Evidence
5 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-5).
-
[1]DANFS, USS Hardhead (SS-365) - construction, wartime/postwar service, dispositions; verbatim transcription via Wayback capture of hazegray.org (live NHHC DANFS page returned 404) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS service narrative and spec block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: Launched 12 December 1943 by Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co., Manitowoc, Wis. (sponsor Mrs. E. F. McDonald); commissioned 18 April 1944, Cmdr. F. McMaster. Six war patrols from Fremantle - sank Japanese light cruiser Natori 18 August 1944; rescued Enterprise (CV-6) fighter squadron commander Cmdr. Bakutis; sank Manei Maru, Nanshin Maru, Araosan Maru; six battle stars. Decommissioned 10 May 1946 into reserve at Mare Island; recommissioned in reserve 6 February 1952 for GUPPY IIA conversion (arrived New London for conversion; recommissioned 24 March 1953); Submarine Development Group 2 from July 1958.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1943-1972
- Population
- Construction trades 1943-44 (Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co.); crew; yard trades at documented availabilities
- Limitations
- Ship-specific history only; no asbestos or material content. Yard-period asbestos disturbance is era inference, not a per-hull record. DANFS Vol. 2/3-era text ends ~1960-67 for this hull; later events rest on NavSource/NVR supplements.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-hardhead-ss365-01
-
[2]NavSource Naval History, submarine photo-archive entry (secondary archival compilation; disposition data consistent with Bauer & Roberts Register of Ships supplements) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource entry header block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource: laid down 7 July 1943 at Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co.; decommissioned 10 May 1946 into Pacific Reserve at Mare Island; recommissioned in reserve 6 February 1952 and sailed for New London for a GUPPY IIA conversion (streamlined sail, GUPPY bow, snorkel); in-service recommissioning 24 March 1953; struck 26 July 1972 and same day at New London decommissioned and transferred to Greece as HS Papanikolis (S-114); Greek decommission 31 December 1992; scrapped 2000.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1943-2000
- Population
- n/a
- Limitations
- Secondary compilation, not an official record; dates/items not corroborated by DANFS or NVR are flagged in this record's gaps. Used for laid-down date, final-disposition detail, and conversion labels.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-hardhead-ss365-02
-
[3]Era inference built on: DANFS spec block (diesel-electric drive, no boilers); BuShips Ships' Data 1945 submarine machinery tables (shipscribe.com SDB1945v1); documented yard-period events above [other_primary]
- Locator
- DANFS spec block; BuShips SDB1945v1 pp. 266-270 submarine tables; balao-class profile ev-05
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A diesel-electric fleet boat built 1943-44 and maintained through Navy-yard availabilities at Mare Island Naval Shipyard sits inside the Navy's peak asbestos-use era. Diesel-electric boats carried no boilers/steam plant: era-consistent asbestos applications are diesel exhaust lagging, engine gaskets and packing, acoustic/thermal hull insulation, galley/refrigeration insulation, and battery/electrical materials; the documented 1952-53 GUPPY IIA conversion (New London/Groton area - yard not named in DANFS or NavSource) yard period(s) would have disturbed interior insulation.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1943-1972
- Population
- Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co. construction trades (1943-44); yard trades at documented availabilities; crew (1944-1972)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey or material list located for this hull. Names era-standard diesel-boat applications, not confirmed installed materials. No quantities.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-hardhead-ss365-03
-
[4]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s; standing policy (1975) removed asbestos insulation only when damaged or required for repairs, modified 1979 to selective replacement in high-maintenance areas - covering this hull's service-era insulation and yard-period events.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403) - content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-hardhead-ss365-04
-
[5]Batch-26 search ledger (this record): DANFS transcriptions; NavSource; NVR (where extant); Google Scholar case-law sweep; CourtListener attempted [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-hardhead-ss365-01 through -07
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or qualifying asbestos case naming USS Hardhead (SS-365) was found. CourtListener sweeps attempted 2026-09-18: public search UI blocked by bot-challenge (HTTP 202/403) and v4 API throttled (HTTP 429, shared 125/day quota); Google Scholar case-law sweep substituted for published opinions. Exact-name "USS Hardhead" search: no published-opinion hits. Hull-number "SS-365" search: 3 hits, all collisions - In re New Town Mall, In re McCallen, Executive Square Office Bld'g (bankruptcy/docket-number strings).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 2026-09-18
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard. Scholar covers published opinions only - RECAP/docket-level text was not searched (CourtListener blocked); an unresolved sweep limitation, logged in the ledger.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-hardhead-ss365-05