Evidence
11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).
-
[1]research packet mp-packet.md (2 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED — real identity: USS Gazelle (IX-116), ex-SS Cyrus K. Holliday. — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Gazelle_(IX-116)
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-gazelle-ix116-pkt-mp-packet-md
-
[2]NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive, 'USS Gazelle (IX-116)' specifications block; shipscribe.com (Stephen S. Roberts), 'USS Armadillo (IX-111) Class' class data line [other_primary]
- Locator
- navsource.net 46116 specifications block; shipscribe.com/usnaux/IX2/IX111.html class machinery line
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- This hull's propulsion plant is documented ship-specifically as oil-fired steam: two Babcock & Wilcox boilers (220 psi, 450 deg F) feeding a Joshua Hendy Ironworks vertical triple-expansion engine of 2,500 shp, single screw (NavSource specification block; shipscribe class data corroborates '1 screw, vertical triple expansion, 2,500 HP'). Steam plants of this type and wartime era were insulated under Maritime Commission specifications of a period when insulation products were commonly manufactured with asbestos fiber, and steam-system gaskets, packing, and insulation felts of the period commonly contained asbestos.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943
- Population
- Construction trades (California Shipbuilding, Terminal Island, 1943); Navy IX-116 engine/boiler crew
- Limitations
- The plant itself is documented for this hull; its insulation materials are NOT - no Z-ET1-S-C3 design manual or hull-specific insulation schedule was located, so asbestos aboard is era/class inference, not ship-proven. Does not establish quantity, present-day presence (hull scrapped 1968), individual exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-gazelle-ix116-01
-
[3]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII, the era and Maritime Commission emergency program under which this Z-ET1-S-C3 hull was mass-produced, and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization aboard government-built hulls.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level scholarly documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel and does not establish that asbestos was aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-gazelle-ix116-02
-
[4]Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS), 'Gazelle III (IX-116)' - text verified via hazegray.org DANFS transcription mirror (Wayback capture 2023-02-07); canonical NHHC URLs returned 404 this session (standing link-rot issue noted in batch-01) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS entry body + data line, reproduced verbatim at hazegray.org/danfs/ix/ix116.htm (Wayback 20230207013144); also mirrored at losthistory.net/hazegray/danfs/ix/ix116.htm
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS entry: 'The third Gazelle (IX-116) was launched 9 November 1943 by the California Shipbuilding Corp., Wilmington, Calif., as SS Cyrus K. Holliday; sponsored by Mrs. J. E. Stewart; and acquired by the Navy and simultaneously commissioned 29 November 1943, Lt. Joseph P. Marshall in command.' Service narrative: sailed Wilmington 9 January 1944 for Pearl Harbor; assigned to Rear Admiral Turner's Southern Attack Force; entered Kwajalein Lagoon on D-day 2 February 1944 fueling combatants (incl. battleships New Mexico, Mississippi, Idaho) for two weeks; Eniwetok Lagoon on D-day 18 February fueling destroyer divisions; Kwajalein fueling until 1 April; Pearl Harbor 12 April; Majuro 27 April; shuttle fueling Majuro/Roi/Kwajalein/Eniwetok through summer 1944; Ulithi 15 October; escaped damage when Japanese midget submarines sank oiler Mississinewa 2,000 yards away at Ulithi 20 November; underway 10 January 1945, Palau two days later; Leyte 28 February, fueling ~100 Allied ships over six months; sailed 13 September 1945 for Korea, Jinsen 28 September, Korean Service Group 7th Fleet through October 1945; Norfolk 28 February 1946; decommissioned 9 May 1946; returned to WSA 10 May; stricken from the Navy List 21 May 1946; sold 1948 to Intercontinental S.S. Corporation and renamed Evistar. One battle star. Data line: dp. 14,500; 441'6" x 56'11" x 28'4"; 11.5 k.; cpl. 115; a. 1 5".
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-1948
- Population
- Navy crew (~115) aboard during forward-area fueling ops at Kwajalein, Eniwetok, Majuro, Ulithi, Leyte, Jinsen
- Limitations
- Official Navy history establishes identity, construction, wartime fueling service, occupation duty, and disposal milestones. Complement 115 in the data line conflicts with the shipscribe class table's 70 (1944) - logged in gaps. No asbestos content; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-gazelle-ix116-03
-
[5]U.S. Maritime Administration, ShipHistory database - CYRUS K. HOLLIDAY Ship History Detail 1170 + GAZELLE (IX-116) Detail 12826; digitized status card; USMC Transfer Order C-6627 (May 1950) + MarAd transmittal letter to USCG [marad_nrc]
- Locator
- ShipHistory Detail 1170 & 12826 milestone/name tables; documents/CyrusKHolliday_1170_001.pdf (Transfer Order C-6627), CyrusKHolliday_1170_002.pdf (USCG transmittal letter), 1e1a9d58-f5f8-4fa1-be07-9527a94c7aa7.pdf (status card scan, image-read)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- MARAD ShipHistory records for this hull: merchant record CYRUS K. HOLLIDAY (Detail 1170) gives U.S. Official No. 244731, builder California Shipbuilding Corporation, MARAD type Z-ET1-S-C3, 441.5 ft x 57.0 ft, 7,243 gross / 4,348 net tons; Navy record GAZELLE (IX-116) (Detail 12826) confirms the same hull as 'Naval Service Craft / IX Unclassified-Miscellaneous Vessel,' 14,500 tons displacement. The digitized vessel status card (image-read) documents custody: California S.B. Corp. -> U.S.M.C. -> W.S.A. -> Navy Dept., all 11-29-43 (3:30 pm PWT, Los Angeles) 'New' construction under bareboat charter; Navy Dept. -> W.S.A. 5-10-46 (11:30 am EDT) at Lee Hall, Va.; W.S.A. -> Reserve Fleet same day (James River fleet, lay-up); Reserve Fleet -> Savins S.S. Co. (agent) 2-16-48; Savins Shipping Co. (agt) -> Intercontinental S.S. Corp. (purchaser) 5-4-48 (6:02 pm EDT) Baltimore, Md. Digitized Transfer Order C-6627 (May 1950) approves sale of 'the Liberty Tanker CRYSSTAR (ex-CYRUS K. HOLLIDAY, Official No. 244731)' to Adamastos Steamship Co. Ltd., a Greek corporation of Piraeus, for transfer to Greek registry and flag; the companion Maritime Administration letter records transfer effected at New York June 12, 1950, vessel renamed CHRYSANTHI, conditioned on a 13.5-year bar on trading to U.S. ports.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-1950 (documents)
- Population
- WSA/NDRF custody personnel (James River 1946-48); merchant crews under successive flags 1948-1968
- Limitations
- Authoritative for government custody chain, official number, tonnage/dimension data, the 1948 sale date, and the 1950 foreign-transfer terms. CORRECTION to secondary record: the 1950 buyer was Adamastos Steamship Co. Ltd. (Greek registry/flag, transferred at New York) - not 'Liberian Shipping Inc., Liberian flag' as NavSource states; MARAD order governs. Status card handwriting partially legible (image-read). Contains no asbestos, materials, or condition-survey information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-gazelle-ix116-04
-
[6]shipscribe.com (Stephen S. Roberts), 'USS Armadillo (IX-111) Class' - Ships' Data US Navy reconstruction for IX-111 through IX-129 [other_primary]
- Locator
- Class page: header data block, construction and disposition tables, class notes (AVB 12 Oct 43 / CNO 15 Oct 43 instructions), ship note 116
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Ships' Data reconstruction (Stephen S. Roberts, shipscribe.com - US Navy auxiliary vessel records): classifies IX-116 in the ARMADILLO (IX-111) class, design MC Z-ET1-S-C3, with class data 3,665 light / 14,500 limited displacement, 441.5' oa x 56.9' x 28.3', armament 1-5"/38 + 1-3"/50 + 8-20mm, complement 70 (1944), 11 kts, 2,500 HP single-screw vertical triple expansion. Construction table: IX-116 GAZELLE, California SB, keel 11 Oct 43, launch 9 Nov 43, acquired/commissioned 29 Nov 43, MC hull 1905. Disposition table: decommissioned 9 May 46, stricken 21 May 46, to MC disposal 10 May 46, MA sale 4 May 48. Class notes: on 12 Oct 43 the Auxiliary Vessels Board recommended acquiring 20 new Liberty tankers for floating fuel storage at advanced Pacific bases with 'no conversion of any kind'; CNO instructions of 15 Oct 43 directed they be armed and supplied with 20 lengths of 4-inch and 6 lengths of 6-inch filling hose for transferring fuel to other ships, with shakedown limited to minimum needed for safe passage; six Calship and four Delta hulls were to be 'clean' tankers (gasoline/diesel), the rest fuel-oil 'dirty' tankers. Ship note 116: ex merc. CYRUS K. HOLLIDAY; merc. CYRUS K. HOLLIDAY (MC) 1946, EVISTAR 1948; converted to dry cargo ship RHAPSODY 1955; scrapped 1968 as PACIFIC LOGGER.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-1968
- Population
- Navy IX-116 crew (~70 in 1944 per class data) at forward-area fuel stations
- Limitations
- Research reconstruction from Navy primary records (Ships' Data Book, Auxiliary Vessels Board, CNO instructions) - authoritative-adjacent, not a government publication. Complement 70 (1944) conflicts with DANFS data line 115 - logged in gaps. Ship note skips the CHRYSSTAR/CHRYSANTHI/FOS name chain carried in NavSource/MARAD documents. No asbestos content; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-gazelle-ix116-05
-
[7]NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive, 'USS Gazelle (IX-116)' - DANFS-derived chronology, specifications, commanding officers, merchant-service record [other_primary]
- Locator
- navsource.net/archives/09/46/46116.htm chronology/specifications/commanding-officers sections
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NavSource Online Service Ship Photo Archive entry for USS Gazelle (IX-116): confirms MCE hull 1905, California Shipbuilding Co. Wilmington; laid down 11 October 1943; commissioned at San Pedro 29 November 1943 (Lt. Joseph P. Marshall); Asiatic-Pacific campaign credit (Marshall Islands operation: Kwajalein/Majuro 2-8 Feb 1944, Eniwetok 18-26 Feb 1944); postwar occupation duty at Jinsen (Jensen Ko), Korea as a unit of the Korean Service Group; decommissioned 9 May 1946 Norfolk; to Maritime Commission 10 May 1946, name reverted Cyrus K. Holliday; struck 21 May 1946; one battle star; call sign NJGH; commanding-officer list (Marshall, Hodgkins, Koeller, Evans). Merchant chain: sold May 1948 to Intercontinental Steamship Corp., renamed Evistar (US flag); renamed Chrysstar 1949; sold 1950 renamed Chrysanthi; converted to dry cargo at Antwerp 1955 as Rhapsody (Greek flag); renamed Fos 1960; sold 1966 to Trans-Pacific Shipping Co., renamed Pacific Logger (Liberian flag); final disposition 'sold to Taiwan breakers and scrapped at Kaohsiung in September 1968.' Armament detail: 1-5"/38, 1-3"/50, 8-20mm; cargo 8,500 DWT / 63,000 bbls oil; fuel NSFO 13,700 bbls.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-1968
- Population
- Merchant crews 1948-1968 (US, Greek, Liberian flags); Antwerp conversion yard workers 1955; Kaohsiung breakers 1968
- Limitations
- Volunteer archival compilation built on DANFS/Navy records and Auke Visser's T-Tankers merchant data - authoritative-adjacent. Its 1950 buyer identification ('Liberian Shipping Inc., Monrovia, Liberian flag') conflicts with the MARAD Transfer Order (Adamastos Steamship Co. Ltd., Greek registry, New York 12 Jun 1950) - MARAD document governs; the CHRYSANTHI rename and 1950 sale year agree. 'Jensen Ko' = Jinsen (Inchon), Korea per DANFS. No asbestos content; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-gazelle-ix116-06
-
[8]usmm.org, 'Liberty ships built by California Shipbuilding, Terminal Island, CA' - hull 1905 row [other_primary]
- Locator
- usmm.org/l/calship.html row '1905 Cyrus K. Holliday - IX 116 Gazelle'
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The usmm.org Calship hull list (American Merchant Marine at War memorial reference, standard public compilation of Liberty-hull production at California Shipbuilding, Terminal Island) records MCE hull 1905 as 'Cyrus K. Holliday' with Navy identity 'IX 116 Gazelle,' confirming the merchant-to-Navy hull mapping independently of DANFS and MARAD.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943
- Population
- Calship construction trades, Terminal Island, 1943
- Limitations
- Private memorial/reference compilation, not a government publication - used only for hull-number mapping corroboration, which DANFS and MARAD independently establish. No asbestos content; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-gazelle-ix116-07
-
[9]CourtListener API v4 search (authenticated helper, fleet-paced): '"USS Gazelle"' type=o -> 0; '"IX-116"' type=o -> 8 hits, all name collisions [court_record]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-gazelle-ix116-09 and -10; queries run via devin-prompts/cl-auth-search.py
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- CourtListener API v4 opinion sweeps through the authenticated fleet helper: '"USS Gazelle"' returned zero results (complete negative); '"IX-116"' returned eight hits, all classified name collisions - In re Mulnix (Bankr. Iowa 1985), Reves v. Ernst & Young (U.S. 1993), United States v. Jannotti (3d Cir. 1984), Nugent v. Att'y Gen. (3d Cir. 2004), In re Saba Software Stockholder Litigation (Del. Ch. 2017, two), United States v. First National State Bancorporation (D.N.J. 1980), United States v. Senak (7th Cir. 1976) - none maritime, none asbestos; the string matched internal numbering in unrelated matters. No qualifying asbestos litigation naming this vessel was located in the sweeps completed.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 2026-09-29
- Limitations
- Coverage is partial: merchant-name sweeps ('Cyrus K. Holliday,' 'Evistar,' 'Chrysanthi,' 'Pacific Logger') and docket-type (RECAP) searches could not be completed this session - the fleet-wide CourtListener pacing budget was spent and the helper directed later retry; carried as pending ledger rows, not as results. Zero qualifying hits in completed sweeps does not prove no case exists; RECAP dockets are thicker than the opinion index.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-gazelle-ix116-08
-
[10]Batch-4685 search ledger (this record): DANFS (mirror), MARAD ShipHistory 1170/12826 + status card + Transfer Order C-6627 + USCG transmittal letter, shipscribe IX-111 class, usmm.org Calship list, NavSource 46116, NVR, CourtListener sweeps [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-gazelle-ix116-01 through -14
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, donation/museum condition report, or adjudicated case naming Gazelle / IX-116 / Cyrus K. Holliday was found in the public sources searched - the MARAD record, status card, and transfer documents contain no materials statements; DANFS contains none; shipscribe, usmm.org, and NavSource contain none. The hull left U.S. jurisdiction June 12, 1950 (Greek-flag transfer per Transfer Order C-6627) and was demolished at Kaohsiung, Taiwan, in September 1968, so no U.S. regulatory abatement record is expected for its destruction. See search_ledger for query-level results.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 2026-09-29
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1943 Maritime Commission steam tanker's fabric is era-consistent with asbestos-containing materials, and this hull's documented disturbances (construction/arming, 1955 Antwerp tanker-to-dry-cargo conversion, 1968 demolition) are exactly the events where ACM disturbance is plausible but undocumented. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-gazelle-ix116-09
-
[11]NARA Guide to Federal Records: RG 24 (Naval Personnel/deck logs), RG 178 (US Maritime Commission), RG 248 (War Shipping Administration) [other_primary]
- Locator
- archives.gov guide-fed-records groups 024/178/248
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival leads (not retrieved - require catalog-level or research-room work; no spend authorized): NARA RG 24 U.S. Navy deck logs for IX-116 (commissioned Nov 1943 - May 1946; WWII deck logs are digitized in NARA's catalog series but this hull's logs were not individually surveyed); RG 178 Maritime Commission West Coast construction files (Calship/MCE 1905 construction and outfitting records); RG 248 War Shipping Administration bareboat-charter and custody files (11-29-43 acquisition, 5-10-46 return); Belgian yard records at Antwerp for the 1955 tanker-to-dry-cargo conversion; Taiwan demolition records for the 1968 Kaohsiung breaking.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-1968 records
- Limitations
- Record-group mapping only - no box-level or item-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents in these series is unknown until surveyed. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-gazelle-ix116-10