Evidence
10 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-10).
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[1]DANFS, 'John Land (AP-167)' (NHHC ship history page; live URL returned 404 on 2026-09-25 - text retrieved via Internet Archive Wayback capture 2024-05-26) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS entry body text and specifications block; canonical NHHC URL https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/j/john-land.html (link-rot standing, cf. BATCH-01)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS/NHHC entry for John Land (AP-167): laid down 14 Nov 1942 at Moore Dry Dock Co., Oakland, CA; launched under Maritime Commission contract 22 Jan 1943 (sponsor Miss Mary K. Tyler); delivered Aug 1943 for conversion at United Engineering Co., San Francisco; acquired and commissioned 8 Apr 1944, Capt. Frederick A. Graf. Specifications block: displacement 6,556; length 459'2"; beam 63'; draft 23'; speed 17 kt; complement 276; armament 1x5", 4x3", 12x20mm; class La Salle; type C2-S-B1. Full wartime narrative: Saipan D-day feint off Garapan and reinforcements; Tinian feint and landing; Peleliu; Leyte (embarked Philippine President Sergio Osmena + MacArthur party transfer from Nashville CL-43, 20 Oct 1944); Lingayen Gulf San Fabian landings 9 Jan 1945; Iwo Jima March 1945; overhaul at Moore Drydock & Shipbuilding Co., Oakland, 24 Apr-22 Jun 1945; Manila run; occupation lift to Wakayama Sep 1945; five Operation Magic Carpet voyages; decommissioned Seattle 5 Aug 1946, returned to Maritime Commission 6 Aug 1946, stricken Oct 1946; sold to Waterman Steamship (Jeff Davis), renamed Sea Comet II 1953, Santa Regina (Grace Lines) 1957, African Gulf 1961, Norberto Capay (Liberty Navigation) 1963; sold for scrap in bankruptcy proceedings 1968. 'John Land received five battle stars for World War II service.' NHHC page revised 8 Feb 2008 by Dr. Timothy L. Francis.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1942-1969
- Population
- Ship's complement 276 (Navy crew) plus embarked troops per voyage
- Limitations
- Establishes identity, construction, wartime service, overhaul event, honors, and disposition chain. Contains no asbestos or insulation-material statement; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-john-land-ap167-01
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[2]U.S. Maritime Administration, ShipHistory database - JOHN LAND (AP-167), Detail 2610, incl. status-card/document scans JohnLand_2610_001-003.pdf [marad_nrc]
- Locator
- MARAD ShipHistory detail page fields, Milestones tab, Documents tab (3 PDFs)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- MARAD ShipHistory database record for JOHN LAND (AP-167), Ship History Detail 2610: U.S. Official No. 244133; year built 1943; shipyard Moore Shipbuilding Company; MARAD type C2; specific type AP Transport; gross tons 6,221; displacement 13,910 t (summer) / 6,556 t (lightweight); length 459.16 ft; beam 63 ft; milestones show MARAD custody Entry and Acquisition both 6 Aug 1946 (NDRF lay-up at Olympia, WA after Navy return); Fate field: 'Sold - No Further Info'. Digitized vessel documents are wartime U.S. Coast Guard Captain of the Port radio-sealing reports (San Francisco, 1943; Eleventh Naval District radio-sealing inspection 1945) - port-security forms confirming identity and wartime operation, containing no asbestos or insulation content.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1943-1946
- Limitations
- Establishes MC hull identity, builder (Moore Shipbuilding Company - resolving the NavSource 'Union Engineering' outlier), dimensions, and 1946 NDRF entry. Milestones are sparse (no sale/scrapping milestones; fate truncated at 'Sold'); digitized documents are radio-sealing forms, not engineering or material records. No asbestos statement.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-john-land-ap167-02
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[3]NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive, USS John Land (AP-167), archive 09/22/22167 [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource AP-167 page: construction/commissioning chronology, campaign table, merchant-service chronology, specifications block, commanding-officer table
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource Service Ship Photo Archive entry for USS John Land (AP-167): campaign table listing six Asiatic-Pacific engagement credits (Saipan; Tinian; southern Palau Islands; Leyte landings Oct + Nov 1944; Lingayen Gulf; Iwo Jima) and 'six battle stars'; merchant-service chronology with exact sale dates - Waterman Steamship Corp. agency agreement 2 Sep 1948, MC sale 29 Sep 1948 (Jeff Davis); Ocean Carriers Apr 1953 (Sea Comet II); Grace Line Aug 1957 (Santa Regina); Farrell Lines 18 Sep 1961 (African Gulf); Liberty Navigation & Trading 23 May 1963 (Norberto Capay); Galicia Steamship 8 Jul 1968; final disposition U.S. Marshal's sale for scrapping at Kaohsiung 18 Mar 1969. Specifications incl. propulsion detail (GE turbine; 2 Foster-Wheeler D-type boilers 450 psi/750 F; 6,000 shp; 16.5 kt trial), complement 33 officers + 349 enlisted, troop accommodations 74 officers + 1,516 enlisted; commanding officers CAPT Frederick A. Graf (8 Apr 1944-24 Apr 1945) and CAPT David J. Studabaker USNR (24 Apr 1945-5 Aug 1946).
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1942-1969
- Population
- NavSource-listed complement 382 and embarked troops up to ~1,590 per voyage (unverified against DANFS)
- Limitations
- Volunteer-maintained naval archive (not a government source); used for granularity DANFS lacks (exact merchant sale dates, propulsion detail, CO roster). Conflicts with primary sources on three points and loses: builder ('Union Engineering Co., San Francisco' vs Moore Dry Dock/Moore Shipbuilding per DANFS+MARAD+Shipscribe), battle stars (six vs five per DANFS), and complement (382 vs 276 per DANFS spec block). Conflicting items are flagged in gaps; non-conflicting detail is used at face value. No asbestos statement.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-john-land-ap167-03
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[4]DANFS, 'John Land (AP-167)' (NHHC ship history page via Wayback capture 2024-05-26) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS entry body, post-Iwo Jima paragraph
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Shipyard period during commissioned service: after returning to San Francisco on 22 Apr 1945, 'the transport shifted to Oakland two days later, where John Land received an overhaul at Moore Drydock & Shipbuilding Co., through 22 June 1945' (DANFS) - an approximately two-month availability at her builder's yard between the Iwo Jima lift and the final wartime transport run.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1945-04-24 to 1945-06-22
- Population
- Overhaul workforce (Moore Drydock, Oakland) and ship's crew, Apr-Jun 1945
- Limitations
- Documents a repair/overhaul event at a WWII-era yard but not its scope or materials; any asbestos disturbance, renewal, or abatement during this availability is undocumented - inference to asbestos work is not made.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-john-land-ap167-04
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[5]In re SS Norberto Capay and SS Galicia Defender, 330 F. Supp. 825 (N.D. Cal. 1970), CourtListener cluster 2126122 [court_record]
- Locator
- 330 F. Supp. 825 at 826-828 (findings of fact 1-5; conclusions of law 1-3)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Federal in-rem litigation reached this hull under her merchant name: In re SS Norberto Capay and SS Galicia Defender, 330 F. Supp. 825 (N.D. Cal., Aug. 13, 1970, Wollenberg, D.J.; No. 49228). Memorandum opinion sustained First National City Bank's maritime liens under the Federal Maritime Lien Act (46 U.S.C. sec. 971): $5,600 in travelers' checks issued by Capt. Edward Moda to crew members of SS Norberto Capay as wage advances June 14-Jul 27, 1967 (plus $17,130 for SS Galicia Defender), against the mortgagee Marine Midland Grace Trust Co. - wage advances held 'necessaries' within the Act. Linkage to AP-167: the same merchant-name chain (Liberty Navigation's Norberto Capay) stated in DANFS and NavSource.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1967-1970
- Population
- Crew of SS Norberto Capay receiving wage advances Jun-Jul 1967
- Limitations
- LITIGATION-STAGE CLASSIFICATION: merits adjudication of maritime-lien priority - NOT asbestos litigation and contains no asbestos, insulation, or exposure content. Admissible here only as ship-specific disposition/identity evidence for the hull's Liberty Navigation-era operation (crew wage advances 1967) and the lien-proceeding path to the 1968-69 marshal's sale.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-john-land-ap167-05
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[6]Everett Steamship Corp. v. Liberty Navigation & Trading Co., 486 F.2d 462 (9th Cir. 1973), CourtListener cluster 8904053 [court_record]
- Locator
- Caption and lead opinion (Solomon, D.J., sitting by designation); Trask, C.J., dissenting on jurisdiction
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Ninth Circuit litigation in the same lien-collapse proceeding names this hull's final identity: Everett Steamship Corp. v. Liberty Navigation & Trading Co., 486 F.2d 462 (9th Cir. 1973; No. 71-1009), caption 'SS GALICIA LEE, ex SS NORBERTO CAPAY, her engines, tackle, etc.' among consolidated in-rem defendants; opinion describes the June 24, 1968 seizure of the Liberty/Galicia fleet at the Port of Oakland in an in-rem action by West Coast Ship Chandlers and others, and vessel sales to pay maritime liens - the proceeding through which this hull (renamed Galicia Lee under Galicia Steamship, Jul 1968) reached the 1969 marshal's sale for scrapping at Kaohsiung.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1968-1973
- Limitations
- LITIGATION-STAGE CLASSIFICATION: appellate disposition on maritime-lien/jurisdictional grounds - NOT asbestos litigation and contains no asbestos, insulation, or exposure content. The merits opinion principally concerns sister vessel Galicia Defender; this hull's inclusion is via the consolidated caption ('SS Galicia Lee, ex SS Norberto Capay'). Used only to document final identity and disposal path.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-john-land-ap167-06
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[7]Fleischer, W.E., Viles, F.J. Jr., Gade, R.L., and Drinker, P., 'A Health Survey of Pipe Covering Operations in Constructing Naval Vessels,' J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 28(1):9-16 (Jan 1946), PMID 21016030 [other_primary]
- Locator
- J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 28:9-16 (1946), introductory text and Tables 1-2 (OCR'd scan consulted)
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- USMC-commissioned industrial-hygiene survey of WWII naval-vessel construction (Fleischer, Viles, Gade & Drinker, 1946) documents that 'an important ingredient of pipe covering material used on U.S. Navy vessels is amosite' asbestos felt and pipe covering, and that 'much asbestos cloth and asbestos cement were likewise used'; pipe coverers at two Government Navy yards and two Navy contract yards (anonymized A-D) were X-rayed and dust-counted across seven pipe-covering operations (layout/cutting, band-saw cutting, cement mixing, installation, molding, sewing/stuffing, storeroom).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- WWII construction era; survey published Jan 1946
- Population
- Pipe coverers/insulators at WWII U.S. Navy and Navy-contract shipyards (surveyed group; hull not named)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level survey: survey yards are anonymized and no vessel, class, or hull is named; establishes standard asbestos materials in WWII USN ship construction (amosite felt/pipe covering, asbestos cloth, asbestos cement) but NOT presence aboard this hull. C&EN (July 2026) reported a retraction call for this paper alleging understatement of asbestos hazard - noted per shipyard dataset; the era-level product identification is nonetheless the period record itself. No quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation established for AP-167.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-john-land-ap167-07
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[8]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and program under which this C2-S-B1 hull was built (1942-43) and Navy-converted (1943-44) - and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization aboard merchant-type and auxiliary hulls.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level scholarly documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel and does not establish that asbestos was or remained aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-john-land-ap167-08
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[9]Batch-2094 search ledger (this record): DANFS/NHHC (Wayback), MARAD ShipHistory 2610 + documents, NavSource 09/22/22167, Shipscribe AP-102 class page, CourtListener opinion/docket searches, web asbestos queries [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-john-land-ap167-01 through sl-uss-john-land-ap167-12
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or docketed asbestos case naming the AP-167 hull (or its merchant names Jeff Davis, Sea Comet II, Santa Regina, African Gulf, Norberto Capay, Galicia Lee) was found in the sources searched - DANFS/NHHC contains no asbestos statement; MARAD record and digitized vessel documents (1943/1945 radio-sealing reports) contain none; CourtListener opinion searches returned zero hits for 'USS John Land', thirteen non-ship collisions for 'AP-167' (docket-number patterns and person names), two non-vessel hits for '"John Land" asbestos' (Swiech v. City of Lackawanna - attorney 'John Land of counsel'; Linster v. Allied Signal - Philadelphia Naval Shipyard 1966-1979 asbestos case naming Iowa/New Jersey/Wisconsin/Saratoga/Adams; 'John Land' is a scoring artifact, the phrase does not appear in the opinion text), and three non-asbestos maritime-lien hits for 'Norberto Capay' (see search_ledger).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 2026-09-25
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1943 C2-S-B1 conversion with a 450 psi/750 deg F steam plant is era-consistent with asbestos-containing insulation, and the hull was scrapped in 1969 before survey/abatement regimes existed. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-john-land-ap167-09
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[10]NARA RG 19 / RG 178 record groups (lead); NHHC photo archive NH 98730, NH 83399; project shipyards.json record moore-dry-dock-oakland (internal cross-reference) [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-john-land-ap167-11, -12
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival leads not retrieved: NARA RG 19 (Bureau of Ships) AP-conversion/fitting records and RG 178 (U.S. Maritime Commission) files for MC hull 294 would hold original construction/conversion insulation specifications for this hull; NHHC photo archive holds NH 98730 and NH 83399 (San Francisco Bay, 1945-46). Separately, the project's shipyard dataset documents era-level asbestos products at Moore Dry Dock Co., Oakland (builder and 1945 overhaul yard; Fleischer-Drinker-era pipe covering plus independent trust site-list corroboration) - yard-level documentation, not hull evidence.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Limitations
- Leads only - contents unreviewed; nothing asserted from them. Yard-level asbestos documentation for Moore Dry Dock does not transfer to hull-level findings for AP-167.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-john-land-ap167-10