Evidence
12 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-12).
-
[1]research packet mo-packet.md (3 sources cited) [nhhc_danfs]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED — real identity: USS Greyhound — third US Navy ship of the name [NHHC-mirror, en-academic]
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-greyhound-ix106-pkt-mo-packet-md
-
[2]National Park Service, San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, 'Steam Turbine Coastal Liners of the West Coast' (Christopher Edwards, Park Ranger) [nps]
- Locator
- NPS SAFR article, boiler-installation and turbine-design sections (Yale/Harvard vs. Northern Pacific/Great Northern comparison); NavSource archive 09/46/46106.htm specification block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NPS documents SS Yale (later USS Greyhound IX-106) as one of the third and fourth U.S. merchant vessels equipped with steam turbines: 3,731 gross tons, 386.5 ft waterline length, Scotch fire-tube boilers producing steam at 155 psi, three direct-drive Parsons reaction turbines on three shafts rated 10,000 shaft horsepower for 20-21 knots. The NavSource specification block independently records twelve single-ended boilers plus one auxiliary boiler, three Parsons steam turbines, three shafts - a large heated-surface steam plant aboard this specific hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1907-1944 (powered service life); turbines/boilers retained until 1943-44 barracks conversion removed propulsion
- Population
- Engine-room and fireroom crew; later barracks occupants living amid the retained plant
- Limitations
- Documents the asbestos-relevant machinery configuration aboard this hull; the NPS article contains no asbestos information and makes no statement about insulation materials. Boiler count from NavSource specification block (secondary compilation of Navy data), not the NPS article. Does not establish that insulation aboard contained asbestos, its quantity, or any individual exposure.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-greyhound-ix106-01
-
[3]Shipscribe (Stephen S. Roberts), USS Greyhound (IX-106) vessel file - construction and disposition tables and class notes compiled from Navy archival records (Auxiliary Vessels Board, Insurv, Bureau of Yards and Docks contract NOy 3570 files) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Shipscribe IX-106 page, Class Notes and Ship Notes sections
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documents this hull's chain-of-custody and its disturbance/refit events: designed by William Denny & Bros. of Dumbarton, Scotland for Charles W. Morse's Metropolitan Line; built at the former John Roach yard, Chester, Pa., towed after launching to W. & A. Fletcher Co., Hoboken, N.J., for Parsons-turbine installation; entered NY-Boston service September 1907; leased to the Pacific Navigation Company and transferred to the Pacific end of 1910 (Los Angeles-San Francisco); sister Harvard wrecked at Honda Point 30 May 1931; laid up San Francisco July 1936 under Matson; center propeller shaft and high-pressure turbine removed 'at some point' before 1943 leaving two shafts on two LP turbines; sold 12 March 1941 to Siems Drake Puget Sound Co. and reconditioned at Moore Dry Dock Co., Oakland before Alaska dormitory service (Sitka, then Kodiak: dormitory for 600 workers, mess hall for 1,200) under Bureau of Yards and Docks contract NOy 3570; Seabee reconditioning at Kodiak (1943) culminating in a 26 July 1943 shakedown at 15 knots on eight boilers revealing 'many defects'; 9 November 1943 Insurv board recommendation that she be sold as a hulk (transport repairs ~$1,000,000); CNO direction 3 December 1943 to convert her to a floating barracks at Puget Sound Navy Yard, the conversion removing and scrapping her remaining two propeller shafts (non-self-propelled thereafter); in service 1944-1948 for the Ship Repair Training Activity and Inactive Fleet, flagship Commander Bremerton Group from 4 September 1946.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1906-1948 (chain-of-custody; disturbance events 1941-1948)
- Population
- Moore Dry Dock and Seabee reconditioning crews (1941, 1943); PSNY conversion trades (1943-44); barracks occupants at Puget Sound training schools (1944-48)
- Limitations
- Secondary compilation (authoritative, archivally sourced but not a primary scan); documents work events aboard this hull at documented-asbestos workplaces without any statement about asbestos content or exposure. Some dates conflict with DANFS/NavSource (rename date, strike date) - conflicts carried in gaps. 'Stripping' scope described on the MARAD card refers to equipment and metallic ballast, not demonstrated insulation abatement.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-greyhound-ix106-02
-
[4]Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (US Naval Historical Center), 'Greyhound' (IX-106) entry - transcription mirror of DANFS vol. III; canonical history.navy.mil page returned 404 on 2026-09-29 [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS IX-106 entry, full text (transcribed by Yves Hubert); NHHC Online Library 'USS Yale (ID # 1672), 1918-1920' photo-history at https://www.shipscribe.com/usnaux/ww1/ships/id1672.htm and https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/OnlineLibrary/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-xz/id1672.htm
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS records: built by Delaware River Steamboat Co., Chester, Pa., 1906; taken over by the Navy on the West Coast in 1918 and commissioned as Yale 25 March 1918; extensive service shuttling troops across the English Channel until decommissioning at Bremerton Navy Yard in 1920; 15 years of West Coast fast passenger service, laid up 1935; moved to Sitka, Alaska, 1940 as workers' dormitory; reacquired 30 April 1943, commissioned 8 August 1943, Lt. Comdr. W. N. VanDenbrugh in command; named Greyhound 19 August 1943; decommissioned 31 March 1944 and began floating-barracks duty for personnel at various Puget Sound training schools; out of service 9 March 1948, struck 18 June 1948; to Maritime Commission 12 November 1948, NDRF Olympia, sold for scrapping 5 June 1949. The companion NHHC Online Library history for USS Yale (ID-1672) adds WWI detail: acquired March 1918 from the Pacific Steamship Co. of Seattle; Mare Island Navy Yard refit as a coastal troop transport; carried Marines to Nicaragua in May 1918; East Coast via Panama Canal; Atlantic crossing July 1918; UK-France troop shuttle through the Armistice and for several months after; returned to the U.S. May 1919 for three months of Eastern Seaboard passenger operations; decommissioned 'in early September 1919' per that page; sold June 1920 for Pacific Coast commercial service.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1906-1949
- Population
- Navy crew (1918-1920, 1943-44); Puget Sound training-school barracks population (1944-48)
- Limitations
- Transcription mirrors cited because canonical NHHC pages 404 (NHHC link rot noted in BATCH-01). Builder name 'Delaware River Steamboat Co.' conflicts with the documented builder Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works (MARAD, Shipscribe, NPS-era trade press). Date conflicts with other sources (launch, rename, strike, sale, WWI decommission date) carried in gaps. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-greyhound-ix106-03
-
[5]MARAD Vessel History Database, GREYHOUND (IX-106) entry (Official No. 204047) + NDRF vessel status card scans (/cards/2019_3759AF.jpg, /cards/2019_3759AB.jpg) [marad_nrc]
- Locator
- MARAD Vessel History DB detail page + status card front/back images (boxes 7, 13, 16, 19-22)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The Maritime Administration custody record documents this hull in the NDRF Olympia fleet: entered fleet 11-12-1948 12:30 PM, type 'Barracks Ship / Passenger,' 'From Navy for disposal,' condition 'vessel obsolete, unseaworthy, worn and deteriorated beyond economical repair,' 'Thoroughly stripped by Navy. No lead or metallic ballast.'; card notes 'Rebuilt 1921'; sale awarded to Walter W. Johnson Co. 5-19-1949; withdrawn from fleet 7-5-1949 10:00 AM and delivered to Walter W. Johnson Co. (purchaser); liquidated damages terms noted for late delivery. MARAD milestone table: Disposition 7/5/1949 ex-YALE; Withdrawal 7/5/1949.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1948-11-12 to 1949-07-05
- Population
- NDRF custodial/maintenance crews (1948-49); scrapping workforce (1949)
- Limitations
- A custody/disposal record, not a materials or hazmat survey - 'thoroughly stripped' refers to equipment and metallic ballast removal and does not establish whether insulation was removed, retained, or asbestos-containing. Card's build field ('Fletcher, Hoboken, N.J. 1907') credits the turbine installer rather than the hull builder. No asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-greyhound-ix106-04
-
[6]ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry / CDC), Case Studies in Environmental Medicine - Asbestos Toxicity, 'Where Is Asbestos Found?' [other_primary]
- Locator
- ATSDR CSEM asbestos module, 'Where Is Asbestos Found?' section
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- ATSDR documents that 'until the 1970s, asbestos was widely used in the construction, shipbuilding, and automotive industries,' with former uses including boilers and heating vessels, pipe covering, and insulation products, and that these materials 'remain in many buildings, ships, and automobiles built before 1975.' Establishes the industry-era pattern within which this hull's 1906-1907 steam plant and its 1918-1949 refit events sit.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- early 1900s-1970s (industry era)
- Population
- Ship construction/repair trades and shipboard crews generally (era context)
- Limitations
- Agency-level statement of industry practice, not a hull record and not period-specific to 1906 - the densest documentation of marine asbestos insulation concerns the 1920s-1970s; practice aboard a 1907 commercial liner is inference consistent with, but weaker than, the WWII-era record. Does not establish materials aboard this hull, quantity, or exposure.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-greyhound-ix106-05
-
[7]OSHA, 29 CFR 1915.1001 - Asbestos standard for shipyard employment (definitions: PACM and TSI) [federal_register]
- Locator
- 29 CFR 1915.1001(b) definitions (PACM, thermal system insulation); 1915.1001(k)(5) rebuttal provision
- Finding type
- regulatory
- Finding
- The OSHA shipyard-employment asbestos standard defines presumed asbestos-containing material (PACM) as 'thermal system insulation and surfacing material found in buildings, vessels, and vessel sections constructed no later than 1980,' and thermal system insulation as ACM applied to 'pipes, fittings, boilers, breeching, tanks, ducts or other structural components to prevent heat loss or gain.' A vessel constructed in 1906-1907 falls inside this statutory presumption window: under the standard, TSI aboard such a vessel must be treated as asbestos-containing for worker-protection purposes unless rebutted by sampling.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- standard in force 1994-present; presumption window covers vessels built no later than 1980
- Population
- Shipyard employment workforce generally (regulatory context)
- Limitations
- A regulatory presumption for worker protection, not a historical finding - PACM status is rebuttable and the standard's purpose is precaution. The hull was scrapped in 1949, decades before the rule; no shipyard work under this standard is documented for this vessel. Does not establish that insulation aboard this hull in 1907-1949 contained asbestos.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-greyhound-ix106-06
-
[8]Fleischer, W.E., Viles, F.J., Gade, R.L., Drinker, P., et al., 'A Health Survey of Pipe Covering Operations in Constructing Naval Vessels,' Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 28(1):9-16 (1946) - USMC-commissioned wartime industrial-hygiene survey (digitized at PMC) [other_primary]
- Locator
- J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 28(1):9-16 (1946), PMID 21016030
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- The Fleischer-Drinker survey documented asbestos-containing amosite pipe covering and boiler-block insulation being cut, fitted, and applied aboard naval vessels under construction at Navy contract yards during WWII, with measured dust counts in confined engine and boiler spaces. This is the era- and setting-level record for the same class of insulation-disturbance work performed on this hull during the 1941 Moore Dry Dock reconditioning, the 1943 Seabee refit at Kodiak, and the 1943-44 Puget Sound Navy Yard barracks conversion.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1942-1945 (survey window); 1946 (publication)
- Population
- Insulators, pipefitters, boilermakers and bystander trades at WWII Navy yards (era context)
- Limitations
- Yard-group survey of new construction, not a survey of this hull and not of repair/conversion work on a 1906 hull; does not name Moore Dry Dock, PSNY, or IX-106. The paper's benign conclusion ('not a dangerous occupation') is now treated as a historical artifact - a 2026 retraction call has been reported in the literature; cited here only for documented materials and operations, not for its risk conclusion.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-greyhound-ix106-07
-
[9]Mangold, C.A., Beckett, R., Bessmer, J., 'Asbestos Exposure and Control at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard,' Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton WA, March 1970 (DTIC AD0715808); corroborated by EPA HERO-indexed Hollins et al. 2009, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 12(2):124-156 (PMID 19235622) depicting PSNS asbestos work conditions c. 1940-1965, and EPA Superfund site profile ID 1001107 [other_primary]
- Locator
- DTIC citation AD0715808; hero.epa.gov/reference/2595959; cumulis.epa.gov site profile 1001107
- Finding type
- environmental_record
- Finding
- The facility where this hull was converted and moored as a floating barracks 1944-1948 has documented asbestos exposure conditions: the yard's own 1970 industrial-hygiene study recorded pulmonary abnormalities in 21% of pipe coverers and insulators handling asbestos (vs. 3.5% of boilermakers, under 1% of clerical workers) and 40-150 fibers/cm3 during insulation rip-out operations; Hollins et al. (2009) present PSNS photographs c. 1940-1965 - the window covering this hull's moorage - as representative of military-yard asbestos work practices; the 650-acre complex is an EPA Superfund site (ID 1001107) whose contaminants include asbestos.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1940-1972 (documented exposure window; hull present 1944-48)
- Population
- PSNS trades 1940s-1970s (yard context); barracks occupants aboard hulls at the yard are not separately documented
- Limitations
- Facility-level documentation: establishes asbestos work at the yard where the hull was stationed, not that the hull itself contained or released asbestos. The 1970 study postdates the hull's 1944-48 presence; the Hollins photo series covers but is not specific to this vessel. DTIC full text returned 403 to automated fetch on 2026-09-29 - findings corroborated via indexed abstracts and the Atlas shipyard dataset; original report pull remains a lead.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-greyhound-ix106-08
-
[10]CourtListener API v4 sweep via cl-auth-search.py: opinion searches '"Greyhound" asbestos ship' (type=o) and '"IX-106"' (type=o); docket and remaining name queries pending at report time [court_record]
- Locator
- cl-auth-search.py results 2026-09-29: type=o '"Greyhound" asbestos ship' count=35 (0 qualifying, all collisions); type=o '"IX-106"' count=4 (0 qualifying); type=r and remaining name queries blocked by fleet pacing at report time
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- CourtListener opinion search located no qualifying case naming this vessel. '"Greyhound" asbestos ship' returned 35 opinion hits - all name collisions: Greyhound Lines (bus company) litigation and asbestos cases in which 'ship'/'vessel'/'Greyhound' appear as unrelated text (e.g., Delaware Superior Court asbestos captions, railroad and premises defendants); none names USS Greyhound, IX-106, or the liner Yale as a Navy vessel. '"IX-106"' returned 4 opinion hits - all coincidental strings (exhibit numbering, reporter page cites, an 1839 South Carolina marine-insurance opinion). 'Greyhound' is a high-collision name (Greyhound Lines brake/mechanic asbestos litigation) and 'Yale' collides with Yale University and lock-hardware defendants. Docket-type (type=r) sweeps and the '"USS Greyhound"' / '"USS Yale"' opinion queries could not be completed before the fleet pacing window closed; they are pending, not negative findings.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- through 2026-09-29
- Population
- Indexed federal/state opinions naming the ship, its hull number, or colliding entities
- Limitations
- CourtListener indexes are not exhaustive of state dockets, unreported MDL-875 constituent cases, administrative claims, or pre-digital records; absence from the index is not proof no claim exists. Name-collision filtering means a vessel mention inside a docketed complaint could be missed - pending docket queries may change this classification. Completed queries support 'no qualifying opinion located'; they do not prove no filing exists.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-greyhound-ix106-09
-
[11]Batch-4675 search ledger (this record): DANFS mirror and canonical NHHC attempt; NPS SAFR; Shipscribe; MARAD Vessel History DB + status card scans; NavSource photo/specification archive; ATSDR CSEM; OSHA 29 CFR 1915.1001; PMID 21016030 (Fleischer 1946); DTIC AD0715808 and EPA HERO/Cumulis for PSNS; CourtListener API v4 [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-greyhound-ix106-01 through sl-uss-greyhound-ix106-11
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, litigation naming the hull, or materials documentation for USS Greyhound (IX-106)/USS Yale/SS Yale was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). The MARAD custody card's 'thoroughly stripped by Navy' note is the closest approach to a materials statement and it describes equipment/ballast removal, not insulation content.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 2026-09-29
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1906-07 steam vessel repeatedly refitted through 1949 sits well inside the era inference described in this record, and pre-OSHA-era materials documentation was rarely created or retained. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-greyhound-ix106-10
-
[12]Archival leads not pulled: NARA RG 24 deck logs (IX-106, 1943-44); Bureau of Ships / Auxiliary Vessels Board and Insurv board files underlying the Shipscribe class notes; 13th Naval District records; NHHC photo files NH 89788, NH 105958 and NARA RG-80-G prints 80-G-79829, 80-G-200159 credited in NavSource/Shipscribe captions [other_primary]
- Locator
- Shipscribe IX-106 class notes citations; NavSource photo credits NH 89788/NH 105958/80-G-79829/80-G-200159
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Undigitized primary files exist for this hull: Shipscribe's class notes draw directly on Auxiliary Vessels Board and Insurv correspondence (the 7 September 1943 material-condition finding, the 9 November 1943 Insurv recommendation, the 3 December 1943 CNO conversion directive) - files likely containing conversion scope-of-work detail, including whether insulation was disturbed or removed. NHHC and NARA hold identified photographic prints of this hull (listed in the citation).
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-1948 (records); not pulled 2026-09-29
- Limitations
- Leads, not findings: the existence of these files is inferred from citations in secondary sources; contents are unverified and may not address insulation materials. Deck-log content would document location/status, not asbestos.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-greyhound-ix106-11