Evidence
10 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-10).
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[1]DANFS, 'Garland' (AM-238) - verbatim transcription at the losthistory.net/hazegray mirror (live history.navy.mil page returns 404 - standing link rot, same as BATCH-01/1169/1207; hazegray.org itself unreachable at fetch time) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS 'Garland' entry, specifications block + service narrative (losthistory.net/hazegray/danfs/mine/am238.htm)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official DANFS record for this hull: Admirable-class minesweeper (AM-238: dp. [blank]; l. 184'6"; b. 33'; dr. 10'; s. 15 k.; cpl. 104; a. 1 3", 2 40mm., 6 20mm., 2 .30 cal. mg., 2 dct, 3 dcp; cl. Admirable). 'The second Garland (AM-238) was launched 20 February 1944 by Winslow Marine Railway & Shipbuilding Co., Winslow, Wash.; sponsored by Miss Karen Lundberg; and commissioned 26 August 1944, Lt. Carl Carmichael in command.' After shakedown out of Puget Sound, departed San Pedro 12 November 1944 with a convoy to Kossol Roads, Palau Islands (arrived 2 January 1945); entrance control ship at Kossol Roads; convoy escort Peleliu-Ulithi until 20 May, then Ulithi-Eniwetok patrols; departed Ulithi 28 June escorting a 16-ship convoy to Buckner Bay, Okinawa (arrived 17 July). Based at Buckner Bay, swept mines in the East China Sea 22-31 July and 13-25 August 1945; shifted to Ominato Ko, Honshu, sweeping Japanese minefields for occupation transports; departed 20 October as flagship of Mine Division 40 at Sasebo until 20 November; arrived San Diego 19 December. Departed 31 January 1946, transited Panama Canal, decommissioned at Orange, Tex. 2 August 1946; Atlantic Reserve Fleet; reclassified MSF-238 7 February 1955; struck from the Navy List 1 April 1960; sold to Ships and Power, Inc. 24 October 1960. 'Garland received two battle stars for World War II service.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1943-1960
- Population
- Winslow Marine Railway construction trades (1943-44); wartime crew (design complement 104)
- Limitations
- DANFS documents identity, builder, sponsor, dates, service narrative, awards, and disposal - not materials or asbestos content. DANFS omits the laid-down date (NavSource/uboat.net supply 13 Oct 1943, consistent); the displacement field is blank in the spec block. DANFS's spec-block values (10' draft, 15 kts) differ from NavSource's (9'9", 14.8 kts) - flagged in ev-08. Mirror transcription cited because the live NHHC page returns 404.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-garland-am238-01
-
[2]NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive - Garland (MSF 238) ex-AM-238, file 11/02238 [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 11/02238 - chronology block, specifications block, propulsion line, CO list, photo credits
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource per-hull record: 'Admirable Class Minesweeper'; call sign November-Delta-Kilo-Romeo; laid down 13 October 1943 by the Winslow Marine Railway and Ship Building Co. ('Seattle, WA' - flagged; yard was at Winslow, Bainbridge Island); launched 20 February 1944; commissioned USS Garland (AM 238) 26 August 1944; 'Naval Vessel Register of 1 January 1949 lists plan for decommissioning and placing in reserve as December 1945'; decommissioned 2 August 1946 at Orange, TX; reclassified Fleet Minesweeper (Steel Hull) MSF-238, 7 February 1955; struck from the Naval Register 1 April 1960; sold 24 October 1960 to Ships and Power, Inc. of Miami, FL; 'Fate unknown.' Spec block: 945 t. (fl); 184'6"; 33' beam; 9'9" draft; 14.8 kts; complement 104; armament one 3"/50 dual-purpose mount, one twin 40mm mount, six 20mm mounts, one depth-charge projector (hedgehog), four depth-charge projectors (K-guns), two depth-charge tracks; propulsion 'Two 855shp Cooper Bessemer GSB-8 diesel engines, National Supply Co. single reduction gear, two shafts.' CO list: LT Carl Carmichael USNR (26 Aug 1944 - 21 Nov 1944). Photo credits: NARA BS 73491-73494 (Bureau of Ships collection; Puget Sound Sep/Oct 1944, camouflage 32/21D) and James Barton (Miami River, FL, c.1969).
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1943-1969
- Population
- Winslow yard trades (1943-44); wartime crew; post-sale civilian handlers (1960-c.1969)
- Limitations
- Specialist secondary compilation - detailed but non-official. Its 'Seattle, WA' builder attribution conflicts with DANFS/uboat/Colton (Winslow, Bainbridge Island) - flagged in ev-08. Its '945 t. (fl)' full-load figure sits on a different measurement basis than DANFS's blank dp / Colton's 850d / HyperWar's 625 t - flagged. 'Fate unknown' conflicts with Colton's 'scrapped 1960' - the c.1969 Miami River photograph confirms survival past the sale but not the date or place of disposal. CO list ends Carmichael's tenure 21 Nov 1944 with no successor listed - wartime CO succession undocumented. Contains no asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-garland-am238-02
-
[3]Shipbuilding History (Tim Colton compilation), 'Winslow Marine Railway, Port Blakeley WA / Winslow WA' yard table - Garland (AM 238) row + yard history header [other_primary]
- Locator
- winslow.htm - Garland (AM 238) row + yard history header; block sisters AM 239-243, AM 299-301
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Yard-table row for this hull: 'Garland (AM 238) | US Navy | Minesweeper | 850d | 26-Aug-44 | Scrapped 1960.' The Winslow table continues into the same Admirable-class block - Gayety (AM 239), Hazard (AM 240, 'Sold 1968, to Omaha NB 1971 as museum'), Hilarity (AM 241), Inaugural (AM 242), Illusive (AM 243, cancelled) - and the later block Sentry (AM 299), Serene (AM 300), Shelter (AM 301). Yard history header: founded as Hall Bros. Marine Railway & Shipbuilding Co. by Henry Hall in 1878 at Port Blakely; moved 1903 to a 77-acre site at Eagle Harbor, Bainbridge Island, near the village of Madrone, later renamed Winslow; sold 1916 to Captain James Griffiths and renamed Winslow Marine Railway & Shipbuilding Company; built steel minesweepers during WWII reaching a peak workforce of 2,300; sold 1948 and renamed Commercial Ship Repair of Winslow; closed 1959; site now a marina, apartments, and a Washington State Ferries maintenance facility.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1943-1960
- Population
- Winslow Marine Railway construction workforce (Eagle Harbor, Winslow, WA, 1943-44; peak ~2,300)
- Limitations
- Compiler's yard table, secondary - corroborates builder, delivery date (26-Aug-44 matches commissioning), type, and tonnage (850d consistent with NavSource's 945 t fl on a different basis). Its 'Scrapped 1960' conflicts with NavSource's 'Fate unknown' and the c.1969 Miami River photograph - the sale-to-scrapping sequence is unresolved; flagged in ev-08. The hull# column is blank for the WWII minesweeper rows (no yard hull number printed). Contains no asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-garland-am238-03
-
[4]Consolidated era/design inference - documented propulsion plant (NavSource spec block: two 855shp Cooper Bessemer GSB-8 diesels, National Supply Co. single reduction gear, two shafts - direct drive; HyperWar class block reads 'Diesel-electric engines, twin screws, 1,800 h.p.' - flagged in ev-08) + documented builder and construction era (DANFS; Colton) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 11/02238 propulsion line; HyperWar ships-dm.html Admirable-class block; DANFS construction/service dates; Colton winslow.htm; concordialibrary.org Stewart memoir
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Era/design inference: this hull is a 1943-44-built steel Admirable-class minesweeper with a diesel direct-drive twin-screw plant (two Cooper Bessemer GSB-8 diesels, National Supply Co. single reduction gear) - no boilers, no steam distribution. Its insulation load was materially lighter than a steam combatant's, but machinery and construction materials of the 1943-44 wartime era were commonly asbestos-containing: exhaust-system and muffler lagging, machinery gaskets and packing, electrical-cable insulation, accommodation/galley joiner insulation, winch and windlass brake linings, and deck compositions of the period. Exposure-relevant populations if any material was present: Winslow Marine Railway Eagle Harbor construction trades (1943-44, peak workforce ~2,300); the wartime U.S. crew (design complement ~104 - a named plankowner yeoman's memoir corroborates crew presence from commissioning through the June 1946 release at Orange) across the Puget Sound shakedown, the Palau/Ulithi/Eniwetok escort tour, the East China Sea and Ominato Ko minesweeping operations, and the 1946 inactivation at Orange, Texas; and any civilian handlers after the 1960 sale (the c.1969 Miami River photograph implies the hull remained afloat in private hands for years).
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1943-1969
- Population
- Winslow yard trades (1943-44); U.S. crew Aug 1944 - Aug 1946; post-sale civilian handlers 1960-c.1969
- Limitations
- Inference from documented design, machinery type, and construction era - NOT a hull materials record. No survey, specification, or material schedule naming AM-238 was located; establishes no asbestos content, quantity, location, condition, individual exposure, or causation. The diesel (non-steam) plant makes even era-level inference weaker than for steam vessels of the same era. Post-1960 civilian handling and any scrapping process are undocumented in located sources.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-garland-am238-04
-
[5]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987); and Fleischer, W.E., et al., 'A health survey of pipe covering operations in constructing naval vessels,' J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28(1):9-16 (Jan 1946), PMID 21016030 [other_primary]
- Locator
- AJIM 11(3):359-373 (article); PubMed PMID 21016030
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and wartime construction program under which this hull was built at Winslow Marine Railway & Shipbuilding, Eagle Harbor. The USMC-commissioned 1944-45 industrial-hygiene survey of pipe-covering operations at Navy and contract yards documented that 'an important ingredient of pipe covering material used on U.S. Navy vessels is amosite.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; articles 1946/1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (era context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding and naval-vessel construction generally; neither source names this vessel, class, or builder yard. Pipe-covering findings are less applicable to a diesel (non-steam) minesweeper than to steam vessels. Establishes nothing about this hull's materials, condition, or any individual exposure.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-garland-am238-05
-
[6]NPS National Register/National Historic Landmark nomination, USS Hazard (AM-240), NRHP ref. 79003712 (nomination PDF, NPS NPGallery) [nps]
- Locator
- NPS NRHP/NHL nomination form 79003712, items 4-7 (condition, description); NRIS asset page
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The sole surviving Admirable-class hull is a documented unaltered museum ship - and a Winslow-built sister of this hull: the NHL nomination for USS Hazard (AM-240), delivered from the same Eagle Harbor yard 31 October 1944 (Colton), records her as 'completely equipped and intact as it was during its years of active service' with 'the superstructure ... unaltered,' moved from the Orange, Texas U.S. Naval Inactive Ship Facility - the same Texas Group reserve-fleet complex where Garland decommissioned in August 1946 - to Omaha in 1971. For materials purposes the class's only preserved exemplar survives essentially as-built, but no public asbestos survey or hazmat disclosure for Hazard was located either.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1944; nomination circa 1979
- Population
- Museum staff/visitors at the surviving sister (class context)
- Limitations
- Class-level context only - the nomination documents the sister hull's significance and condition circa 1979, not materials or asbestos content, and says nothing about AM-238. 'Unaltered' is the nomination's characterization; no ACM survey of Hazard is public. The shared Orange, TX layup is documented for both hulls.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-garland-am238-06
-
[7]Batch-1212 search ledger (this record): DANFS via losthistory/hazegray mirror; NavSource 11/02238; Shipbuilding History Winslow yard table; uboat.net 5303; HyperWar per-hull page + ships-dm class block; NVR; NARA catalog; CourtListener API v4 (authenticated - blocked, HTTP 429); indexed-web substitute search; Concordia Parish Library veteran memoir; Wikipedia cross-check [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-garland-am238-01 through sl-uss-garland-am238-12
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located for USS Garland / AM-238 / MSF-238: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, preservation record, court finding, or docketed asbestos case naming this hull was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). The CourtListener API v4 sweep could not run this session - authenticated requests returned HTTP 429 ('Request was throttled. Rate limit exceeded: 2800/day. Expected available in 6050 seconds') on the first attempt and on a spaced retry; the shared daily quota was exhausted by prior batch work on this machine, so the opinion/docket sweep is logged as blocked, not retried, per batch rules (same as batch-1207). Indexed-web substitute queries ('USS Garland'/'AM-238' + asbestos/mesothelioma/lawsuit) surfaced only marketing-roster name mentions - mesothelioma.com's minesweeper jobsites page lists 'USS Garland | AM-238 | Admirable | 8/26/1944 | Sold, 1960' in a generic table; excluded per source rules, no hull-specific evidence. A Concordia Parish Library veteran memoir (Yeoman 2nd Class W. L. Stewart, plankowner, Aug 1944-Jun 1946) corroborates crew presence but contains no asbestos information.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 2026-09-22
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1943-44-built vessel is era-consistent with asbestos-containing materials even accounting for its lighter diesel insulation load. The CourtListener sweep is genuinely unrun - residual risk that a hull-naming docket or opinion exists is real and is flagged in gaps ('Garland' is a high-collision surname and place-name - e.g., Garland, Texas; the surname Garland appears frequently in case captions - so a future sweep needs phrase queries plus hull-number queries to cut noise). The hull's post-1960 disposition is undocumented, so no present-day survey pathway is confirmed. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-garland-am238-07
-
[8]Source-discrepancy resolution - DANFS (losthistory/hazegray mirror) vs NavSource 11/02238 vs Colton Winslow yard table vs uboat.net 5303 vs HyperWar per-hull page + class block vs Wikipedia infobox vs NavalCoverMuseum [other_primary]
- Locator
- losthistory.net/hazegray/danfs/mine/am238.htm; navsource.net/archives/11/02238.htm; shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/small/winslow.htm; uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5303.html; ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ships/AM/AM-238_Garland.html + ships-dm.html; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Garland_(AM-238); navalcovermuseum.org/wiki/GARLAND_AM_238
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Source discrepancies logged, not silently merged: (a) Builder city - DANFS 'Winslow, Wash.', uboat.net 'Winslow, Washington', Colton yard history (Eagle Harbor, Bainbridge Island, near Madrone - renamed Winslow) vs NavSource 'Seattle, WA' - Winslow carried; NavSource's Seattle is loose geographic shorthand (the yard sits across Puget Sound from Seattle). (b) Displacement - DANFS spec block blank; NavSource 945 t (fl); Colton 850d; HyperWar class block/per-hull 625 t; Wikipedia class infobox 650 t - different measurement bases, unmerged; NavSource carried where a figure is needed. (c) Draft - DANFS/HyperWar 10' vs NavSource 9'9" - flagged. (d) Speed - DANFS/HyperWar 15 kts vs NavSource 14.8 kts - flagged. (e) Propulsion - NavSource per-hull 'two 855shp Cooper Bessemer GSB-8 diesels, National Supply Co. single reduction gear' (direct drive; consistent with the Cooper Bessemer fit documented for West Coast-built sisters, e.g., batch-1207's Facility AM-233) vs Wikipedia class-generic infobox '2 x ALCO 539 ... Farrel-Birmingham single reduction gear' vs HyperWar 'diesel-electric ... 1,800 h.p.' - a reduction gear is mechanical drive, so 'diesel-electric' is a compilation slip (same slip flagged in batches 1169/1207); NavSource's per-hull spec carried. (f) Armament - DANFS '1 3", 2 40mm., 6 20mm., 2 .30 cal. mg., 2 dct, 3 dcp' vs NavSource 'one 3"/50 DP + one twin 40mm + six 20mm + hedgehog + 4 K-guns + 2 DC tracks' vs Wikipedia '1 x 3"/50 + 2 twin Bofors 40mm + hedgehog + 2 DC tracks' - design-spec vs wartime-fit unresolved. (g) Disposal - all sources agree sold 24 Oct 1960 to Ships and Power, Inc. of Miami, FL; Colton 'Scrapped 1960' vs NavSource/NavalCoverMuseum 'fate unknown' + c.1969 Miami River photo - the hull demonstrably survived past the sale; scrap date/site unresolved. (h) Decommission planning - NavSource's NVR-1-Jan-1949 quotation lists a planned December 1945 decommission/reserve vs actual 2 Aug 1946 - register-planning quirk, not a date conflict. (i) CO list - NavSource shows Carmichael's tenure ending 21 Nov 1944 with no successors; uboat.net lists Carmichael from 26 Aug 1944 with no end date - wartime CO succession undocumented. (j) Laid-down date absent from DANFS - NavSource/uboat 13 Oct 1943 carried.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1943-1969
- Limitations
- Resolves publication-level discrepancies among the official DANFS text and secondary compilations, adopting the better-supported values and flagging the rest. NavSource's per-hull propulsion spec is preferred over the class-generic infobox values because it names this hull's engine and gear; Wikipedia's ALCO/Farrel-Birmingham fit is the class-standard spec printed indiscriminately on Admirable-class articles. No asbestos content in any of these sources.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-garland-am238-08
-
[9]Air & Liquid Systems Corp. v. DeVries, 586 U.S. 446 (2019), CourtListener 4601080 [court_record]
- Locator
- CourtListener opinion 4601080
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- No case located names this hull (see negative_finding row and search_ledger - CourtListener sweep blocked this session). Doctrinal context only for the vessel's type: claims arising from WWII-era Navy-vessel asbestos exposure ran under maritime law against equipment manufacturers, and the Supreme Court's DeVries decision settled the 'bare-metal defense' framework - manufacturers that supplied bare equipment had a duty to warn where their products required asbestos-containing parts. It illustrates the litigation posture claims arising from service aboard a WWII diesel minesweeper would have faced; no such claim naming Garland was located.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 2019 decision
- Limitations
- Doctrinal context only - the cited case does not name or involve this hull, and DeVries addressed manufacturers' duty to warn for asbestos-containing components on Navy vessels generally. Classification note: a complaint's vessel list would be a pleading allegation, not a finding; no pleading naming this hull was located. Does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-garland-am238-09
-
[10]Archival leads - NARA WWII muster rolls and RG 24 deck logs for this hull's August 1944 - August 1946 commission; NARA RG 19 (Bureau of Ships) records and the Navy contract file for the Winslow Admirable-class block (AM-238-AM-243, AM-299-AM-301 per Colton); NARA still photographs BS 73491-73494 (BuShips collection, Puget Sound Sep/Oct 1944); MARAD/sale records for the 1960 Ships and Power, Inc. transaction and the hull's post-sale civilian disposition (Miami River, c.1969 onward) [other_primary]
- Locator
- archives.gov RG 19/24 group guides; NavSource 11/02238 photo credits; Colton winslow.htm
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival leads (not retrieved - require research-room or reproduction order; no spend authorized; NARA catalog returns only its JS application shell to automated fetch): (a) NARA's WWII muster-rolls series should cover this hull for her Aug 1944 - Aug 1946 commission - sibling Admirable-class hulls are demonstrably indexed (batch-1148 noted Heed AM-100 via a DPLA item), so coverage for AM-238 is expected but unconfirmed this session; (b) NARA RG 24 deck logs, Aug 1944 - Aug 1946; (c) NARA RG 19 Bureau of Ships records / General Information Books and the Navy contract file for the Winslow Admirable-class block - the plausible home of hull-level material schedules; (d) NARA still photographs BS 73491, BS 73492, BS 73493, BS 73494 (Bureau of Ships collection) documenting the hull in Puget Sound in Sep/Oct 1944 wearing camouflage 32/21D, per NavSource credits; (e) the 24 Oct 1960 sale to Ships and Power, Inc. of Miami, FL - MARAD disposal file and any Miami River layberth/scrapping records - the hull's post-Navy career is undocumented past the c.1969 photograph.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1943-1969 records
- Limitations
- Record-group mapping only - no box-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents for AM-238 is unknown until surveyed in person. Muster rolls, deck logs, and sale files are personnel/operations/disposal records, not materials documentation. The post-1960 half of this hull's life is undocumented in located sources. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-garland-am238-10