Evidence
12 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-12).
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[1]research packet crew-ck-packet.md (4 sources cited) [nhhc_danfs]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED (laid-down date unavailable)
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-general-g-o-squier-ap130-pkt-crew-ck-packet-md
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[2]Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS) entry for General G. O. Squier (AP-130) - hazegray transcription, Wayback capture 2020-01-14. Live NHHC page 404s on all candidate URLs (standing NHHC link-rot, cf. BATCH-01). [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS entry, full text (hazegray mirror, Wayback 2020-01-14)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS establishes the hull's documented career: launched 11 November 1942 under Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 653) by Kaiser Co., Richmond, Calif., sponsored by Miss Mary Ann Somervell; acquired 30 August 1943; commissioned 2 October 1943 (Capt. A. E. Uehlinger); three San Francisco round-trip troop voyages 29 Oct 1943-30 Mar 1944 (Noumea; Pearl Harbor, Guadalcanal, Wallis Island, Samoa, Noumea; Honolulu); San Francisco to Noumea/Milne Bay then Norfolk (arrived 2 Jun 1944); 3,300 troops to Naples 1 July 1944; Task Force 87 / Operation Dragoon off Cap Camarat 15 Aug 1944, second lift ~3,000 troops 30 Aug; New York 26 Sep 1944 with casualties and POWs; ten transatlantic rotation voyages 14 Oct 1944-14 Sep 1945; six Magic-Carpet voyages 20 Sep 1945-18 Jun 1946; decommissioned 10 July 1946; returned to WSA 18 July 1946, NDRF James River; sold to Bethlehem Steel 7 April 1964, renamed Pennmar 27 May 1965; one battle star.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-05
- Study period
- 1942-1965 (DANFS coverage); entry compiled pre-1969
- Population
- Crew (356) and embarked troops (3,823-3,865 per voyage)
- Limitations
- Vessel-history only - DANFS contains no asbestos or material information. Transcription carries OCR variants (sponsor 'Somersvell'; namesake birth/graduation years 1863/1877 vs. the generally accepted 1865/1887); Pennmar rename year (1965) conflicts with NavSource's 1964 - conflicts carried in gaps. Does not establish quantity or presence of any hazardous material.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-general-g-o-squier-ap130-01
-
[3]NavSource Online Service Ship Photo Archive, USS General G. O. Squier (AP-130) page (verified live at .net; navsource.org is dead) - timeline, specifications, campaign ribbon data, commanding-officer list, merchant history, photo captions, plus linked shipboard-newspaper scan ('Daily Squier', 22130b.pdf) and class general-plans PDF (22130a.pdf). [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource AP-130 page: header timeline, Specifications block, Merchant History, photo captions, CO list
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource documents: MC type C4-S-A1 hull under MC contract (hull 653) at Kaiser Co. Richmond No. 3 Yard; launched 11 Nov 1942; commissioned 2 Oct 1943 (CAPT Archibald E. Uehlinger); Europe-Africa-Middle East campaign 'Invasion of southern France 15 Aug-25 Sep 1944' (one battle star); decommissioned 10 Jul 1946; transferred to the Maritime Commission 18 Jul 1946 for lay up in NDRF James River, Lee Hall, VA. Merchant history: transferred by MARAD 7 Apr 1964 to Bethlehem Steel Corp. (Exchange Program) for conversion to a general cargo ship; renamed SS Pennmar 27 May 1964; sold to Alpine Steamship Co. 11 Aug 1976 renamed SS Penn; sold to American Coastal and Foreign Shipping Co. 13 Jun 1978 renamed SS Penny; sold for scrapping in Pakistan 10 Aug 1984. Specifications: 9,950 lt / 17,250 fl tons; 522'10" x 71'6" x 26'6"; 16.5 kt trial; complement 32 officers + 324 enlisted; troop accommodations 270 officers + 3,595 enlisted; one Westinghouse geared turbine, two Babcock & Wilcox header-type boilers (465 psi, 765 deg F), double Falk main reduction gear, three 400 kW 240 V DC generators, single propeller, 9,000 shp.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-05
- Study period
- 1942-1984
- Population
- Crew and embarked troops (WWII); merchant crews Pennmar/Penn/Penny (1964-1984)
- Limitations
- Volunteer-maintained archival compilation, not a government publication - values are transcribed from official sources but carry no asbestos or hazardous-material information. Pennmar rename year (1964) conflicts with DANFS's 1965; strike date given as 'unknown' while Shipscribe gives 31 Jul 1946 - conflicts in gaps.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-general-g-o-squier-ap130-02
-
[4]Shipscribe (Stephen S. Roberts) USN Auxiliaries reference, USS General G. O. Squier (AP-130) class page - BuShips/MARCOM-derived construction and disposition tables, class notes, and per-hull ship notes (MC 653). [other_primary]
- Locator
- Class page: Construction table row AP-130; Disposition table row AP-130; Class Notes; Ship Notes MC 653
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Shipscribe ship notes for AP-130 (MC 653): 'In service 31 Aug 43 for ferrying to conversion yard, Poole, McGonigle & Jennings, Portland, Ore., converted 4 Sep 43 to 16 Oct 43. Repaired while inactive under the Emergency Ship Repair Program 18 Nov 54 to 30 Mar 55. To buyer 9 Apr 64. Merc. PENNMAR 1964, PENN 1976, PENNY 1978, scrapped 1984.' Construction table: keel 14 May 1942, launch 25 Nov 1942, acquired 30 Aug 1943, commissioned 2 Oct 1943. Disposition table: decommissioned 10 Jul 1946, stricken 31 Jul 1946, disposed to Maritime Commission 18 Jul 1946, MA sale 7 Apr 1964. Class notes document that the class's first ships were delivered incomplete for conversion at repair yards.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-05
- Study period
- 1942-1984
- Population
- Conversion-yard workers, Poole McGonigle & Jennings, Portland OR (Sep-Oct 1943); NDRF repair crews (Nov 1954-Mar 1955)
- Limitations
- Private scholarly reference transcribing official BuShips/MARCOM records - authoritative but not the underlying record itself. Launch date (25 Nov 1942) conflicts with DANFS/NavSource (11 Nov 1942). The 1954-55 'Emergency Ship Repair Program' entry establishes a repair period during NDRF lay-up but gives no scope or materials detail - any asbestos content is unestablished. No asbestos information anywhere on the page.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-general-g-o-squier-ap130-03
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[5]MARAD Vessel History Database, detail 1814, listed under misspelled name 'GENERAL G. O. SQUIRER (AP-130)' - vessel characteristics and milestone/status-card records. [marad_nrc]
- Locator
- Detail 1814: characteristics block, Milestones table, Status Cards section
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- MARAD's official vessel record gives: year built 1943, official number 295108, shipyard Kaiser Company, type AP Transport (MARAD type C4-S-A1), 522.84 ft x 71.50 ft, 13,000 gross tons, displacement 17,250 summer / 9,950 lightweight. Milestones: Entry and Acquisition into MARAD custody 18 Jul 1946; Disposition and Withdrawal 9 Apr 1964, 'EXCHANGE PROGRAM'; fate 'Sold - Foreign Flag Op.' Five scanned vessel status cards are attached to the record. The database's Mission block lists World War II and Korean War.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-05
- Study period
- 1943-1964 (custody record); accessed 2026-10-05
- Population
- NDRF James River custody staff and contractors, 1946-1964
- Limitations
- Documents government custody and disposal, not materials or conditions aboard. The 'Korean War' mission flag is unexplained - the hull was in NDRF custody 1946-1964 and saw no Korean War service per DANFS; treated as a database artifact. Status-card scans exist but were not text-extracted this session - they may hold additional disposal detail (open lead). Database misspells the name 'SQUIRER'.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-general-g-o-squier-ap130-04
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[6]National Park Service, 'Richmond Shipyard Number Three' place page, Rosie the Riveter/WWII Home Front National Historical Park. [nps]
- Locator
- NPS place page, Richmond Shipyard Number Three
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NPS documents the hull's construction site: Kaiser established the Richmond yard complex from December 1940; Shipyard No. 3 (five assembly basins at Potrero Point) is where the C4-S-A1 hulls including MC 653 were built; the four Richmond Kaiser yards produced 747 vessels during WWII, a feat not equaled anywhere else; workers 'worked in this area everyday, in very hazardous jobs.' The yard survives within the National Historical Park.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-05
- Study period
- 1940-1945 (page verified live 2026-10-05)
- Population
- Kaiser Richmond shipyard workforce (tens of thousands, 1941-1945)
- Limitations
- Yard-level context only - the page does not name AP-130 and contains no asbestos-specific information ('very hazardous jobs' is general wartime safety language, not an asbestos finding). Does not establish materials aboard any specific hull.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-general-g-o-squier-ap130-05
-
[7]Corn JK, Starr J. 'Historical perspective on asbestos: policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding.' Am J Ind Med. 1987;11(3):359-373. PMID 3555021; doi:10.1002/ajim.4700110311 (record verified via NCBI E-utilities; Wiley full text returned 403 to automated fetch). [other_primary]
- Locator
- PubMed abstract record, PMID 3555021
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed industrial-hygiene history documenting 'the extensive use of asbestos as a fireproofing and insulating material in shipbuilding in the 1940s, when World War II industrial expansion brought about a hitherto unprecedented rise in the amount of asbestos utilized,' with asbestos diseases manifesting in shipyard workers exposed in the 1940s and postwar period.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-05
- Study period
- 1940s shipbuilding era; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipbuilding workers generally (class context)
- Limitations
- Industry-wide era scholarship - does not name AP-130, the C4-S-A1 design, or Kaiser Richmond specifically. Establishes the era context only; cannot support 'documented aboard this hull' wording.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-general-g-o-squier-ap130-06
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[8]Kelly RJ. 'When errors become etched in stone: The U.S. Navy's deeply flawed, never retracted World War II asbestos epidemiology study.' New Solut. 2026 Aug;36(2):138-150. PMID 42307414; doi:10.1177/10482911261446696 (record verified via NCBI E-utilities). [other_primary]
- Locator
- PubMed abstract record, PMID 42307414
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed account of the Navy's January 1946 study (Fleischer, Viles, Gade & Drinker, 'A Health Survey of Pipe Covering Operations in Constructing Naval Vessels,' J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28:9-16) documenting that insulation work on ships used asbestos-containing materials during WWII naval vessel construction; the study's 'not a dangerous occupation' conclusion was wrong and contributed to decades of unprotected exposure.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-05
- Study period
- 1946 study; review article 2026
- Population
- WWII naval-vessel construction workforce, particularly insulators/pipe coverers (class context)
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation of wartime naval-vessel construction practice - does not name AP-130 or Kaiser Richmond. Establishes that asbestos-containing pipe covering was standard in naval vessel construction of the era; ship-specific application remains inference.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-general-g-o-squier-ap130-07
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[9]GAO report HRD-80-2, Navy/asbestos-era program documentation (product page). gao.gov returned HTTP 403 to automated fetch this session - standing access defect carried since BATCH-01; row relies on the product-page description. [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (blocked to automated fetch; metadata-level reliance)
- Finding type
- regulatory
- Finding
- GAO documented Navy-wide asbestos insulation use in ships and the federal asbestos-control program posture (HRD-80-2), consistent with WWII-era construction including this hull's 1942-43 build window.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-05
- Study period
- report 1980; WWII-1970s program window
- Limitations
- Program-level context - does not name AP-130, the C4 class, or Kaiser Richmond. Full text unreachable (gao.gov 403); claims limited to what the product-page description supports.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-general-g-o-squier-ap130-08
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[10]Internet Archive item ap130ga1944: 'USA - AP-130 USS General G O Squier General Arrangement (1944)' - Booklet of General Plans, Kaiser Company Inc., Permanente 3, Richmond (4 sheets: cover photo; outboard profile 5 Mar 1943; profile & upper decks 8 Jul 1943; lower decks & hold 31 Aug 1944). Scans originate from San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park; re-hosted by third-party uploader. [other_primary]
- Locator
- archive.org item ap130ga1944 (download options and sheet list)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The hull's own Booklet of General Plans (1944) survives and is publicly viewable - a ship-specific primary artifact covering outboard profile, upper decks, lower decks and hold. Such plan sets typically carry insulation/lagging notations in machinery spaces; the sheet content has not been reviewed for material callouts.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-05
- Study period
- 1943-1944 (plan dates)
- Population
- Shipbuilders/inspectors who would have read the plans (1943-44)
- Limitations
- Content not reviewed - presence or absence of insulation material callouts on the plans is unverified. Re-host (Foute Man Productions) is unofficial, though the underlying scans are attributed to San Francisco Maritime NHP (NPS). A duplicate class-plans PDF is hosted at navsource.net/archives/09/22/pdf/22130a.pdf (verified live).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-general-g-o-squier-ap130-09
-
[11]Old Dominion University Special Collections: 'Volume 05: C4-S-A1 (Maritime Administration Cargo Ships) - U.S.S. General G.O. Squier (AP-130), undated,' Binder Case 14, Volume 05, Heflin & Williams Naval Engineering Reference Collection (MG 138). [other_primary]
- Locator
- ArchivesSpace record, archival_object 88445 (MG 138, Binder 14, Volume 05)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- ODU Special Collections holds a ship-specific binder for AP-130 within a collection of ship data files, Naval Ships Technical Manuals, and detailed design plans obtained from the National Archives - an open archival lead for hull-specific technical documentation.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-05
- Study period
- undated (collection assembled 20th-21st c.)
- Limitations
- Finding aid only - contents not reviewed. The binder may include NARA-derived design plans or data sheets; whether it contains any material/insulation specification is unknown.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-general-g-o-squier-ap130-10
-
[12]Batch-2059 search ledger (this record): CourtListener API v4 opinion and docket indexes (6 queries incl. asbestos-qualified variants); DANFS; NavSource; MARAD Vessel History Database; Shipscribe; NPS; PubMed; GAO; archive.org; ODU Special Collections [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger sl-uss-general-g-o-squier-ap130-09 through -14 (all CourtListener queries)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or docketed case naming USS General G. O. Squier / AP-130 was found in the public sources searched. CourtListener base queries returned zero hits on the exact ship name in both opinion and docket indexes; hull-number queries collided with unrelated docket-numbering schemes (bankruptcy adversary-proceeding numbers of the form X:YY-ap-00130), and the asbestos-qualified variants confirmed no qualifying litigation - 'AP-130' + asbestos returned zero opinions and a single unrelated restaurant-liability docket (B.T. v. Silver Diner Development, Inc., 2:22-cv-00094 E.D. Va., a name collision).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-05
- Study period
- 2026-10-05
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1943-built steam transport of this era is era-consistent with asbestos-containing insulation, gaskets, and packing. A clean CourtListener result also does not capture litigation in non-digitized jurisdictions, state courts with poor PACER coverage, or claims that named the ship under its merchant names (Pennmar/Penn/Penny). Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-general-g-o-squier-ap130-11