USS Heed (AM-100)

Evidence

9 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-9).

1. [1]DANFS, 'Heed' (AM-100) - official NHHC entry, verified verbatim from Wayback capture 2024-05-26 (live history.navy.mil page returns 404 - standing link rot, same as BATCH-01); verbatim mirror transcription at losthistory.net/hazegray/danfs/mine/am100.htm [nhhc_danfs]

   Locator

   DANFS 'Heed' entry, specifications block + service narrative (Wayback capture 20240526125104 of history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/h/heed.html)

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   Official DANFS record for this hull: Auk-class minesweeper (dp. 890; l. 221'2"; b. 32'; dr. 10'; s. 18 k.; cpl. 105; a. 1 3", 2 40mm., 6 20mm., 2 dct., 5 dcp.). Launched 19 June 1942 by the General Engineering & Dry Dock Co., Alameda, Calif.; commissioned 27 February 1943, Lt. J. J. Lind in command. Service: Aleutians patrol/escort/minesweeping out of Dutch Harbor from 24 Apr 1943; Pearl Harbor Dec 1943; Marshall Islands operation (Kwajalein, Jan-Feb 1944) with Rear Admiral Conolly's Northern Attack Force; Marianas (Saipan/Tinian, Jun-Aug 1944) with Vice Admiral Turner's Northern Attack Force, Minesweeping and Hydrographic Survey Group - screened Louisville off Saipan; seven months convoy screening Marshalls/Carolines/Marianas; Okinawa operation (sortied Ulithi 19 Mar 1945, Admiral Blandy's Amphibious Support Force); sailed for the U.S. 28 Apr 1945, arrived Seattle 24 May; postwar minesweeping at Okinawa, Sasebo, Formosa, East China Sea (arrived Eniwetok 9 Oct 1945); San Diego 9 Feb 1946; decommissioned San Diego 15 Jan 1947, Pacific Reserve Fleet; recommissioned 5 Mar 1952 (Lt. E. N. Robinson); Charleston/Norfolk operations Jun 1952-Nov 1953 incl. Mediterranean deployment 6 Jan-21 May 1953 and Quebec cruise 3-29 Aug 1953; decommissioned Orange, Tex., 27 Jan 1954, Reserve Fleet; reclassified MSF-100 on 7 February 1955; struck from the Navy List 1 March 1967. Five battle stars for World War II service.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   1942-1967

   Population

   General Engineering & Dry Dock construction trades (Alameda, 1942-43); wartime and postwar crew (design complement 105)

   Limitations

   DANFS documents identity, builder, dates, and service narrative - not materials or asbestos content. No laid-down date is given (NavSource supplies 14 Feb 1942). The performing yard for the May-Oct 1945 Seattle availability ('with the newest of sweep gear') is not named. Live NHHC URL 404s - the 2024-05-26 Wayback capture of the official page is cited; the hazegray mirror transcription agrees verbatim except it misprints the MSF-100 reclassification year as 1956 (official text reads 1955 - see correction row ev-07).

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-heed-am100-01

2. [2]NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive - Heed (MSF 100) ex-AM-100, file 11/02100 (page by Mike Smolinski; navsource.org DNS resolution failed and navsource.net served 406 this session - cited via Wayback capture 2024-05-24) [other_primary]

   Locator

   NavSource 11/02100 - chronology block, specifications block, propulsion line, CO list, photo credits (Wayback capture 20240524221307)

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   NavSource per-hull record: 'Auk Class Minesweeper'; laid down 14 February 1942 by the General Engineering and Dry Dock Co., Alameda, CA - the only located source giving a laid-down date; launched 19 June 1942; commissioned USS Heed (AM 100) 27 February 1943; decommissioned 15 January 1947 at San Diego, CA (with a parenthetical: 'Naval Vessel Register of 1 January 1949 lists out of commission, in reserve as December 1945'); recommissioned 5 March 1952; decommissioned 27 January 1954 at Orange, TX; reclassified Fleet Minesweeper (Steel Hulled) MSF-100 '7 February 1956'; struck from the Naval Register 1 March 1967; 'Fate unknown.' Spec block: 890 t; 221'2"; 32'; 10'9" draft; 18.1 kts; complement 105; one 3"/50 dual-purpose mount, two 40mm mounts, two 20mm mounts, two depth-charge tracks, five depth-charge projectors; propulsion 'Two 1,559shp Busch Sulzer 539 diesel electric engines, Westinghouse reduction gear, two shafts.' Call sign November-Alpha-Lima-Bravo. Commanding-officer list through both commissions. Photos: NARA photo USN 1045243 (aerial port bow, underway); a 30 July 1953 view at Charleston, SC.

   Verification

   partial

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   1942-1967

   Population

   General Engineering & Dry Dock trades (1942-43); both commissions' crews (complement 105); Orange, TX reserve-fleet caretakers (1954-67)

   Limitations

   Specialist secondary compilation - detailed but non-official. Its '7 February 1956' MSF reclassification year conflicts with the official DANFS text (7 February 1955) - flagged in correction row ev-07, not silently merged; 1955 is also the class-wide AM-to-MSF reclassification date. Its NVR-1949 parenthetical ('in reserve as December 1945') is internally inconsistent with the documented Feb 1946 return and Jan 1947 decommissioning - carried as written, not adopted. Minor armament variance vs DANFS (two 20mm mounts vs six). Contains no asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-heed-am100-02

3. [3]Shipbuilding History (Tim Colton compilation), 'General Engineering, Alameda CA' yard table - hull #47 row (AM 100 Heed) [other_primary]

   Locator

   general.htm - 'GENERAL ENGINEERING, Alameda CA' table, hull #47 row + yard history header

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   Yard-table row for this hull: yard hull #47, 'AM 100 | Heed | US Navy | Minesweeper | 1250 [tons] | Delivery 27-Feb-43 | Struck 1967.' The same yard block lists her contract sisters - #46 AM 64 Starling (to Mexico 1973), #48 AM 101 Herald (to Mexico 1973), #49 AM 102 Motive (sunk as target 1968), #50 AM 103 Oracle (sunk as target 1967) - confirming a consecutive General Engineering minesweeper block. Yard history header: the yard began as Barnes & Tibbitts (1916), renamed General Engineering & Dry Dock Company in 1922, bought the Hanlon Dry Dock yard in Oakland as a repair yard in 1928; both yards closed in 1948; the Clement Avenue site is now Alameda Marina.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   1942-1967

   Population

   General Engineering & Dry Dock construction workforce (Alameda, CA, 1942-43)

   Limitations

   Compiler's yard table, secondary - consistent with DANFS on builder and commissioning/delivery date. Its '1250' tonnage is a standard table value differing from DANFS's 890-ton figure - measures differ across these compilations; DANFS carried. 'Struck 1967' agrees with DANFS's 1 March 1967; no disposal detail. Contains no asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-heed-am100-03

4. [4]Consolidated era/design inference - documented propulsion plant (NavSource spec block; HyperWar 'Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940-1945' AM-100 page: 'Diesel engine with electric drive, twin screws, 3,500 h.p.') + documented builder and construction era (DANFS; Colton) [other_primary]

   Locator

   NavSource 11/02100 propulsion line (Wayback 20240524221307); HyperWar AM-100_Heed page spec list; DANFS construction/service dates

   Finding type

   asbestos_application

   Finding

   Era/design inference: this hull is a 1942-43-built steel Auk-class minesweeper with a diesel-electric twin-screw plant (two Busch-Sulzer 539 diesels, Westinghouse reduction gear) - no boilers, no steam distribution. Its insulation load was materially lighter than a steam combatant's, but machinery and construction materials of the 1942-43 wartime era were commonly asbestos-containing: exhaust-system and muffler lagging, machinery gaskets and packing, electrical-cable insulation, accommodation/galley joiner insulation, winch and windlass brake linings, and deck compositions of the period. Exposure-relevant populations if any material was present: Alameda construction trades (1942-43); the wartime crew (design complement 105) across the Aleutians, Marshalls, Marianas, and Okinawa campaigns; workers on the unnamed 1945 Seattle availability; the 1952-54 second-commission crew; Orange, TX reserve-fleet caretakers (1954-67); and post-1967 disposal workers (fate unknown).

   Verification

   inferred

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   class_or_era

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   1942-1967+

   Population

   General Engineering & Dry Dock trades (1942-43); crew 1943-47 and 1952-54; 1945 Seattle yard workers (yard unnamed); reserve-fleet caretakers 1954-67; post-striking disposal workers (undocumented)

   Limitations

   Inference from documented design, machinery type, and construction era - NOT a hull materials record. No survey, specification, or material schedule naming AM-100/MSF-100 was located; establishes no asbestos content, quantity, location, condition, individual exposure, or causation. The diesel-electric plant makes even era-level inference weaker than for steam vessels of the same era.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-heed-am100-04

5. [5]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987); and Fleischer, W.E., et al., 'A health survey of pipe covering operations in constructing naval vessels,' J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28(1):9-16 (Jan 1946), PMID 21016030 [other_primary]

   Locator

   AJIM 11(3):359-373 (article); PubMed PMID 21016030

   Finding type

   gov_survey

   Finding

   Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and wartime construction program under which this hull was built at General Engineering & Dry Dock Co., Alameda. The USMC-commissioned 1944-45 industrial-hygiene survey of pipe-covering operations at Navy and contract yards documented that 'an important ingredient of pipe covering material used on U.S. Navy vessels is amosite.'

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   context

   Documentation level

   class_or_era

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   1940s era documented; articles 1946/1987

   Population

   WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (era context)

   Limitations

   Program/era-level documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding and naval-vessel construction generally; neither source names this vessel, class, or builder yard. Pipe-covering findings are less applicable to a diesel-electric minesweeper than to steam vessels. Establishes nothing about this hull's materials, condition, or any individual exposure.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-heed-am100-05

6. [6]Batch-1135 search ledger (this record): DANFS via NHHC Wayback capture + hazegray mirror; NavSource 11/02100 via Wayback; HyperWar ships compilation; Shipbuilding History General Engineering yard table; CourtListener API v4 opinion + RECAP sweeps (authenticated); Shipscribe; MARAD ShipHistory; NVR; NARA catalog/DPLA [other_primary]

   Locator

   search_ledger rows sl-uss-heed-am100-01 through sl-uss-heed-am100-12

   Finding type

   historical_record

   Finding

   No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located for USS Heed / AM-100 / MSF-100: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, preservation record, court finding, or docketed asbestos case naming this hull was found in the public sources searched. CourtListener authenticated sweeps (type=o): 'USS Heed' 0, 'U.S.S. Heed' 0, 'Heed (AM-100)' 0, 'aboard the Heed' 0, 'Heed' minesweeper 0, 'USS Heed' asbestos 0. 'Heed' + 'AM-100' returned 3 opinion hits - all collisions (Southex Exhibitions 1st Cir. 2002, U.S. v. Mobley 10th Cir. 2020, Combs v. Intl Ins 6th Cir. 2004: 'heed' as verb, AM-100 as incidental text). 'Heed' + 'navy' + asbestos returned 26 hits - all verb/surname collisions verified against opinion plain text. RECAP (type=r): 'USS Heed' returned 1 docket (Dee v. Bank of the West, S.D. Fla. 1:10-cv-22985, diversity contract case - collision); 'AM-100' returned 970 raw hits - form-number/token collisions with no vessel association. Non-authoritative marketing listicles (mesothelioma.com minesweeper page; mesotheliomahelp.org minesweeper roster) list 'USS Heed | AM-100' in generic ship-name tables - excluded per source rules; they carry no hull-specific evidence.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   negative_finding

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   2026-09-22

   Limitations

   Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1942-43-built vessel is era-consistent with asbestos-containing materials even accounting for its lighter diesel-electric insulation load. The hull's 'fate unknown' disposition after the 1967 striking forecloses any present-day survey pathway. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-heed-am100-06

7. [7]Source-discrepancy resolution - official NHHC DANFS text (Wayback 2024-05-26) vs hazegray mirror transcription vs NavSource 11/02100 vs HistoryCentral/NavalCoverMuseum derivative pages vs Wikipedia infobox [other_primary]

   Locator

   Wayback 20240526125104 NHHC DANFS 'Heed' entry; losthistory.net/hazegray/danfs/mine/am100.htm; NavSource 11/02100 (Wayback 20240524221307); historycentral.com/navy/Minelayer/heed.html; navalcovermuseum.org/wiki/HEED_AM_100

   Finding type

   historical_record

   Finding

   Source discrepancies logged, not silently merged: (a) MSF-100 reclassification year - the official NHHC DANFS text reads 'Reclassified MSF-100 on 7 February 1955'; the hazegray mirror transcription, NavSource, HistoryCentral, and NavalCoverMuseum all print '7 February 1956.' The official text is carried (1955), which also matches the fleet-wide AM-to-MSF reclassification date; the mirrors' 1956 is a propagated misprint. (b) Complement - DANFS spec block reads cpl. 105; Wikipedia's infobox reads 100 - DANFS carried. (c) Displacement - DANFS 890 t vs Colton yard-table 1250 (standard table value) - DANFS carried. (d) NavSource's parenthetical 'Naval Vessel Register of 1 January 1949 lists out of commission, in reserve as December 1945' is inconsistent with the documented timeline (postwar sweeping into Feb 1946; decommissioned 15 Jan 1947) - carried as written, not adopted. (e) Armament minor variance - DANFS '6 20mm.' vs NavSource 'two 20mm gun mounts' - DANFS carried. (f) Propulsion horsepower - NavSource 2 x 1,559 shp Busch-Sulzer 539 diesels (3,118 total) vs HyperWar '3,500 h.p.' - both carried; same diesel-electric plant type.

   Verification

   partial

   Role

   correction

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   1942-1967

   Limitations

   Resolves publication-level discrepancies among the official DANFS text and secondary compilations, adopting the better-supported values and flagging the rest. The 1955-vs-1956 MSF year is resolved in favor of the official DANFS text (the mirror misprint is documented, not hidden). No asbestos content in any of these sources.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-heed-am100-07

8. [8]Air & Liquid Systems Corp. v. DeVries, 586 U.S. 446 (2019), CourtListener 4601080 [court_record]

   Locator

   CourtListener opinion 4601080

   Finding type

   litigation_documented

   Finding

   No case located names this hull (see negative_finding row and search_ledger). Doctrinal context only for the vessel's type: claims arising from WWII-era Navy-vessel asbestos exposure ran under maritime law against equipment manufacturers, and the Supreme Court's DeVries decision settled the 'bare-metal defense' framework - manufacturers that supplied bare equipment had a duty to warn where their products required asbestos-containing parts. It illustrates the litigation posture claims arising from service aboard a WWII diesel-electric minesweeper would have faced; no such claim naming Heed was located.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   context

   Documentation level

   class_or_era

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   2019 decision

   Limitations

   Doctrinal context only - the cited case does not name or involve this hull, and DeVries addressed manufacturers' duty to warn for asbestos-containing components on Navy vessels generally. Classification note: a complaint's vessel list would be a pleading allegation, not a finding; no pleading naming this hull was located. Does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-heed-am100-08

9. [9]Archival leads - DPLA-indexed NARA muster-rolls item 'Heed (AM-100), 2/26/43-1/15/47' (confirms muster-roll coverage for this hull); NARA RG 24 deck logs; NARA RG 19 (Bureau of Ships) General Information Books and Navy contract file for the General Engineering program; Atlantic Reserve Fleet (Orange, TX) custody and post-1967 disposal records [other_primary]

   Locator

   dp.la item 45cd45a127ee9ac388b276064b48a54f ('Heed (AM-100), 2/26/43-1/15/47', muster rolls series); archives.gov RG 19/24 group guides

   Finding type

   historical_record

   Finding

   Archival leads (not retrieved - require research-room or reproduction order; no spend authorized; NARA catalog API requires a key this session): (a) NARA's WWII muster-rolls series demonstrably covers this hull - the DPLA aggregator indexes item 'Heed (AM-100), 2/26/43-1/15/47' in the muster rolls (personnel records, not materials); (b) NARA RG 24 deck logs for the commissioned periods (1943-47, 1952-54); (c) NARA RG 19 Bureau of Ships records / General Information Books and the Navy contract file for the General Engineering & Dry Dock minesweeper block (yard hulls 43-50) - the plausible home of hull-level material schedules; (d) Atlantic Reserve Fleet, Orange, Texas custody records 1954-67 and the Navy disposal file post-striking - the resolution path for the 'fate unknown' gap; (e) the performing yard for the May-Oct 1945 Seattle availability, named nowhere in located sources - Puget Sound-area yard records or the ship's 1945 deck logs would identify it.

   Verification

   unverified

   Role

   archival_lead

   Documentation level

   context_only

   Accessed

   2026-09-22

   Study period

   1942-1967 records

   Limitations

   Record-group mapping only - no box-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents for AM-100/MSF-100 is unknown until surveyed in person. Muster rolls and deck logs are personnel/operations records, not materials documentation. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-heed-am100-09