Evidence
8 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-8).
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[1]Fleischer, W.E., Viles, F.J. Jr., Gade, R.L., and Drinker, P., 'A Health Survey of Pipe Covering Operations in Constructing Naval Vessels,' Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 28(1):9-16 (January 1946), PMID 21016030 [other_primary]
- Locator
- PubMed record PMID 21016030; J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28(1):9-16
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- The 1946 USMC-commissioned Fleischer-Drinker industrial hygiene survey of pipe-covering operations in constructing naval vessels documents amosite asbestos felt and pipe covering as standard material on U.S. naval vessels of this build era, with dust counts measured during cutting, fitting, and installation in the four yards surveyed (anonymized as Navy Yards A-B and Contract Yards C-D).
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1944-1945 (survey); published January 1946
- Population
- Pipe coverers and insulation trades at Navy contract yards (WWII era)
- Limitations
- Program-level survey of naval-vessel construction, not a hull record; the four surveyed yards are anonymized (A-D) and Moore Dry Dock is not separately identified in the published data. Does not name this vessel or establish that asbestos was or remains aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, individual exposure, or causation. A 2026 commentary (NEW SOLUTIONS, DOI 10.1177/10482911261446696) calls the paper's 'relatively safe occupation' conclusion deeply flawed and has prompted a retraction call - the survey understates hazards; cited here for materials documentation only.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-golden-city-ap169-01
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[2]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical scholarship documents extensive use of asbestos as fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and program under which this Maritime Commission C2-S-B1 hull was built (completed December 1943) and converted to a troop transport - with wartime demand driving unprecedented asbestos utilization aboard merchant-type hulls.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level scholarly documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel and does not establish that asbestos was or remains aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-golden-city-ap169-02
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[3]AsbestosAtlas shipyards.json entry 'moore-dry-dock-oakland' (verified 2026-09-25), sourcing: W.A. Simons Asbestos Trust, California Site List (September 2020): MOORE DRY DOCK-OAKLAND, CA (ADELINE ST), Exposure Level H; and Fleischer et al., J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 28(1):9-16 (1946) [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipyards.json yard_id moore-dry-dock-oakland, evidence rows ev-moore-dry-dock-oakland-fleischer-1946 and ev-moore-dry-dock-oakland-simons-trust-2020
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- The builder of this hull, Moore Dry Dock Company, Oakland, CA (Adeline Street), is documented in the Atlas shipyard dataset as a high-exposure WWII site: W.A. Simons Asbestos Trust California Site List (September 2020) assigns the site Exposure Level H (High), and the yard entry documents amosite pipe covering (block and felt), asbestos boiler block insulation, asbestos gaskets, asbestos millboard, and asbestos deck covering as products used at the yard 1942-1961 - the period in which this hull was built.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1942-1961 (yard exposure window); this hull built 1943
- Population
- Construction trades at Moore Dry Dock, Oakland, 1943 (hull build period)
- Limitations
- Builder-yard-level documentation, not a hull record. Trust site list is a claims-administration document reflecting the trust's exposure determination for the site, not a peer-reviewed study or a vessel survey. Yard exposure conditions during construction do not establish asbestos presence, quantity, condition, or exposure aboard this specific hull - they document where she was built.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-golden-city-ap169-03
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[4]Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, 'Golden City (AP-169)' (NHHC page published 2015-07-13; live URL 404 on 2026-09-25, text verified via Wayback capture 2024-05-25 of history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/g/golden-city.html); NHHC Online Library photo page (HyperWar/ibiblio mirror): 'completed at Oakland, California, in December 1943 as a freighter, converted to a troop transport, and commissioned in the Navy in May 1944' [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- Wayback 2024-05-25 capture of NHHC DANFS page; ibiblio HyperWar mirror of NHHC Online Library entry AP-169
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS/NHHC establishes identity and service: named for a 19th century clipper ship in the Pacific trade; launched under Maritime Commission contract 28 October 1943 by Moore Drydock Co., Oakland, Calif., sponsored by Mrs. Roger Lapham; transferred to the Navy on bareboat charter and commissioned 29 May 1944, Capt. C. M. Furlow, Jr., commanding. WWII service: Guam reserve-troop delivery 21 July 1944; Leyte landings 20 October and 18 November 1944; Lingayen Gulf initial assault 9 January 1945 under sustained kamikaze attack (5-9 January); Zambales landing 29 January 1945 with Amphibious Group 9 (30,000 troops); subsequent troop-ferrying and Magic Carpet voyages; China occupation support October-December 1945; decommissioned Seattle 10 August 1946; returned to Maritime Commission; stricken 8 October 1946; four battle stars.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1943-1946 (naval service); entry published 2015
- Population
- Ship's company and embarked troops (service-era context)
- Limitations
- Establishes identity, construction, operational history, awards, and disposition summary (Ocean Eva 1955, Overseas Eva 1961, scrapped Kaohsiung 1973 per NHHC photo page). Contains no asbestos, insulation-material, or hazard statement; supports no asbestos claim. Live NHHC DANFS URL returns 404 (standing NHHC link-rot issue); canonical URL needs re-locating before production use.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-golden-city-ap169-04
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[5]U.S. Maritime Administration, ShipHistory database - GOLDEN CITY, Ship History Detail 1979 (incl. vessel status card scans 1979_3684AF.jpg, 1979_3684AB.jpg, 2SO_01.png, 2SO_02.png) [marad_nrc]
- Locator
- MARAD ShipHistory Detail 1979, Milestones and Status Cards tabs; status card operator/allocation table and handwritten reserve-fleet data card
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- MARAD ShipHistory record (Detail 1979) and vessel status card scans document the hull's complete custody chain: C2-S-B1, MC hull 1167, Official No. 244878, completed by Moore Dry Dock Co., Oakland 1943-12-31 and delivered to WSA same day (Matson Navigation Co., GAA); bareboat to Navy Dept. 1944-05-29 (annotated 'Golden City AP-169'); entered Maritime Commission reserve fleet at Olympia, Wash. (Budd Inlet, Puget Sound group) 1946-08-12; withdrawn for Waterman Steamship Corp. GAA operation 1948-02 (status card shows delivery 2-10/2-11-48); purchased by Waterman at Seattle 1948-08-30 (title transferred effective 8-30-48, recorded 9-2-48). Merchant names: renamed OCEAN EVA 6-55, sold to Ocean Transportation Co. 6-21-55; sold to Ocean Clippers Inc. 1-22-57; sold to Overseas Carriers Corp. and renamed OVERSEAS EVA 3-20-61; repurchased by Ocean Clippers and renamed SAPPHIRE ETTA 12-17-65; sold to Sapphire Steamship Lines 1-21-66; seized at Rotterdam and sold by court action to The 046 Corp., renamed CORTLAND 6-67; sold to Pan American Tankers Corp. 7-67; sold to D. L. Wirth 9-18-73; sold same day to Keun Hwa Iron Steel & Enterprises Ltd. for scrapping in Taiwan. Status card also shows a Waterman wire of 8-27-48 citing '$51,567 for D/D etc.' - a drydock/repair cost figure, not the sale price.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1943-1973
- Population
- Reserve-fleet caretaker crews (1946-48); merchant crews 1948-1973; shipbreaking workers, Kaohsiung 1973
- Limitations
- Primary custody/ownership record for the hull including the NDRF Olympia layup site, all merchant renamings, the June 1967 Rotterdam court sale, and the 1973 scrapping sale. Contains no asbestos, insulation, or hazmat information. Corrects secondary-source merchant-chain errors (NavSource shows 'sold 11 February 1948 for $51,567' - the card's $51,567 entry is a repair/drydock estimate wire and the February event is a GAA allocation, with purchase on 8-30-48). The card is the controlling source; residual ambiguities (GAA delivery shown as 2-10-48 on one card, withdrawal 2-11-48 on the reserve-fleet data card) noted.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-golden-city-ap169-05
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[6]National Archives, '1941-1959 Deck Logs, including World War 2 and the Korean War' research guide; NARA Navy logbooks/muster-rolls guidance (RG 24 Entry 118, NAID 581208) [other_primary]
- Locator
- archives.gov deck-log research guide; RG 24 Entry 118, NAID 581208
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA holdings relevant to this hull: WWII-era Navy deck logs (ship's daily operational record) and muster rolls (crew rosters) for commissioned vessels are held at the National Archives at College Park in Record Group 24, Entry 118 (National Archives Identifier 581208); WWII Navy muster rolls are also digitized via Ancestry ('U.S. World War II Navy Muster Rolls, 1938-1949'). AP-169's May 1944 - August 1946 logs/rolls fall within these series.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1944-1946
- Population
- Ship's company, commissioned period 1944-1946
- Limitations
- Archival lead only - the series is verified to hold post-1940 Navy deck logs and muster rolls at College Park, but AP-169's specific logs/rolls were not retrieved or confirmed item-level in this session. Deck logs and muster rolls document operations and personnel, not construction materials or insulation content; they can corroborate crew presence but cannot establish or exclude asbestos exposure.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-golden-city-ap169-06
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[7]In re Joint Eastern and Southern Districts Asbestos Litigation (Robinson v. United States), 891 F.2d 31 (2d Cir. 1989), CourtListener opinion 533004 [court_record]
- Locator
- Opinion, 891 F.2d 31 (No. 1547, docket 89-6109)
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- Second Circuit ruling addressing mesothelioma claims by a civilian mariner aboard War Shipping Administration vessels; the court barred claims against the United States on discretionary-function grounds - the controlling fleet-level jurisdictional posture for WWII government-vessel asbestos claims, covering the era in which this hull was government-operated (WSA/Matson December 1943 - May 1944, then U.S. Navy).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1989 (opinion); wartime exposure period
- Population
- WWII-era mariners on government-operated vessels (class context)
- Limitations
- Fleet-level jurisdictional ruling; does not name this hull, does not find asbestos conditions aboard any specific vessel, and establishes only the litigation posture for WWII-era government-vessel claims by civilian mariners. Navy-manned service aboard this hull (1944-46) falls under service-member regimes, not the WSA mariner framework - row carried for the WSA/Matson and later merchant-crew eras only.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-golden-city-ap169-07
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[8]Batch-2096 search ledger (this record): CourtListener API v4 opinion and docket indexes; NHHC DANFS; NHHC Online Library; MARAD ShipHistory; shipscribe/shipbuildinghistory; NARA guidance [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-golden-city-ap169-07 through sl-uss-golden-city-ap169-12
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located. CourtListener (authenticated API v4) opinion searches - 'Golden City' + asbestos (1 hit, Missouri med-mal case, name collision); 'Golden City' + ship/vessel/'AP-169' (136 hits, all collisions: Golden City Foundry/Banking/Park entities); 'USS Golden City' (0); 'AP-169' (29 hits, all unrelated string matches) - and docket search 'Golden City' + asbestos (13 dockets, all collisions) returned no asbestos case naming this hull. Merchant-name searches: 'Overseas Eva' (0), 'Ocean Eva' + ship (0), 'Sapphire Etta' (1 hit - Mastan Co. v. S.S. Sapphire Sandy, 293 F. Supp. 68 (D.N.J. 1968), a first-preferred fleet ship mortgage foreclosure against Sapphire Steamship Lines, the owner that acquired this vessel in January 1966 - classified other litigation, non-asbestos). No asbestos survey, abatement contract, museum/regulator hazmat disclosure, or ship-specific record found in any source searched (see search_ledger).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 2026-09-25
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1943 steam transport built at a documented high-exposure yard is consistent with era-standard materials. The vessel's five sequential names and 1973 foreign scrapping reduce the surface area where hull-specific records could survive; Dutch court records of the 1967 Rotterdam sale were not retrieved. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-golden-city-ap169-08