Evidence
12 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-12).
-
[1]research packet mq-packet.md (3 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED (mirror-sourced)
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Limitations
- qualifier: VERIFIED (mirror-sourced)
- Evidence ID
- uss-kangaroo-ix121-pkt-mq-packet-md
-
[2]Naval History and Heritage Command, DANFS, 'Kangaroo' II (IX-121) - live history.navy.mil URLs 404 (same NHHC link-rot pattern as Batch 01); verbatim text verified via 2010-12-07 Wayback capture of history.navy.mil/danfs/k1/kangaroo-ii.htm [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS 'Kangaroo' II entry, full text + ship-data line
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS (NHHC, 'Kangaroo' II): tanker Paul Tulane laid down under Maritime Commission contract 28 September 1943 at New Orleans, La., by Delta Shipbuilding Co.; renamed Kangaroo 27 October 1943; launched 6 November 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Rufus C. Harris; acquired by the Navy on a bareboat basis 17 December and commissioned 20 December 1943, Lt. G. D. Lawson in command. Service: shakedown in the Gulf of Mexico; departed Guantanamo Bay 24 January 1944, transited Panama Canal 28 January, arrived Noumea, New Caledonia 1 March; assigned to Service Force Pacific as replacement for Stag (IX-128); departed for Guadalcanal 21 March, arrived 26 March, and spent the next 5 months fueling ships in the Solomons; departed Tulagi 10 September, loaded fuel oil in the Tonga Islands, delivered at Noumea 5 October; 7 months as shuttle and station tanker carrying bunker oil from Fiji and Tonga to the New Hebrides and New Caledonia; after repairs in New Zealand, departed Auckland 6 June to load fuel oil at American Samoa; fueled in the Solomons, Eniwetok, and Western Carolines; arrived Buckner Bay, Okinawa 14 August as station tanker. Pacific totals: over 20,000 miles steamed, more than 38,000,000 gallons of fuel oil hauled, more than 80 ships refueled (10 carriers, 34 destroyers, 20 troop transports, 12 cargo ships, plus merchantmen, storage barges, oilers, and tank farms). Departed Okinawa 2 February 1946; Panama Canal 9 March; Norfolk 30 April after a six-week anchorage at Lynnhaven Roads and Hampton Roads; decommissioned 13 May and turned over the following day to the Maritime Commission for disposal. Ship-data line: dp. 3,665; l. 441'6"; b. 56'11"; dr. 28'4"; s. 11 k.; cpl. 79; a. 1 5", 1 3"; cl. Armadillo; T. Z-ET1-S-C3.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-1946
- Population
- Crew (complement 79) aboard, 1943-1946
- Limitations
- Authoritative for identity, Navy service chronology, and decommission/turnover dates. DANFS does not give a strike date ('turned over ... for disposal' 14 May 1946 only) - the 21 May strike date rests on shipscribe (see ev-04). DANFS gives no asbestos, insulation, or materials data.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kangaroo-ix121-01
-
[3]Patrick Clancey (comp.), 'Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940-1945: IX-121 USS Kangaroo,' HyperWar/ibiblio transcription of official ship lists [other_primary]
- Locator
- IX-121 stats card, full page
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- HyperWar transcription 'Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940-1945 - IX-121 USS Kangaroo': Unclassified Vessel; displacement 3,665 tons; length 442'; beam 57'; draft 28'; speed 11 knots; armament 1 5"/38 DP, 1 3"/50 DP, 8 20mm; complement 79; used for: Tanker; built at Delta Shipbuilding, New Orleans, La., and commissioned 20 December 1943 - corroborating wartime-era listing of the hull, including dual-purpose specification of the two main guns.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1940-1945 listing era
- Limitations
- Transcription site of official-era listings, not a primary scan; rounded dimensions differ trivially from DANFS (442' vs 441'6") - no substantive conflict. No asbestos, materials, or crew content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kangaroo-ix121-02
-
[4]U.S. Maritime Administration, ShipHistory database - PAUL TULANE, Detail 3802; SAN PABLO name-search candidates Details 10341, 6283, 12472 reviewed and excluded [marad_nrc]
- Locator
- ShipHistory Detail 3802, milestone table and vessel-name-history block; name-search result pages
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- MARAD ShipHistory database record 'PAUL TULANE' (Detail 3802): U.S. Official No. 244681; year built 1943; shipyard 'Delta Ship Building Company'; gross 7,218 tons; fate 'Sold - No Further Info'; milestones show government custody Entry and Acquisition both 5/14/1946 - matching the DANFS statement that the ship was turned over to the Maritime Commission the day after decommissioning. No status cards, documents, plans, or images on file; name search on the hull's later identities (MOSTANK, NIBORIO, SEABRAVE) returned no MARAD records, and the three SAN PABLO records (Details 10341, 6283, 12472) are different vessels (built 1920 Mobile, 1915 Workman Clark, 1946 Bethlehem-Sparrows Point) - the hull never re-entered government custody after the 1948 sale.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1946-1948
- Limitations
- Authoritative for government-custody milestones. Internal inconsistency: the record mis-types the hull as MARAD type EC2-S-C1 / 422.8 ft, while DANFS and shipscribe carry the correct Z-ET1-S-C3 / 441.5 ft - the latter adopted (same mis-typing pattern observed in the Armadillo class record set). Contains no asbestos, materials, or condition-survey information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kangaroo-ix121-03
-
[5]Stephen S. Roberts, 'USS Armadillo (IX-111) Class,' Shipscribe.com U.S. Navy auxiliary ships database (compiled from BuShips/Navy Department and MARAD records) [other_primary]
- Locator
- IX111.html Construction table row 121; Disposition table row 121; Ship Notes row 121
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Shipscribe (S.S. Roberts) ARMADILLO (IX-111) class page, hull-level construction/disposition tables name IX-121: builder Delta SB, keel 28 Sep 43, launch 6 Nov 43, acquired 17 Dec 43, commissioned 20 Dec 43; decommissioned 13 May 46, struck 21 May 46, disposal 14 May 46 (MC/D - to Maritime Commission for disposal), MA sale 3 May 48. Ship note (MC hull 1923): 'Ex merc. PAUL TULANE. Merc. PAUL TULANE (MC) 1946, MOSTANK 1948. Converted to dry cargo ship NIBORIO 1954. Scrapped 1968 as SAN PABLO.' The table separates the 21 May strike from the 14 May turnover, resolving the conflation in NavSource/Naval Cover Museum ('struck ... 14 May 1946').
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-1969
- Limitations
- Scholarly compilation from official records, not a scanned primary document; construction and decommission dates corroborated by DANFS, custody date by MARAD milestones. The 21 May 46 strike date is adopted over the 14 May date printed by NavSource/Naval Cover Museum; conflict flagged in gaps. The ship-note's 1968 scrapping year conflicts with NavSource's March 1969 Kaohsiung date - also in gaps. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kangaroo-ix121-04
-
[6]Stephen S. Roberts, 'USS Armadillo (IX-111) Class,' Shipscribe.com - Class Notes (AVB report of 12 Oct 43; CNO instruction of 15 Oct 43; BuShips hose-fitting specification) [other_primary]
- Locator
- IX111.html Class Notes paragraph + header machinery line
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Shipscribe class notes (program-level): FY 1944; on 12 Oct 43 the Auxiliary Vessels Board recommended acquiring 20 new Liberty tankers (identified by MCE hull number) for floating storage at advanced Pacific bases; CNO instructions of 15 Oct 43 stated no conversion was authorized or necessary - the ships were to be armed and furnished with 20 lengths of 4-inch and 6 lengths of 6-inch filling hose for transferring fuel to other ships; shakedown was to be the minimum required for safe passage to destination; tentative plans designated some Delta-built hulls 'clean' tankers (gasoline/diesel) and others 'dirty' (fuel oil). Class machinery line: '1 screw, vertical triple expansion,' 2,500 HP; class complement 70 (1944).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-1944 acquisition program
- Population
- Armadillo-class crews and serviced-ship crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation covering all 18 hulls including this one - establishes the floating-storage mission and that no conversion was undertaken, meaning the hull entered Navy service carrying as-built merchant-specification materials (relevant to, but not proof of, era-typical insulation content). Does not name this hull in the notes themselves and contains no asbestos statement.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kangaroo-ix121-05
-
[7]NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive, USS Kangaroo (IX-121), arch. 09/46/46121 (volunteer-compiled from official and merchant registers) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource IX-121 page header, awards table, and Commercial Service section - site refuses automated fetch (HTTP 406/.org connection failure); content verified via search-index excerpts quoting the page verbatim
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource Service Ship Photo Archive, USS Kangaroo (IX-121) page: Armadillo Class Mobile Station Tanker listing gives MCE hull 1929 (conflicts with shipscribe's 1923 - flagged in gaps), confirms construction/commissioning dates and commanding officer (Lt. G. D. Lawson); awards table assigns the American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, and Navy Occupation Service Medal with Asia clasp; commercial-service chronology: sold 3 May 1948 to Federal Motorship Corp., renamed SS Mostank; sold 1950 to a Norwegian owner (reflagged Norway); sold December 1954 to Seaforth S.S. Corp., renamed SS Seabrave (Panamanian flag); converted to dry cargo carrier 1954 at Schiedam, Netherlands, renamed SS Niborio; Greek-owned SS Andros Seafarer; Caroline Navigation Inc., Panama - SS San Pablo; Narrows Navigation Inc., Panama (1966); scrapped March 1969 at Kaohsiung, Taiwan; laid up 1946 at NDRF James River Group, Lee Hall, VA.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-1969
- Limitations
- Volunteer-compiled secondary source, not an official record - used for award specificity and merchant-chain detail, all of which corroborates DANFS/MARAD/shipscribe at overlapping points. Internally inconsistent ordering in the merchant chain (a Greek sale dated 1967 is printed before a 1963 Panamanian sale) and conflicts with shipscribe on the MCE hull number (1929 vs 1923) and scrapping year (Mar 1969 vs 1968) - all flagged in gaps. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kangaroo-ix121-06
-
[8]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and program under which this hull was built (1943, emergency Maritime Commission construction) - and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization, concentrated in machinery and piping insulation of steam-driven vessels.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level scholarly documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel and does not establish that asbestos was aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kangaroo-ix121-07
-
[9]U.S. Maritime Commission, Instruction Manual for Operating and Maintaining 2500 H.P. Triple Expansion Marine Steam Engines, EC2-S-C1 Cargo Vessels (mirrored excerpt) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Mirrored excerpt, engine-cylinder insulation section
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- The Z-ET1-S-C3 'Liberty tanker' was built on the emergency Liberty program and carried the same 2,500-hp vertical triple-expansion machinery family as the EC2-S-C1. The U.S. Maritime Commission operating manual for that plant describes cylinder insulation of magnesia under sheet-iron lagging; insulation products of this era were commonly manufactured with asbestos fiber, and period steam-system gaskets, packing, and insulation felts commonly contained asbestos. Liberty-type hulls were built during the period when the federal government had reserved asbestos supply for shipbuilding.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943
- Population
- Construction trades (Delta Shipbuilding, New Orleans, 1943); engine-room crew
- Limitations
- Design-family documentation, not a hull record - the manual is titled for EC2-S-C1 cargo vessels and does not name this vessel or the Z-ET1-S-C3 tanker derivative; application to this hull is machinery-family inference (same 2,500-hp triple-expansion plant) and does not itself state 'asbestos' content. Does not establish quantity or present-day presence (hull scrapped 1968-69).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kangaroo-ix121-08
-
[10]National Archives and Records Administration, 'Special List 44 - Named Vessels' (WWII deck-log index), row 'Kangaroo (IX-121) 12/20/1943 - 6/30/1945' [other_primary]
- Locator
- Special List 44 named-vessels table, Kangaroo (IX-121) row
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival lead (not retrieved - requires research-room or reproduction order; no spend authorized): NARA 'Special List 44 - Named Vessels' lists KANGAROO (IX-121) deck logs with coverage 12/20/1943 - 6/30/1945, i.e., nearly the full commissioned wartime period. BuShips/USMC design files for the Z-ET1-S-C3 type and Service Force Pacific records may document materials and outfit specifications; postwar MARAD custody files may hold condition surveys for the James River lay-up.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-1945 records
- Limitations
- Index-level confirmation that deck logs exist for this hull - no box-level retrieval performed; whether any asbestos-relevant document exists is unknown until surveyed. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kangaroo-ix121-09
-
[11]CourtListener API v4 search (opinion type=o), authenticated, 2026-09-29 [court_record]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-kangaroo-ix121-07 through sl-uss-kangaroo-ix121-09
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- CourtListener searches (authenticated API v4, opinion index): '"USS Kangaroo"' returned 0 hits - a clean negative; '"IX-121"' returned 9 hits, all name collisions (the token appears as docket/exhibit/MDL identifiers in unrelated matters: Starr International v. United States, Central City Education Ass'n, Chicago Principals Ass'n, Joseph Delgreco & Co. v. DLA Piper, Kellogg v. Wyeth, Linda Woodman v. State, United States v. Altamirano, In re Air Crash Disaster MDL 391); '"Paul Tulane"' returned 30 hits, all name collisions with Tulane University / Tulane Educational Fund litigation (e.g., Howard v. Administrators of Tulane Ed. Fund, Guillory v. Administrators of Tulane University) - none naming any vessel or asbestos. No qualifying hull-specific asbestos case located.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 2026-09-29
- Limitations
- CourtListener coverage is not exhaustive - state trial courts, settled/undocketed claims, and pre-digital-era filings are absent; a null result limits to 'no qualifying case located in this index,' not 'no litigation ever existed.' Bare 'Kangaroo' (dominated by the 'kangaroo court' idiom) and merchant-name/docket queries were not separately enumerated this session where the pacing budget interposed - logged in search_ledger; the qualified vessel-name and hull-number queries that ran returned no qualifying case.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kangaroo-ix121-10
-
[12]Batch-4690 search ledger (this record): NHHC/DANFS (Wayback), HyperWar ship lists, NavSource, MARAD ShipHistory (record + name searches), Shipscribe class file, NARA Special List 44, CourtListener opinion queries [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-kangaroo-ix121-01 through sl-uss-kangaroo-ix121-11
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, court opinion, or docketed case naming IX-121, USS Kangaroo, or the hull's merchant identities (Paul Tulane / Mostank / Seabrave / Niborio / Andros Seafarer / San Pablo, Official No. 244681) was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). The hull was scrapped in Taiwan in 1968-69, so no extant-vessel survey or museum-condition pathway exists.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 2026-09-29
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1943 steam-driven Liberty-type hull built under emergency USMC contract is era-consistent with asbestos insulation, and the no-conversion acquisition directive means as-built materials were carried into Navy service. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kangaroo-ix121-11