Evidence
15 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-15).
-
[1]research packet 375-packet.md (4 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-ix-520-ix520-pkt-375-packet-md
-
[2]Naval Vessel Register ship detail page 'NO NAME (IX 520) (ex - YF 630, APL 19)', UNCLASSIFIED MISCELLANEOUS, UIC 01639 - NAVSEA/NAVSHIPSO; page last updated 2002-08-28, retrieved via Wayback Machine capture 2016-11-06 [other_primary]
- Locator
- NVR SHIPSDETAIL_IX_520.HTML full record table (milestones, physical characteristics, custodian fields)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official Naval Vessel Register record for IX 520: ex-YF 630, ex-APL 19; unclassified miscellaneous (IX) designation; builder Tampa Shipbuilding Co., Inc.; award 1943-11-09, keel 1944-06-21, launch 1944-08-06, delivery 1944-10-14; stricken 2001-03-13; status 'Disposed of in support of Fleet training exercise' with status-change date 2002-06-13; steel hull, steel superstructure; propulsion type 'none'; accommodations 6 officers / 680 enlisted; light displacement 1,300 tons, full 2,580 tons; 261 ft overall; custodian US NAVY.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-2002 (record window)
- Limitations
- Authoritative for register milestones, dimensions, and disposal status. Contains no asbestos, materials-abatement, or habitability-refit information. The live NVR page no longer resolves (hull disposed); content taken from the 2016-11-06 Wayback capture of the official page. Does not record the 1993 strike or 1996 reinstatement administrative events.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ix-520-ix520-01
-
[3]DANFS, 'Allegheny III (ATA-179)' entry [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- Allegheny III (ATA-179) DANFS entry, operational narrative paragraphs
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS documents APL-19's WWII transit: ATA-179 'departed Galveston for Tampa, Fla.... reached her destination on the 28th [October 1944]. Taking the barracks ship APL-19 in tow, the tug sailed for the Panama Canal Zone on 4 November 1944, reaching her destination with her two tows on the 13th.' After transiting the canal and calling at Bora Bora, Finschhafen, and Hollandia, ATA-179 proceeded to Leyte 'with APL-19 and YF-6U in tow, arriving there on 5 February 1945.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-10 - 1945-02
- Population
- Barge crew and embarked repair-force personnel (wartime berthing population)
- Limitations
- Primary official history establishing the hull's delivery voyage and arrival at Leyte 1945-02-05. No asbestos, condition, or materials content. Tug's log-derived narrative; intermediate stops documented, day-to-day employment after arrival not described here.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ix-520-ix520-02
-
[4]Carter, Worrall Reed, 'Beans, Bullets, and Black Oil: The Story of Fleet Logistics Afloat in the Pacific During World War II' (official Navy history, NHHC online reading room), Chapter XXIX 'Support Activities at Leyte-Samar' [other_primary]
- Locator
- Chapter XXIX, section on Naval Operating Base Leyte Gulf (passage following 'On 22 February 1945, Captain J.H. Jacobson... assumed command')
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official Navy logistics history records that 'Assignment of the barracks ships APL-17 and APL-19 to Leyte Gulf proved of great aid in relieving the berthing situation at this critical time' - documenting APL-19's operational role berthing fleet personnel at Naval Operating Base, Leyte Gulf during the 1945 build-up under Commodore J.H. Jacobson.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1945
- Population
- Fleet and repair personnel berthed aboard at Leyte Gulf, 1945
- Limitations
- Establishes berthing-ship function and station at Leyte Gulf in early 1945; does not enumerate which personnel categories were housed aboard, duration of stay at Leyte, or any materials/asbestos content. Official history, secondary synthesis of war diaries - not a contemporaneous document itself.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ix-520-ix520-03
-
[5]DANFS, 'Kalmia III (AT-184/ATA-184)' entry [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- Kalmia III (ATA-184) DANFS entry, operational narrative paragraph
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS documents APL-19's postwar withdrawal from the Philippines: ATA-184 'departed Subic Bay 30 April 1946 with APL-19 in tow. Steaming via Guam and Bikini Atoll, she arrived Pearl Harbor 7 June' 1946 - establishing the hull's return transit from Subic Bay to Pearl Harbor.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1946-04 - 1946-06
- Population
- Barge tow crew (transit)
- Limitations
- Establishes eastbound return transit only; onward movement to the Atlantic/Philadelphia reserve fleet is not covered by this source. No asbestos or materials content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ix-520-ix520-04
-
[6]Naval History and Heritage Command photo catalog records NH 79035 ('USS APL-19... At the Philadelphia Navy Yard, 6 October 1973') and NH 83848 ('USS APL-19... At the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on 10 May 1974') [other_primary]
- Locator
- NHHC photo catalog items NH 79035 and NH 83848 (second URL: .../NH-83000/NH-83848.html)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Two official NHHC catalog records photographically document APL-19 present at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 1973-10-06 and at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on 1974-05-10, corroborating long-term inactive custody at Philadelphia between her 1947 reserve entry and 1993 strike.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1973-1974 (photographed); implies reserve custody period
- Limitations
- Photographic presence records only - establish location and dates, not condition, custody assignment detail, or materials content. NH 83848 courtesy D.M. McPherson (1975); NH 79035 courtesy C.C. Wright (1974). No asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ix-520-ix520-05
-
[7]Historic American Engineering Record, HAER PA-387-B (Naval Base Philadelphia - Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, Drydock No. 2), Index to Photographs, caption PA-387-B-8 (Jet Lowe, summer 1995) [haer]
- Locator
- LOC item pa3418; caption PDF pa3418cap.pdf, index entry PA-387-B-8; data pages pa3418data.pdf
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- HAER documentation of Philadelphia Naval Shipyard Drydock No. 2 includes photograph PA-387-B-8 (summer 1995): 'VIEW SOUTH-SOUTHWEST OF DRYDOCK NO. 2 CAISSON WITH RECEIVING SHIP AND SHIP FS 2 [AFS-2, USS Sylvania] IN BACKGROUND.' NavSource identifies the receiving ship as APL-19, consistent with her reserve custody at Philadelphia and with berthing/receiving-ship use of this hull type.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1995
- Limitations
- The HAER caption does not name the hull - identification as APL-19 rests on NavSource contributor captioning of the same photograph. Treated as ship-specific with reduced confidence on identification; establishes 1995 presence at PNSY, not materials content. No asbestos statement in caption or data pages.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ix-520-ix520-06
-
[8]NavSource Online Service Ship Photo Archive, 'IX-520 ex APL-19 (1944-1996) YF-630' page; corroborated by ShipScribe 'USS APL-2 Class' table (shipscribe.com/usnaux/APL/APL02.html) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource IX-520/APL-19 archive page (chronology + specifications); ShipScribe APL-2 class table row 19 and class notes (contract history)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource and ShipScribe (independent secondary compilations of Naval Vessel Register and BuShips records) concur on events the NVR detail page does not carry: ordered as YF-630 under the Tampa contract for YF-624-633 (1943-11-09), reclassified APL-19 1944-01-07; out of service in reserve by January 1947; stricken 1993-10-26; reinstated as IX-520 1996-08-16; assigned to the CincLantFlt Berthing and Messing Program, berthed at Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, VA; sunk as target east of Norfolk, VA (37 06.3'N, 71 02.5'W, 7,188 ft) 2002-06-13.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-2002
- Population
- B&M program berthing population - duty-section sailors at Norfolk Naval Shipyard, 1996-2001
- Limitations
- SECONDARY COMPILATIONS, not official records - the underlying NVR administrative actions (1993 strike, 1996 reinstatement, B&M assignment) are not directly viewable in the current NVR because the hull is disposed. Two independent compilations concur, and the NVR detail page confirms all surrounding milestones, so confidence is reasonable but not primary-sourced.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ix-520-ix520-07
-
[9]GAO PLRD-81-41, 'Navy's Berthing Facilities and Crewing Practices for Ships Undergoing Overhaul' (1981) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page PLRD-81-41 abstract; Legistorm report summary mirroring GAO digest
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- GAO documented the Navy berthing-barge program that this hull class served: 44 berthing barges in the active inventory circa 1981 with 16 more contracted; the Navy found many older barges (those built in 1944) did not meet habitability standards and were too expensive to modify; fleet commanders preferred barges moored adjacent to ships in overhaul for security, response time, and administrative control.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1978-1981
- Population
- Sailors berthed on overhaul-duty barges (program context)
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation - names no individual hull and contains no asbestos or materials statement; 'habitability standards' refers to accommodations quality, not hazmat content. gao.gov returns HTTP 403 to automated fetches (standing limitation from Batch-01); finding relies on the GAO product-page abstract and Legistorm's published report summary, not the full PDF text.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ix-520-ix520-08
-
[10]GAO HRD-80-2 (B-163375), 'Navy's Efforts to Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure' (1979-10-18) - fieldwork at Long Beach and Norfolk Naval Shipyards [gao]
- Locator
- HRD-80-2 letter text (Navy asbestos-use statements, enclosures I-II) and Norfolk Naval Shipyard program sections
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO's review of Navy asbestos worker protection records the Navy's own position that 'all ships contain some asbestos in such components as clutches and electric cables' and that thermal insulation was 'the Navy's major use of asbestos aboard ships'; that ships were still being delivered with asbestos insulation as late as May 1978; and that Norfolk Naval Shipyard - where IX-520 lay berthed for B&M duty 1996-2001 - operated a formal asbestos control program under an instruction issued March 1978, including monitoring, protective equipment, training, and medical surveillance for asbestos rip-out work.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1977-1979 (survey); vessel context 1996-2001
- Population
- Norfolk Naval Shipyard workers (1978-79 survey period); sailors berthed aboard B&M barges (context)
- Limitations
- Program- and yard-level documentation only - does not name APL-19/IX-520 and does not establish asbestos aboard this hull; establishes the era's asbestos ubiquity in Navy hull construction and that asbestos work was routine at the yard where this barge was berthed. gao.gov blocks automated fetches (403); finding drawn from OCR text of the GAO report PDF obtained locally - canonical product URL cited.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ix-520-ix520-09
-
[11]U.S. EPA, 'Transport of Target Vessels for Ocean Disposal' - MPRSA general permit at 40 C.F.R. 229.2 governing Navy SINKEX; including EPA letter of 1999-08-02 (Wayland to Munsell) interpreting PCB-removal requirements; 2014 EPA-Navy Determination and Agreement; Federal Register notice 78 FR (2013) describing permit terms [other_primary]
- Locator
- EPA program page; 40 C.F.R. 229.2; EPA-Navy agreement document epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-02/documents/3401_1164-c_agreement_between_usepa_sinkex.pdf (scanned); FR-2013-04-05 Doc 2013-07981
- Finding type
- regulatory
- Finding
- IX-520's 2002-06-13 sinking fell under the MPRSA general permit (40 C.F.R. 229.2) and the August 1999 EPA-Navy interpretation then in effect: before sinking, qualified personnel were required to remove to the maximum extent practicable all materials that may degrade the marine environment - fuel, pollutants, detachable debris - and to inventory and remove PCB-containing materials (documented in insulation, wire/cable, felts, and rubber gaskets on older hulls); sinkings at least 50 nm offshore in at least 6,000 ft; and the Navy owes EPA an annual report naming each vessel sunk with tonnage, location, and date.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1999-2002 (framework in force at disposal)
- Limitations
- Regulatory framework only - does not name IX-520 and establishes only the requirements governing her disposal, not what was actually found or removed aboard this hull. The permit's documented hazardous-material focus is PCBs, not asbestos; any ACM removal during SINKEX preparation is not documented for this hull.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ix-520-ix520-10
-
[12]CourtListener API v4 litigation sweep (authenticated helper, 2026-09-29): opinion search "IX-520" = 0 results; "APL-19" = 2 results, both name collisions (Capital Uniform & Linen Service v. Martin, Del. Super. 2017 - workers' compensation appeal; Seafarers Intern. Union v. United States, 891 F. Supp. 641 (D.D.C. 1995) - maritime subsidy case where 'APL' denotes defendant American President Lines, Inc.); docket search "IX-520" = 1 result, name collision (Par Pharmaceutical v. Eagle Pharmaceuticals, D. Del. 2018 - pharmaceutical patent docket token) [court_record]
- Locator
- CourtListener search API type=o and type=r; opinion cluster 4348765 (Capital Uniform), cluster 1667008 (Seafarers, 'APL' = American President Lines throughout opinion text verified via Justia full text)
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- No qualifying asbestos litigation located naming this hull under either designation. All CourtListener hits are name collisions, not vessel references; no opinion or docket naming APL-19 or IX-520 as a naval vessel was found. Searches covered CourtListener opinion and RECAP docket indexes.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 2026-09-29
- Limitations
- Name collisions cannot be fully excluded at snippet level for the Delaware workers'-compensation opinion (scanned PDF, no text layer) - classified collision on subject matter (linen-service wage claimant, Industrial Accident Board appeal), not on confirmed token context. Absence of docketed cases does not prove absence of exposure or of claims - berthing-barge-era personnel claims would typically name the government/contractors rather than the hull.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ix-520-ix520-11
-
[13]Batch-4828 search ledger (this record): NVR detail page (Wayback); NHHC DANFS site search and photo catalog; NavSource and ShipScribe compilations; LOC/HAER PA-387-B; GAO PLRD-81-41 and HRD-80-2; EPA SINKEX/MPRSA program pages; CourtListener opinion+docket sweeps; general web search for press coverage of the 2002 sinking [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-ix-520-ix520-01 through sl-uss-ix-520-ix520-14
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, museum or Navy materials statement, or docketed asbestos case naming APL-19/IX-520 was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). No dedicated DANFS entry exists for this hull (NavSource notes none; NHHC site returns only incidental mentions).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 2026-09-29
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1944 steel hull retained in Navy custody for 57 years, including a 1996 return to berthing service, is era-consistent with asbestos-containing materials. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ix-520-ix520-12
-
[14]NARA Guide to Federal Records: RG 19 (Bureau of Ships) construction/design records; RG 181 (Naval Districts and Shore Establishments) - Norfolk Naval Shipyard and Philadelphia Naval Shipyard records; NARA deck log/service-craft guidance [other_primary]
- Locator
- archives.gov guide-fed-records group pages 019 (BuShips), 181 (districts/shore establishments)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival leads (not retrieved - research-room or reproduction order required; no spend authorized): (1) RG 19 BuShips records for the Tampa Shipbuilding contract group (YF-624-633 / APL-17-22) - plans and outfitting specifications would settle class-era asbestos questions at the design level; (2) RG 181 records of Philadelphia Naval Shipyard (inactive-ship custody 1947-1993) and Norfolk Naval Shipyard/5th Naval District (1996-2001 B&M duty, including any habitability-refit work orders); (3) the Navy's annual SINKEX report to EPA for calendar 2002, which under the MPRSA permit should name this vessel, tonnage, location, and sinking date; (4) EPA Region 3 / EPA HQ marine-protection docket files for pre-sink hazardous-material inventories of this hull if retained.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-2002 records
- Limitations
- Record-group and repository mapping only - no box-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents for this hull is unknown until surveyed. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ix-520-ix520-13
-
[15]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents extensive use of asbestos as fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and emergency-construction program under which this 1944 hull was built - including at Navy and Maritime Commission programs where asbestos supply was prioritized for shipbuilding.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (era context)
- Limitations
- Era/program-level scholarship; does not name this vessel, its class, or Tampa Shipbuilding specifically, and does not establish asbestos aboard this hull, its quantity, location, condition, individual exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-ix-520-ix520-14