Evidence
11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).
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[1]DANFS, 'Grouse' (I) entry - verbatim transcription via hazegray.org mirror, Internet Archive Wayback capture 2025-06-02 (live NHHC DANFS page returns 404) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- Wayback capture 20250602043056 of hazegray.org/danfs/mine/amc12.htm - namesake note, spec block, service narrative
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official DANFS record for this hull: 'A game bird, smaller than the domestic hen, with mottled plumage; also known as "prairie hen" and "sage cock". (AMc-12; dp. 200; l. 80'; b. 25'; s. 11 k.) The first Grouse (AMc-12), formerly New Bol, was launched in 1938 by Martinac Shipbuilding Co., Tacoma, Wash.; acquired in 1940; and commissioned 20 June 1941 at San Diego, Lt. (j.g.) Theodore L. Bergen in command. After shakedown off San Diego, Grouse performed patrol and minesweeping duties in the 11th Naval District until she decommissioned 26 August 1944. Struck from the Navy List 23 September 1944, she was transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal 5 February 1945.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1935/38-1945
- Population
- Martinac Shipbuilding construction trades (1935/38); Navy conversion workforce (1940-41); commissioned crew, 11th Naval District (1941-44)
- Limitations
- DANFS documents identity, specifications, and service narrative - not materials or asbestos content. Spec block omits complement, draft, armament, and class. 'Launched in 1938' conflicts with the Martinac yard table's 1935 build year for New Bol - flagged in ev-05, not silently resolved. Mirror cited because the live NHHC page returns 404; Wayback capture of the hazegray transcription preserves the verbatim entry.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grouse-amc12-01
-
[2]U.S. Navy, Bureau of Ships, Ships' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels, Vol. II: Mine Vessels (less CM & DM), Patrol Vessels, Landing Ships and Craft, NAVSHIPS 250-011 (13 April 1945) - shipscribe.com scan [other_primary]
- Locator
- NAVSHIPS 250-011 Vol II (shipscribe.com PDF): List of Naval Vessels 'AMc12 GROUSE (returned)'; Stricken From The Navy List 'GROUSE AMc12 ... 23 Sept 44' (book p. 255); ship index 'Grouse AMc12 ... 255'; AMc characteristics table footnotes 'All AMC's are wood hulls' / '.50 cal. AAMG' (book pp. 46-48)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Primary BuShips tabulation naming this hull: List of Naval Vessels records 'AMc12 GROUSE (returned)' among the coastal minesweepers; Stricken From The Navy List table records 'GROUSE AMc12 - Mine sweeper, coastal - 23 Sept 44'; ship index records 'Grouse AMc12 Mine Vessel-Mine Sweeper, Coastal. 255'. The hull does not appear in the volume's AMc characteristics, machinery, accommodations, or build tables because it was already stricken and returned before the 13 April 1945 publication. Class-level footnotes on those AMc tables: 'All AMC's are wood hulls'; 'All AMC's except AMc203 and 204 have .50 cal. AAMG'; accommodations column for the in-service AMc rows reads 3 officers + 14 enlisted.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1945 (document date); events 1941-45
- Population
- Navy custodial/disposal workforce, 1944-45
- Limitations
- Contemporary BuShips document confirming the official strike date (23 Sept 44) and marking the hull as 'returned' (to owner) - disposition terminology that differs from DANFS's 'transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal' but is consistent with an NDRF-entry-then-return pathway (see ev-05). No per-hull machinery, complement, or materials data is tabulated for this hull; class footnotes apply to the AMc type, not to a hull-level survey. Contains no asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grouse-amc12-02
-
[3]NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive - Grouse (AMc 12), file 11/03012 [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 11/03012.htm - chronology block, specifications block, call-sign line, photo-credit block (19-N-24611, 19-N-24612)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource per-hull record: 'Coastal Minesweeper: The first Grouse was built in 1938 as New Bol by the Martinac Shipbuilding Co., Tacoma, WA; Acquired by the Navy 1940; Commissioned USS Grouse (AMc 12), 20 June 1941; Decommissioned 26 August 1944; Struck from the Naval Register 23 September 1944; Transferred to the Maritime Commission 5 February 1945; Fate unknown.' Specifications: displacement 200 t.; length 80'; beam 25'; speed 11 kts. Call sign: Nan - Item - Jig - Yoke. Photo credits identify two NARA still-picture items for this hull - 19-N-24611 and 19-N-24612, captioned 'c. July 1941, off San Diego, CA.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1938-1945
- Population
- Commissioned crew photographed off San Diego c. July 1941
- Limitations
- Specialist secondary compilation - corroborates DANFS on all common points and adds call sign and NARA photo identifiers; 'Fate unknown' is NavSource's characterization and post-dates the documented 1945 transfer. Photos establish the vessel's appearance and San Diego-area operation c. July 1941 only. Contains no asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grouse-amc12-03
-
[4]Naval Marine Archive mirror of Shipbuilding History (Tim Colton compilation), Martinac Shipbuilding, Tacoma WA yard table [other_primary]
- Locator
- martinac.html wartime fishing-vessel block - 'New Bol' row; adjacent 'Vagabond', 'New Ambassador', 'Del Rio' rows
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Yard-table row for this hull's merchant identity: 'New Bol | Fishing Vessel | 115 GT | 79 ft | 1935 | To USN 1940 as Grouse (AMc 12), to NDRF 1945.' The same table documents a Martinac-built 1935 fishing-vessel group of near-identical sisters converted into AMc coastal minesweepers in 1940: Vagabond (115 GT, 79 ft, 1935 - to USN as Bunting AMc 7), New Ambassador (115 GT, 79 ft, 1935 - to USN as Longspur AMc 10), and Del Rio (115 GT, 79 ft, 1935 - to USN as Grosbeak AMc 19). Establishes New Bol's build yard, tonnage, length, and a 1935 build year conflicting with DANFS's 'launched in 1938' (flagged in ev-05).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1935-1945
- Population
- Martinac Shipbuilding construction workforce, Tacoma, 1935
- Limitations
- Compiler's yard table, secondary - consistent with DANFS/NavSource on identity and Navy transfer but conflicts on build year (1935 vs 1938); 'to NDRF 1945' aligns with the Maritime Commission disposal pathway. No owner, engine, or materials data. Contains no asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grouse-amc12-04
-
[5]NavalCoverMuseum GROUSE AMc 12 page - transcriptions of Merchant Vessels of the United States register entries (1939, 1946) and merchant owner chain for official no. 237007 [other_primary]
- Locator
- navalcovermuseum.org/wiki/GROUSE_AMc_12 - NEW BOL and BETTY C commercial-service blocks
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Specialist-museum transcription of U.S. register data for this hull: 'Merchant Vessels of the United States 1939 lists the owner as "John De Vlahovich" of Astoria, OR; Official Number: 237007; acquired by U.S. Navy 1940.' Post-disposal: 'Merchant Vessels of the United States 1946 lists the owner as "Antonio Devlahovich" and home port of Los Angeles' - the hull returned to commercial fishing as New Bol. Renamed BETTY C on 1950 sale to Southern California Fish Corp (home port Los Angeles); sold 1955 to Wayne B. Axelson (Seattle); sold 1957 to Fisherman's Packing Corp (Bellingham); sold by 1978 to M/V Viking Inc. (Bellingham); sold 1988 to Anthony Olson (Seattle); fate unknown.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1939-1988
- Population
- Commercial fishing crews, New Bol/Betty C (1945-at least 1988)
- Limitations
- Transcription of USCG register data by a specialist museum site - secondary, not the registers themselves; owner/renaming chain is unverified at primary level (register volumes are the open lead). Demonstrates a roughly five-decade post-Navy commercial-fishing career on the same hull. Contains no asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grouse-amc12-05
-
[6]Source-discrepancy resolution - DANFS (Wayback hazegray mirror) vs NAVSHIPS 250-011 vs NavSource 11/03012 vs Martinac yard table vs NavalCoverMuseum register transcriptions [other_primary]
- Locator
- Wayback hazegray DANFS amc12.htm; NAVSHIPS 250-011 stricken/vessel lists; NavSource 11/03012.htm; martinac.html 'New Bol' row; navalcovermuseum.org GROUSE AMc 12; globalsecurity.org AM-136 unit list (AM-398 'Cancelled 12 Aug 1945 prior to launching'); mass.gov USS Grouse wreck page (AMS-15)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Source discrepancies logged, not silently merged: (a) Build year - DANFS 'launched in 1938' (followed by NavSource and Wikipedia) vs Martinac yard table '1935' for New Bol, which sits inside a documented same-year sister group (Vagabond/New Ambassador/Del Rio, all 115 GT, 79 ft, 1935, converted to AMc 7/10/19); DANFS's 1938 is carried as the official figure, the 1935 table entry is flagged - unresolved without the builder's record or the register's build entry. (b) Disposition pathway - DANFS 'transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal 5 February 1945'; NAVSHIPS 250-011 vessel list annotates the hull '(returned)'; the yard table reads 'to NDRF 1945'; the MVUS-1946 transcription lists owner 'Antonio Devlahovich,' Los Angeles - reconciled at outline level as NDRF entry then return/sale to the former owning family, but the post-5 Feb 1945 transaction chain is undocumented at primary level. (c) Complement - absent from DANFS spec block, NavSource, NAVSHIPS, and all located sources; only class-level figures exist (15-47 converted-AMc range; 3+14 accommodations for in-service AMc rows). (d) Propulsion - not published for this hull in any located source. (e) Name collisions - 'USS Grouse' also denotes AM-398 (Admirable-class, Defoe Shipbuilding contract terminated 12 Aug 1945 before launch - never completed) and AMS-15/MSC(O)-15 (ex-YMS-321, wrecked at Rockport MA Sep 1963); both are flagged so post-1944 references are not misattributed to this hull.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1935-1963
- Limitations
- Resolves publication-level discrepancies among official and secondary sources; none affects identity or the 1941-44 service spine. Build-year and disposition-pathway details remain open items; no asbestos content in any of these sources.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grouse-amc12-06
-
[7]Consolidated era/design inference - NAVSHIPS 250-011 AMc class footnotes ('All AMC's are wood hulls'; '.50 cal. AAMG') + HyperWar converted-vessel AMc class block (converted from commercial fishermen, 'mostly draggers and purse seiners, largely tuna clippers from west coast ports'; complement 15-47; speed 8.5-14 kt) + documented builder/build era (Martinac yard table; DANFS) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NAVSHIPS 250-011 AMc characteristics-table footnotes (book pp. 46-48); HyperWar AMc-12 page class block; martinac.html 'New Bol' row
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Era/design inference: this hull is a 1935/38-built wood-hull converted commercial fishing vessel - a tuna-clipper-type seiner per the converted-AMc class description - with a non-steam plant (no boilers, no steam distribution) and a wood hull requiring no shell insulation, so its insulation load was materially lighter than a steam vessel's and lighter than a steel diesel hull's. Machinery and construction materials of the late-1930s/1940-41 conversion era were nonetheless commonly asbestos-containing: exhaust-system and muffler lagging, machinery gaskets and packing, electrical-cable insulation, accommodation/galley joiner materials, winch and windlass brake linings, and deck compositions of the period. Exposure-relevant populations if any material was present: Martinac construction trades (1935/38); the 1940-41 naval-conversion workforce; the commissioned crew across 11th Naval District patrol/minesweeping duty (1941-44); the decommissioning and strike workforce (1944); Maritime Commission/NDRF custodial handlers (1945); and merchant fishing crews aboard New Bol/Betty C (1945-at least 1988).
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1935-1988
- Population
- Martinac trades (1935/38); conversion workforce (1940-41); commissioned crew (1941-44); disposal workforce (1944-45); merchant crews (1945-1988+)
- Limitations
- Inference from documented design, vessel type, and construction/conversion era - NOT a hull materials record. No survey, specification, or material schedule naming AMc-12/New Bol was located; establishes no asbestos content, quantity, location, condition, individual exposure, or causation. The wood hull and non-steam plant make even era-level inference weaker than for steel steam vessels of the same era.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grouse-amc12-07
-
[8]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987); and Fleischer, W.E., et al., 'A health survey of pipe covering operations in constructing naval vessels,' J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28(1):9-16 (Jan 1946), PMID 21016030 [other_primary]
- Locator
- AJIM 11(3):359-373 (article); PubMed PMID 21016030
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era under which this hull was converted for naval service (1940-41). The USMC-commissioned 1944-45 industrial-hygiene survey of pipe-covering operations at Navy and contract yards documented that 'an important ingredient of pipe covering material used on U.S. Navy vessels is amosite.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; articles 1946/1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (era context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level documentation of asbestos use in WWII naval-vessel construction and conversion generally; neither source names this vessel, type, or builder yard. Pipe-covering findings are less applicable to a small wood-hull converted fishing vessel with no steam distribution than to steel steam vessels. Establishes nothing about this hull's materials, condition, or any individual exposure.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grouse-amc12-08
-
[9]Air & Liquid Systems Corp. v. DeVries, 586 U.S. 446 (2019), CourtListener 4601080 [court_record]
- Locator
- CourtListener opinion 4601080; web-indexed courtlistener.com hits (Grouse River Outfitters v. Oracle, docket 5980363); mass.gov USS Grouse wreck page (AMS-15); globalsecurity.org AM-136 list (AM-398)
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- No case located names this hull (see negative_finding row and search_ledger). Doctrinal context only for the vessel's type: claims arising from WWII-era Navy-vessel asbestos exposure ran under maritime law against equipment and material manufacturers, and the Supreme Court's DeVries decision settled the 'bare-metal defense' framework - manufacturers that supplied bare equipment had a duty to warn where their products required asbestos-containing parts. It illustrates the litigation posture any claim arising from service aboard a 1941-44 coastal minesweeper would have faced; no such claim naming Grouse AMc-12 was located. Web-indexed 'Grouse' litigation material is all name collision: Grouse River Outfitters Ltd. v. Oracle/NetSuite (N.D. Cal. fraud, 3:16-cv-02954); the grouse bird in ESA/wildlife litigation; and the two later USS Grouse hulls (AM-398 cancelled pre-launch; AMS-15 wrecked 1963 - the most plausible referent of any postwar 'USS Grouse' claim).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 2019 decision; collision material various dates
- Limitations
- Doctrinal context only - the cited case does not name or involve this hull, and DeVries addressed manufacturers' duty to warn for asbestos-containing components on Navy vessels generally. Classification note: a complaint's vessel list would be a pleading allegation, not a finding; no pleading naming this hull was located. Collision hits are classified as name collisions, not litigation for this hull. Does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grouse-amc12-09
-
[10]Batch-1470 search ledger (this record): NHHC DANFS live check; hazegray DANFS via Wayback; NavSource 11/03012; NAVSHIPS 250-011 (shipscribe scan); Martinac yard table (navalmarinearchive/shipbuildinghistory); NavalCoverMuseum register transcriptions; HyperWar converted-AMc class page; NVR; MARAD ShipHistory; CourtListener API v4 (authenticated - throttled) + web-indexed courtlistener/justia/govinfo content; excluded-source roster check; NARA/archival mapping [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-grouse-amc12-01 through sl-uss-grouse-amc12-12
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located for USS Grouse / AMc-12 / New Bol / Betty C / O.N. 237007: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, court finding, or docketed asbestos case naming this hull was found in the public sources searched. CourtListener coverage caveat: the authenticated API was rate-limited this session (shared key exhausted its 2,800/day cap - 'Expected available in 11233 seconds'), so the litigation sweep ran through web-indexed CourtListener/Justia/govinfo content - zero hull-naming material located; every 'Grouse' hit is a name collision (Grouse River Outfitters commercial litigation; the bird in ESA filings; the later AM-398/AMS-15 hulls). A fully authenticated re-sweep of opinions and RECAP dockets remains an open verification step. Non-authoritative marketing roster sites were checked and carry no AMc-12-specific evidence (asbestos-ships.com offers a generic ship-search tool only); excluded per source rules. NVR has no per-hull record (pre-1987 disposal outside coverage). MARAD ShipHistory index returned no record for Grouse/New Bol/237007.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 2026-09-22
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1935/38-built, 1940-41-converted vessel is era-consistent with asbestos-containing materials even accounting for its lighter wood-hull/non-steam insulation load. The CourtListener throttle means the litigation sweep, while negative across the indexed material reached, was not exhaustive - logged honestly rather than claimed complete. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grouse-amc12-10
-
[11]NARA Guide to Federal Records (record-group mapping) + NavSource-identified still-picture items for this hull; Merchant Vessels of the United States register volumes (USCG); J.M. Martinac yard records; Maritime Commission/NDRF disposal file [other_primary]
- Locator
- archives.gov record-group guides; NavSource 11/03012 photo-credit block; navalcovermuseum.org GROUSE AMc 12 (register citations to verify)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival leads (not retrieved - require research-room or reproduction order; no spend authorized): (a) NARA still-picture items 19-N-24611 and 19-N-24612 (off San Diego, c. July 1941 - identified by number on the NavSource page); (b) NARA RG 24 deck logs and muster rolls for the 1941-44 commission - the resolution path for the undocumented complement; (c) the 1940-41 Navy acquisition/conversion file for New Bol (purchase or charter instrument and the San Diego conversion work order - the most direct materials-scope lead for what was added or removed in naval conversion); (d) the Maritime Commission/NDRF disposal and return file for the post-5 Feb 1945 transactions - the resolution path for the undocumented disposal pathway; (e) Merchant Vessels of the United States register volumes (1939, 1946, and later editions) - primary verification of the De Vlahovich/Devlahovich owner chain and the Betty C renaming sequence currently resting on a museum transcription; (f) J.M. Martinac Shipbuilding yard records (yard closed 2014; records disposition unknown - build-year and original-materials resolution); (g) NARA RG 19 Booklet of General Plans series - unlikely to cover a converted 80-ft fishing craft, but the standard home of insulation/material schedules where a booklet exists.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-22
- Study period
- 1935-1988 records
- Limitations
- Record-group mapping only - no box-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents for AMc-12/New Bol is unknown until surveyed. Muster rolls, deck logs, and photos are personnel/operations/imagery records, not materials documentation. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-grouse-amc12-11