, and no preserved structure exists to survey. The only litigation located naming the hull is the 1910-1912 Trigg insolvency matter (ev-04), which is non-asbestos.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-19
- Study period
- 2026-09-19
- Limitations
- Absence of a located record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - era insulation plausibly contained asbestos but is undocumented for this hull. The CourtListener API v4 sweep is INCOMPLETE (HTTP 429, 125/day cap, retried and still throttled at session end); index-level searches returned no qualifying hits. A claim by a 1905-1930 crew member would have been litigated in the early asbestos era at latest and none was located.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-galveston-cl19-05
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[10]NARA record groups (lead, not yet retrieved): RG 24 deck logs and muster rolls for Cruiser No. 17/PG-31/CL-19; RG 19 Bureau of Construction and Repair plans/specifications and the Trigg contract/completion correspondence (Norfolk Navy Yard), which could bear on insulation materials, overhaul scopes, and crew complements [other_primary]
- Locator
- NARA RG 24 / RG 19 - not digitized; not yet requested
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Hull-specific primary records plausibly exist at NARA: deck logs and muster rolls (RG 24) for 1905-1930 service, and Bureau of Construction and Repair records (RG 19) covering the Trigg contract, the revoked-contract completion at Norfolk Navy Yard, and the documented overhaul periods - records that could contain insulation specifications or material notes unavailable in published sources.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-19
- Study period
- 1901-1930 (record coverage)
- Limitations
- Existence of hull-specific files is expected from standard NARA holdings for this era but not yet confirmed for this hull; nothing digitized was located. No asbestos content is implied - the lead is for provenance, complement, and possible material-specification records.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-galveston-cl19-06
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[11]Handbook of Texas (Texas State Historical Association), 'Galveston (CL-19)' entry by Mike Zambrano Jr. - DANFS- and Friedman-cited scholarly encyclopedia [reputable_press]
- Locator
- TSHA Handbook entry, full text + bibliography (DANFS, Friedman, Galveston Daily News, ONI expeditions list)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Independent scholarly corroboration of the DANFS record, adding: evacuation of approximately 200 refugees from Novorossiysk under Red Army artillery fire on 27 March 1920 during the Constantinople station-ship period; PG-31 designation dated 17 July 1920; and the return of the ship's silver service, bell, and wheel to the city of Galveston in October 1930 following final decommissioning.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-19
- Study period
- 1901-1933
- Population
- Crew 1905-1930; Novorossiysk refugees (March 1920)
- Limitations
- Secondary encyclopedia; no asbestos or materials content. Minor date errors circulate in secondary sources (NavSource gives launch '23 JAN 1903' and first decommissioning '20 NOV 1923'); DANFS values (23 July 1903; 30 November 1923) are carried.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-galveston-cl19-07