Evidence
9 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-9).
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[1]DANFS vol. III (G-I), Grenadier (SS-210) entry - construction, six war patrols, scuttling and POW captivity (printed-volume transcription via hazegray.org/Wayback; live NHHC page returned 404) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS vol. III (G-I), Grenadier entry and spec block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull (DANFS): first Grenadier, laid down by Portsmouth Navy Yard, Portsmouth, N.H., April 1940; launched 29 November 1940 (sponsor Mrs. Walter S. Anderson); commissioned 1 May 1941, Lt. Comdr. Allen R. Joyce. Participated in the O-9 search June 1941; Caribbean shakedown; refit at Portsmouth November 1941. Six war patrols: sank transport Taiyo Maru 8 May 1942 - postwar records showed her carrying Japanese scientists, economists, and industrial experts, a notable loss to the enemy war effort; Midway submarine patrol line; Truk area; Malay Barrier patrol laid a minefield off Haiphong and suffered chlorine-gas poisoning of the crew after seawater seeped into the batteries during severe depth charging. Sixth patrol: bombed by a Japanese plane while crash-diving 21 April 1943 (Comdr. John A. Fitzgerald), settled on the bottom at 267 feet with a fierce fire in the maneuvering room; surfaced after 13 hours; propulsion irreparable; crew abandoned and scuttled her 22 April 1943 after machine-gunning an attacking plane. A Japanese merchantman took 8 officers and 68 enlisted to Penang; the crew were questioned, beaten, and starved through camps to Japan; first word of survival reached Australia 27 November 1943; all but four survived to liberation in 1945. Four battle stars.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1940-1945
- Population
- PNSY construction trades (1940-41); crew (1941-43); POW survivors (1943-45)
- Limitations
- Ship-specific history only; no asbestos content. The chlorine-gas battery poisoning is a documented ship-specific exposure event (chemical, not asbestos) - carried as history, not asbestos evidence. Live NHHC DANFS page returned 404 - printed-volume transcription via hazegray.org/Wayback used.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grenadier-ss210-01
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[2]NavSource Submarine Photo Index, USS Grenadier (SS-210) - milestones, spec block, disposition, POW roster and wreck-discovery captions [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource SS-210 page - milestone block, spec block, POW roster and wreck captions
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Milestones (NavSource): laid down 2 April 1940 at Portsmouth Navy Yard, Portsmouth, NH; launched 29 November 1940; commissioned 1 May 1941; lost to enemy action in the Lem Voalan Strait, northeast Indian Ocean - hit by Japanese bombs 21 April 1943, scuttled by her crew 22 April 1943; struck from the Naval Register (date unknown). Four battle stars. Photo captions document a wreck found by divers in the Strait of Malacca on 6 November 2019, believed to be a U.S. Navy submarine lost 77 years earlier (identification as Grenadier tentative in contemporary reporting). Spec block: surfaced 1,475 t., submerged 2,370 t.; length 307'2"; complement 5 officers, 54 enlisted.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Population
- Crew; POW survivors
- Limitations
- Secondary compilation - milestone/disposition detail consistent with DANFS. Laid-down day (2 April 1940) is NavSource-specific; DANFS gives April 1940 only. Wreck identification carried as tentative - see gaps.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grenadier-ss210-02
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[3]Submarine War Damage Report No. 58 (Bureau of Ships, 1945) Section VIII - dedicated ship-specific loss report and spec block for this hull [other_primary]
- Locator
- WDR-58 Section VIII (paras. 8-1 to 8-11), Grenadier (SS210) loss report and spec block; Appendix II loss entry #15
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Dedicated BuShips loss report (WDR-58 Section VIII): on 21 April 1943, sixth patrol off the Malay Peninsula near Lem Voalan Strait, a Japanese aircraft depth bomb detonated above and abreast the maneuvering room at ~120 feet (assessed as a 250 kg Mk.2 depth bomb) - pressure hull and frames dished inward from the after engine-room bulkhead to the after torpedo-room bulkhead; propeller shafts bent at both stern tubes; main control cubicle deranged and arced, starting a fire; major leakage through the maneuvering-room air induction hull valve, the distorted hard-patch riveted joints, and the after torpedo loading hatch; all efforts at emergency repair failed; abandoned and scuttled early 22 April 1943 to prevent capture by an approaching Japanese merchant ship. Official spec block for this hull: Class SS198; builder U.S. Navy Yard, Portsmouth, N.H.; commissioned 1 May 1941; diesel-electric reduction drive; main engines (4) Fairbanks-Morse 38-D-8-1/8; main motors (4) and generators (4) Elliott Co. - official per-hull propulsion attribution. Sources: repatriated POW survivor statements compiled postwar.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1943-1945
- Population
- Crew (final patrol); POW survivors
- Limitations
- Official BuShips loss narrative - documents damage mechanics and machinery identification; the sources are POW recollections ~2.5 years after the event, which BuShips itself flags as less accurate than contemporary damage reports. Contains material mentions (see separate cork-sheathing row) but no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grenadier-ss210-03
-
[4]War Damage Report No. 58, Section VIII para. 8-7 - ship-specific material record: cork hull-insulation sheathing documented aboard this hull [other_primary]
- Locator
- WDR-58 Section VIII, paragraph 8-7
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Ship-specific material documentation (WDR-58 para. 8-7): during the maneuvering-room fire that followed the 21 April 1943 bomb hit aboard THIS hull, 'the burning material consisted of the hull insulation cork sheathing, electric cable sheathing, stores, cleaning rags and paint.' This documents cork sheathing as the hull insulation in the maneuvering-room area of USS Grenadier - a primary-source material identification for this specific submarine. It documents a NON-asbestos insulation material at that location; it does not establish the composition of exhaust lagging, gaskets, packing, or insulation elsewhere aboard.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1943
- Population
- Crew at the fire event
- Limitations
- Documents one material at one location aboard this hull - cork sheathing in/near the maneuvering room. Neither confirms nor excludes asbestos-containing materials elsewhere aboard (exhaust lagging, gaskets, packing, other insulation are unaddressed). Source is a repatriated-POW-derived BuShips narrative, not a material survey.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grenadier-ss210-04
-
[5]War Damage Report No. 58 Appendix II (official Navy loss table) + NHHC chronological submarine-losses publication - official loss assessments for this hull [other_primary]
- Locator
- WDR-58 Appendix II loss entry #15 (SS-210); NHHC 'U.S. Submarine Losses WWII' chronological PDF
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Official loss assessment (WDR-58 App. II): Grenadier, 6th patrol, loss dated 4/22/43 off Penang, Malaya, cause bomb - scuttled by own crew after aircraft bomb attack (see Section VIII). NHHC chronological losses list: '22 Apr 43, 76 POWs, 4 later died - scuttled after Japanese seaplane attacks (936 Kokutai) damaged the boat the previous day, off Penang, Malaysia.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Population
- Crew (final patrol); POW survivors
- Limitations
- Official sources consistent on date, place, and mechanism. POW count 76 (8 officers + 68 enlisted per DANFS) with 4 later deaths - vs DANFS spec-block complement of 80. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grenadier-ss210-05
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[6]Era inference anchored to DANFS-documented construction and yard periods for this hull; diesel-electric plant (4x Fairbanks-Morse 38-D-8-1/8 + 4x Elliott motors) documented for this hull in the WDR-58 Section VIII spec block [other_primary]
- Locator
- construction-era inference from DANFS dates, NavSource spec block, WDR-58 spec block and para. 8-7, documented yard periods
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Era inference: a diesel-electric fleet submarine built 1940-41 at Portsmouth Navy Yard in the peak asbestos era would era-typically have carried asbestos-containing exhaust lagging, engine gaskets and packing, and thermal/acoustic insulation around machinery and galley/refrigeration equipment. NO boilers or steam plant (diesel-electric reduction drive documented for this hull). The era inference is BOUNDED by a ship-specific record: WDR-58 documents cork sheathing as the hull insulation in the maneuvering-room area - the interior hull insulation at that location was cork, not asbestos. Documented yard windows for this hull: Portsmouth Navy Yard construction (1940-41) and November 1941 refit; Fremantle upkeep between patrols. Scuttled April 1943; wreck candidate identified 2019 (tentative) - no material-condition record exists.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1940-1943
- Population
- Construction and yard trades; crew
- Limitations
- CLASS/ERA INFERENCE ONLY - no ship-specific material schedule, insulation survey, or asbestos abatement record was located for this hull. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. The documented cork-sheathing material record bounds the inference for one compartment only; it does not generalize to the whole boat. Establishes no quantity and no exposure for any individual.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grenadier-ss210-06
-
[7]Kase v. Metalclad Insulation Corp., 6 Cal.App.5th 623 (Cal. Ct. App. 2016), No. A143590 - published opinion documenting the Navy specification regime for asbestos insulation [court_record]
- Locator
- Kase v. Metalclad Insulation Corp., 6 Cal.App.5th 623 (2016), discussion of Navy insulation specifications
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- Published appellate opinion (era context): the U.S. Navy's specifications called for asbestos in thermal insulation aboard Navy ships, and the Navy had studied asbestos insulation products (e.g., Unibestos) from the 1930s. Documents the specification regime under which this hull was built at a Navy yard in 1940-41 - it does NOT name USS Grenadier or any Tambor-class submarine.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1930s-1960s
- Population
- Navy shipboard workers (era level)
- Limitations
- Era/spec-regime documentation only; the case involves different vessels and defendants. Cannot be promoted into ship-specific evidence for this hull. Litigation-stage note: published appellate opinion describing the spec regime, not a finding about this vessel.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grenadier-ss210-07
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[8]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO HRD-80-2 product page
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - covering the construction era and entire service life of this hull (scuttled 1943).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1930s-1970s
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers (program level)
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403) - carried via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grenadier-ss210-08
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[9]Negative finding: no qualifying non-litigation ship-specific asbestos record located across DANFS/NHHC (printed vol. III + hazegray/Wayback transcription), NavSource, War Damage Report No. 58 (Section VIII and Appendix II), official USN Submarine Losses WWII volume, NHHC chronological submarine-losses publication, wreck-discovery reporting, and shipyard dataset searches [other_primary]
- Locator
- research sweep result - see search_ledger for repositories queried
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No hull ACM survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or adjudicated exposure finding naming USS Grenadier (SS-210) was located anywhere in the research sweep. The closest ship-specific material record found is the WDR-58 cork-sheathing mention (documented separately), which identifies a non-asbestos insulation material at one location - it is not an asbestos record.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Limitations
- Absence of a located record is not proof no record exists. Yard-side work records, where they existed, were not retrievable in located sources. Litigation sweep is INCOMPLETE - CourtListener queries for this hull returned HTTP 429/403 (see search_ledger); no litigation negative is claimed.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grenadier-ss210-09