Evidence
13 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-13).
-
[1]research packet do-packet.md (2 sources cited) [nhhc_danfs]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED — real identity: USS Iuka
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-iuka-at37-pkt-do-packet-md
-
[2]DANFS, Iuka II (AT-37/ATO-37), NHHC ship-history entry (published 2015-07-22; verbatim capture via Wayback 2025-12-09; live NHHC page returns 404) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS 'Iuka II (AT-37)' entry, full text incl. type line; Wayback capture 2025-12-09 of https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/i/iuka-ii.html
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official DANFS history: launched 12 January 1920 by Staten Island Shipbuilding Co., Port Richmond, N.Y.; commissioned 29 October 1920, Lt. Harry F. Quandt in command. Train Squadron, Atlantic Fleet - sailed for Guantanamo 2 January 1921, towing/delivery duties there and at the Canal Zone, returned to Norfolk 28 April; East Coast summers and Guantanamo winters for a year; reported to 3d Naval District, New York, 29 April 1922 and served there a decade; operated out of Newport, R.I., 27 April - 7 July 1926 on salvage of submarine S-51 (sunk by collision with SS City of Rome), and with Sagamore towed the raised hulk to New York after it was raised 5 July; decommissioned at New York 20 July 1932. Recommissioned at Philadelphia 23 November 1940 and rejoined the Train Squadron; three years of harbor duties and towing target rafts mainly out of Portland, Maine; reclassified ATO-37 on 15 May 1944; transferred to Western Sea Frontier, reporting 4 February 1945; harbor duties at San Diego the following year; decommissioned but remained in service 15 August 1946; placed out of service at San Francisco 15 April 1947; delivered to purchasers, Pan American Steamship Corp. of Panama, at Los Angeles 8 July 1948. DANFS type line: displacement 795; length 156'8"; beam 30'2"; draft 14'7"; speed 13 kts; complement 44; armament 1 machine gun.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1919-1948
- Population
- Crew (design complement 44); navy-yard and district support personnel at documented stations (3d Naval District, New York; Portland, Maine; Norfolk; Philadelphia; San Diego; San Francisco)
- Limitations
- Official service history contains no insulation, material, or asbestos information whatsoever - it documents operations, dates, and stations only. Does not establish asbestos presence, absence, quantity, exposure, or eligibility. Live NHHC page 404s (2026-09-26); text verified against the Wayback capture of the canonical URL.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-iuka-at37-01
-
[3]Shipscribe, USS Allegheny (AT-19) Class page - Navy record-card construction and disposition tables (design: Navy AT-19; class notes from General Board correspondence) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Shipscribe AT019 page: Construction table (AT-37 row) and Disposition table (AT-37 row); Class Notes
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Navy-record compilation lists Iuka (AT-37) in the Allegheny (AT-19) design group, ordered 19 June 1918 under the 4 March 1917 Emergency Fund program (one of six completed by Staten Island Shipbuilding: AT-34 through AT-39; AT-40 through AT-45 cancelled 21 December 1918); keel 6 February 1919; launched 12 January 1920; commissioned 29 October 1920. Disposition table: out of service 15 April 1947; struck 22 May 1947; disposal 8 July 1948 (Maritime Commission disposal); MA sale dated 18 December 1947 - reconciling NavSource's 'sold 18 December 1947' against DANFS's 'delivered to purchasers 8 July 1948' (sale contract vs physical delivery). Class design notes: FY-1918 seagoing tugs were repeats of the Sonoma type with increased draft and 5,000-mile radius; General Board correspondence directed special attention to ventilation of engine and fire rooms and crew spaces.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1917-1948 program and hull milestones
- Limitations
- Secondary compilation of official Navy record cards and program correspondence - reputable and internally consistent with DANFS dates, but not itself a primary document image. Class naming differs by source: Shipscribe groups all of AT-19 through AT-39 as the Allegheny (AT-19) class/design while NavSource and derivative sources label the wartime batch 'Bagaduce class' after AT-21 - logged in gaps. No asbestos or materials content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-iuka-at37-02
-
[4]King, Ernest J. (Capt., USN - officer in overall command of the salvage), 'Salvaging U.S.S. S-51,' U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 53 (February 1927) [other_primary]
- Locator
- USNI Proceedings vol. 53 (Feb 1927), 'Salvaging U.S.S. S-51' - salvage-force composition and task-assignment sections
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The salvage force commander's own account names this hull: 'The Vestal (fleet repair ship), Falcon (submarine rescue vessel), Iuka and Sagamore (sea-going tugs) and Penobscot (tug) were ordered to report for duty in the salvage force. Later the Bagaduce (sea-going tug) joined the force.' Iuka's assigned tasking was 'tender to Falcon - take such position as Falcon may direct as movable mooring - render assistance and operate generally as Falcon may direct.' Operations ran October 1925 through delivery of the raised S-51 'alongside a dock at the Navy Yard, Brooklyn, N.Y.' about 11:00 p.m. on 7 July 1926.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1925-10 to 1926-07
- Population
- Iuka crew (tender/mooring duty at the wreck site); embarked salvage-support personnel
- Limitations
- Contemporaneous first-person operational account by the officer in overall command - strong ship-specific evidence of participation and tasking, but contains no material or asbestos information. Confirms the DANFS summary of the same operation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-iuka-at37-03
-
[5]U.S. National Archives / Naval History and Heritage Command photo catalog records, as captioned in the NavSource service-ship photo archive: BuShips photos 19-N-26088 and 19-N-26090; NHHC photos NH 53285 and NH 84668 [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource page 09/64/64037, photo gallery captions citing NARA photo nos. 19-N-26088 / 19-N-26090 (BuShips) and NHHC nos. NH 53285, NH 84668
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Official photo records document the hull in a navy-yard availability: Bureau of Ships photographs 19-N-26090 and 19-N-26088 show USS Iuka (AT-37) in Berth 5, Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Va., on 15 November 1941, 'undergoing an availability,' with the Presidential yacht USS Potomac (AG-25) and USS Calypso (AG-35) moored alongside/outboard and a British carrier (probably HMS Illustrious) in the background. NHHC photo NH 53285 shows Iuka at anchor circa the 1920s with a man over the side painting the hull; NHHC photo NH 84668 shows Iuka (ATO-37) with USS Kalmia (ATO-23) at Naval Operating Base, Portland, Maine, circa 1944-45 - consistent with the DANFS narrative of Portland-based target-raft towing.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- circa 1920s; 1941-11-15; circa 1944-45
- Population
- Norfolk Navy Yard availability workforce (Nov 1941); crew during Portland, Maine operations (1942-44)
- Limitations
- Photo catalog metadata transcribed via NavSource's archive (a reputable secondary compilation hosting official caption text); underlying NARA catalog pages not individually retrieved (catalog.archives.gov is JS-rendered to automated fetch). The images document a 1941 navy-yard availability - a repair/upkeep event of the kind in which insulation work typically occurred - but contain no statement of asbestos work or materials.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-iuka-at37-04
-
[6]U.S. Navy Filing Manual, 1941, AB-AZ Auxiliary Ships section (HyperWar transcription) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Navy Filing Manual 1941, AT (fleet tug) listing: 'AT37 Iuka'
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The 1941 Navy Filing Manual's auxiliary-ship index lists 'AT37 Iuka' among active fleet tugs - official corroboration that this hull was in commissioned service on the eve of U.S. entry into WWII.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1941
- Limitations
- Administrative index entry only - confirms hull existence and in-service status in 1941; carries no operational, material, or exposure information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-iuka-at37-05
-
[7]NavSource Online, USS Iuka (ATO-37) service ship photo archive - specifications block and milestone list [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource page 09/64/64037, Specifications block and milestone list
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Secondary archival compilation lists this hull's machinery as one Staten Island Shipbuilding vertical triple-expansion steam engine, two Scotch single-ended boilers (200 psi saturated), one turbo-drive 25 kW 120 V DC ship's-service generator, single propeller, 1,800 shp; fuel NSFO 1,835 bbls; 5-ton boom. A reciprocating steam plant of this construction era carried boiler and steam-drum insulation, steam-line lagging, flange and valve gaskets, and machinery packing - applications that era-typically contained asbestos fiber; towing winch and windlass brake linings are an additional era-typical application for the type.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1919-1947
- Population
- Construction trades (Port Richmond, Staten Island, 1919-20); engine-room crew (boiler/machinery spaces)
- Limitations
- NavSource is a reputable secondary compilation, not a primary record; its spec block conflicts with the DANFS type line on displacement (751 lt/1,125 lim vs 795), beam (34'10" vs 30'2"), draft (15'4" vs 14'7"), speed (12.8 kts trial vs 13), and complement (5 officers/56 enlisted vs 44) - as-built/full-load vs design figures; DANFS values carried as controlling. The source does not say 'asbestos' and does not document materials aboard this hull; asbestos content is era inference, not ship-proven. Does not establish quantity, location, condition, individual exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-iuka-at37-06
-
[8]Fleischer, W.E., Viles, F.J. Jr., Gade, R.L., Drinker, P., 'A Health Survey of Pipe Covering Operations in Constructing Naval Vessels,' J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28:9-16 (January 1946), PMID 21016030 [other_primary]
- Locator
- J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28:9-16 (1946); PubMed record PMID 21016030
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A primary industrial-hygiene study of WWII naval-vessel construction states that 'an important ingredient of pipe covering material used on U.S. Navy vessels is amosite' asbestos, and documents asbestos felt, pipe covering, asbestos cloth, and asbestos cement use with dust counts at two government Navy yards and two Navy contract yards - the material regime in force during this hull's WWII service and navy-yard availabilities (e.g., Norfolk, November 1941).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1944-1945 survey period; published 1946
- Population
- WWII Navy-yard and contract-yard pipe coverers (class context)
- Limitations
- Era-level documentation of asbestos use in Navy vessel construction generally; the study examined shipyard pipe-covering operations, not this hull or class, and does not establish that asbestos was or remains aboard Iuka, nor quantity, location, condition, individual exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-iuka-at37-07
-
[9]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization - the regulatory/material regime in force during this hull's 1940-47 second commission, including its 1941 Norfolk Navy Yard availability.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level scholarly documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel and does not establish that asbestos was or remains aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation. Covers the wartime service/repair era, not the 1919-20 construction era specifically.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-iuka-at37-08
-
[10]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented the Navy's asbestos-protection program and reported the Navy's own account that all ships contain some asbestos in components such as clutches and electric cables, and that thermal insulation was the Navy's major use of asbestos aboard ships - the insulation regime in force during this hull's WWII service era.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1979 (report); WWII-era insulation regime contextualized
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level 1979 review published 32 years after this hull left Navy custody; not hull-specific and does not establish conditions aboard this vessel. Full text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403) - content via product-page description and search excerpt. Does not establish quantity, exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-iuka-at37-09
-
[11]CourtListener API v4 authenticated searches (fleet-paced helper), 2026-09-26 [court_record]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-iuka-at37-07 through sl-uss-iuka-at37-08c
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- CourtListener authenticated searches (opinion and RECAP docket indexes) located no qualifying asbestos litigation and no litigation of any kind naming this hull. 'USS Iuka' and 'ATO-37' each returned zero opinions; 'Iuka' + 'AT-37' returned 4 opinions, all coincidental fragment co-occurrences in non-maritime matters (In re D.M., Ohio Ct. App. 2016, juvenile; Byrom v. Epps, N.D. Miss. 2011, habeas; Briggs v. Temple Univ., E.D. Pa. 2018, employment; Lottinger v. Shell Oil Co., S.D. Tex. 2001, wage-and-hour). 'Iuka' + asbestos and 'Iuka' + mesothelioma each returned exactly one opinion - the same landmark en banc decision, Jackson v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp., 781 F.2d 394 (5th Cir. 1986), an Ingalls-Shipbuilding-worker case in which 'Iuka' appears only as incidental Mississippi geography, not the vessel. RECAP docket search for 'Iuka' returned 331 dockets, all town/person/institution collisions (City of Iuka, Iuka banks/schools/apartments, a debtor named Iuka Hayes) - zero maritime or asbestos matters.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 2026-09-26
- Limitations
- Opinion and docket indexes swept 2026-09-26 through the fleet-paced authenticated helper (queries interleaved with budget stand-down waits; every request that ran is in the search ledger). Absence of a docketed case is not evidence about asbestos conditions aboard, and veteran-era claims against a Navy hull would in any event run under contractor/product-defendant names rather than the hull designation. OR-expanded exploratory queries ('Iuka' asbestos OR mesothelioma; 'Iuka' ship OR vessel OR tug OR Navy) hit the generic corpus and are noted in the ledger, not relied on.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-iuka-at37-10
-
[12]NARA record path for this hull (record-group mapping only; no box-level retrieval authorized) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NARA logbook guidance (archives.gov/research/military/logbooks); USNI salvage account citing the force orders; NARA photo identifiers as captioned on NavSource 09/64/64037
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Documented archival leads for this hull: NARA RG-24 Entry 118 pre-1941 logbooks (Washington, DC) and the 1941-56 deck-log series (College Park) for AT-37/ATO-37 - the wartime logs would document the 1941 Norfolk availability and Portland target-raft duty day by day; RG-19-N BuShips photo files 19-N-26088 and 19-N-26090 already identified; the official S-51 salvage report (Ellsberg, 'Report on Salvage Operations: Submarine S-51,' Navy Dept. Technical Bulletin 2-27, GPO 1927) names this hull's tasking in the force orders; Maritime Commission disposal/sale records (RG-178 successor files) underlying the 18 December 1947 MA sale and 8 July 1948 delivery to Pan American Steamship Corp.; Staten Island Shipbuilding contract/hull records for the 19 June 1918 order.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 1919-1948 holdings
- Limitations
- Record-group and photo-number mapping only - none of these records was retrieved or examined, and their contents are unknown. The lead establishes where ship-specific material records could exist, not that they document asbestos.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-iuka-at37-11
-
[13]Batch-2801 search ledger (this record): NHHC DANFS (live 404; Wayback capture used); HyperWar DANFS transcription; Shipscribe AT-19 class tables; NavSource; 1941 Navy Filing Manual; USNI Proceedings; NARA deck-log program pages; CourtListener API v4 (fleet-paced helper); asbestos-litigation web surface [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-iuka-at37-01 through sl-uss-iuka-at37-11
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, government report, or docketed case naming USS Iuka (AT-37/ATO-37) was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). The hull left Navy custody in 1947-48 and its post-sale fate is undocumented, so no surviving-hull survey record is expected. Name-collision classification: the later 'USS Iuka (ATA-123)' was commissioned as ATR-45 and received the name Iuka only on 16 July 1948 while in the Pacific Reserve Fleet - it never operated under the name and is a different hull (Sotoyomo class); 'Iuka' hits in litigation indexes concern the town of Iuka, Mississippi, and unrelated matters; Iuka (YTB-819) is a 1973 harbor tug.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-26
- Study period
- 2026-09-26
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1919-20 reciprocating-steam tug's insulation regime is era-consistent with asbestos use (ev-06 through ev-09), but that inference is class/era only. Does not establish that asbestos was or was not present, and establishes or defeats no claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-iuka-at37-12