USS Kenmore (AP-162)

Evidence

15 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-15).

1. [1]DANFS, 'Kenmore' entry (NHHC online edition, 2015-07-28) - live canonical URL returned 404 on 2026-09-21 and again on 2026-09-25, and no Wayback capture of the danfs/k/kenmore page exists; entry text verified via its verbatim public-domain transcription at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Kenmore_(AK-221) (explicitly incorporating the DANFS text; transcription re-verified verbatim 2026-09-25) and cross-verified against the official NHHC Online Library narrative (ev-02) and the MARAD/shipscribe date records [nhhc_danfs]

   Locator

   Canonical NHHC slug pattern danfs/k/kenmore-ii.html and danfs/k/kenmore.html both 404 on 2026-09-21 and 2026-09-25; Wayback availability API shows no captures of either; DANFS text via Wikipedia transcription (Bibliography: 'Kenmore,' Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, NHHC, 28 July 2015) - re-verified verbatim 2026-09-25

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   DANFS-derived ship history for Kenmore (AP-162/AK-221), NHHC 'Kenmore' entry (NHHC online edition, published 2015-07-28). Construction: laid down 8 May 1943 under Maritime Commission contract (MC hull No. 1664) as the Liberty ship SS James H. McClintock by California Shipbuilding Corp., Terminal Island, Los Angeles, Calif.; launched 30 May 1943; sponsored by Mrs. T. J. Bluechel; renamed Kenmore 27 October 1943; acquired by the Navy and commissioned 14 November 1943, Lt. Comdr. O. H. Pitts in command. Service narrative: loaded cargo and departed Oakland 22 November 1943, arriving Pearl Harbor 1 December; after repairs at Pearl Harbor prepared for the Marshall Islands invasion and departed Hawaii 25 January 1944, arriving off Majuro Atoll nine days later with troops and equipment of the attacking force; returned to Pearl Harbor 21 February and embarked garrison troops for the Gilbert Islands, debarking them at Tarawa in March; after shuttling troops between the Gilberts and Hawaii, departed Honolulu 29 May for Kwajalein (staging area for the Marianas invasion), loaded troops of the 106th Infantry, and arrived with the amphibious force in the assault area off Saipan 20 June; remained until 8 July unloading cargo and equipment; through the summer transported troops among the Marshalls, Marianas, and Hawaii. Reclassified AK-221 on 20 August 1944; stood out of Honolulu 25 September with cargo and reinforcements for the Palau Islands via Eniwetok, arriving 'Kossal' [Kossol] Roads 29 October; supplied the Pacific islands with men and equipment for the next six months; departed Ulithi 20 April 1945 with reinforcements for the Okinawa campaign, arriving six days later; in the closing days of the war shuttled troops between California and the Pacific islands; after hostilities ended 15 August assigned to Operation 'Magic Carpet,' making two cruises between the islands, China, and San Francisco, arriving with her final group 15 December. Remained at San Francisco, decommissioned there 1 February 1946 and delivered to the Maritime Commission for lay-up, her name reverting to James H. McClintock; struck from the Naval Register 25 February 1946. Sold 13 February 1973 to Chi Shun Hua Steel Company Ltd. for $185,150; physically removed from the Reserve Fleet 26 March 1973. Two battle stars for WWII service.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   1943-1946

   Population

   Ship's company (see complement field - 198/206/214 figures vary by source); embarked troops per passage (up to ~1,050 passenger capacity per status card); construction trades at CalShip; conversion workers at the unidentified WSA conversion yard

   Limitations

   Authoritative ship-history text; contains no asbestos, insulation-material, or hazardous-material statement - supports no asbestos claim. Text verified at mirror level (Wikipedia verbatim transcription + NHHC Online Library narrative + NavSource date table all consistent); the live canonical NHHC URL is dead and unarchived - re-location is a standing defect. 'Kossal Roads' is the DANFS text's spelling for Kossol Roads, Palau. Does not name the conversion yard or state material scope of any conversion work.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-kenmore-ap162-01

2. [2]Naval Historical Center, Online Library of Selected Images - 'USS Kenmore (AP-162, later AK-221), 1943-1946' page (official NHHC photo-history publication mirrored at ibiblio.org/hyperwar) [nhhc_danfs]

   Locator

   Page narrative (fetched directly 2026-09-21, re-fetched verbatim 2026-09-25) + photo captions NH 98732 / NH 78569

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   NHHC Online Library of Selected Images ship page (Naval Historical Center official publication, ibiblio/HyperWar mirror): 'USS Kenmore was built as the Liberty ship James H. McClintock at Wilmington, California, completed in June 1943, converted by the War Shipping Administration to carry about 1,000 troops, renamed in October, and acquired and commissioned by the Navy in November. She arrived at Pearl Harbor in December and prepared there for the invasion of the Marshalls. In early February, a few days after the atoll was taken, she arrived off Majuro with troops and equipment for the assault force. After shuttling troops between Pearl Harbor and the Gilberts, Kenmore arrived off Saipan in June with the initial assault force for the Marianas campaign. She then transported troops among the Marshalls, Marianas, and Hawaii. Similar in configuration and function to some Liberty cargo ships of the Crater (AK-70) class, Kenmore was reclassified AK-221 in August 1944. She continued to shuttle troops and cargo within the Pacific theater through the end of the war. After the Japanese agreed to surrender in August 1945, Kenmore carried out two voyages under Operation "Magic Carpet," returning veterans from the Pacific theater of war to San Francisco in October and December 1945. She was decommissioned at San Francisco, stricken from the Navy List, and returned to the Maritime Commission in February 1946. Placed in the Maritime Commission's reserve fleet, she was sold for scrapping in 1973.' Page lists two photographs: NH 98732 (San Francisco Bay, late 1945 or early 1946, donation of BM1 Robert G. Tippins USN Ret., 2003) and NH 78569 (circa 1945).

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   1943-1973

   Population

   Embarked troops (~1,000 capacity per the NHHC narrative); ship's company

   Limitations

   Official Naval Historical Center text; documents the WSA ~1,000-troop conversion as an event (conversion yard and material scope not stated). Contains no asbestos or materials information - supports no asbestos claim. The 'reclassified AK-221 in August 1944' framing is corroborated by DANFS (20 August) and the status card.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-kenmore-ap162-02

3. [3]U.S. Maritime Administration, ShipHistory database - JAMES H. McCLINTOCK, Ship History Detail 2405 (registry block, milestones, Vessel Name History) + KENMORE (AK-221 / AP-62) name-history stub Detail 12582 [marad_nrc]

   Locator

   ShipHistory Detail 2405 registry block + milestone table + Vessel Name History; name-history stub /ShipHistory/Detail/12582 (both re-fetched verbatim 2026-09-25)

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   MARAD ShipHistory database record for JAMES H. McCLINTOCK, ShipHistory Detail 2405: year built 1943; official number 243590; shipyard California Shipbuilding Corporation; general type General Cargo, specific type Break Bulk; MARAD type EC2-S-C1; ship length 441.50 ft; beam 57.00 ft; net tons 4380.00; gross tons 7176.00; cargo capacity 499573.00 sq ft; draft summer 27.60; fate 'Transferred - U.S. Govt.'; milestones Entry 2/1/1946, Acquisition 2/1/1946, Disposition 3/26/1973, Withdrawl [sic] 3/26/1973; mission World War II. Vessel Name History links JAMES H. McCLINTOCK <-> KENMORE (AK-221 / AP-62) - the registry's own name-history print reads 'AP-62' where AP-162 is correct (see correction row); the linked name-history record is Detail 12582, a stub carrying 'KENMORE (AK-221 / AP-62)', year built 1942, type 'APA Attack Transport', and fate 'Sold - Scrap' - all three particulars wrong for this hull (see correction row).

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   1943-1973

   Limitations

   Authoritative for government custody/registration data; contains no asbestos, materials, or condition information. The 'AP-62' and 'APA Attack Transport' prints in the registry's name-history fields are data-entry errors flagged in the correction row - the underlying status cards themselves print 'KENMORE (AK-221)' correctly. Detail 12582 is a stub with no cards or milestones; Detail 2405 is the operative record.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-kenmore-ap162-03

4. [4]U.S. Maritime Administration, ShipHistory Detail 2405 digitized vessel file - typed status card 3DH_01.png, reserve-fleet vessel-data card 2405_4486AF.jpg, card fragment 2405_4486AB.jpg, and two USCG Captain-of-the-Port radio-seal reports (documents JamesHMcClintock_2405_001.pdf, _002.pdf) [marad_nrc]

   Locator

   Status Cards tab (3DH_01.png, 2405_4486AF.jpg, 2405_4486AB.jpg - re-downloaded and re-read as images 2026-09-25, verbatim match to batch-893 transcription); Documents tab (JamesHMcClintock_2405_001.pdf, _002.pdf - read by batch-893 via pdftotext + visual check 2026-09-21; document links confirmed live 2026-09-25)

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   Digitized Maritime Commission records for JAMES H. McCLINTOCK (former KENMORE, AK-221), O.N. 243590, MCE hull 1664, EC2, read ship-specifically: (a) Typed vessel status card (3DH_01.png) - 'Type CARGO', 'F.B. 288.T EC2', 'D.W.T. 10,590c', gross 7176, net 4380, bale 499,573 cu ft, grain 562,608 cu ft, speed 12.5; 'Hull No. 1664 Built by California S.B. Corp. At Los Angeles, Cal. Completed 6/12/43'; 'Basis to W.S.A. 6/12/43 10:00 AM PWT @ Los Angeles, Cal.'; operator rows: 'R. A. Nicol & Co. / GAA / Los Angeles, Cal. / 6/12/43 10:00 AM PWT'; 'Amer. President Lines, Ltd. / GAA / Oakland, Cal. / 7/15/43 10:00 AM PWT'; 'Navy Dept. (Renamed KENMORE (AK-221)) / B.B. / Alameda, Cal. / 11/14/43 2:00 PM PWT' (bareboat charter - 'Purch.' printed form struck through); 'Laid Up Fleet / Lay Up / Suisun B., Cal. / 2-1-46 12:30PM'; 'Chi Shun Hua Steel Company Ltd. for scrapping in Taiwan / Purch. / 2-13-73'; 'Physical Delivery / 3-26-73 3:30pmPST'. (b) Reserve-fleet vessel-data card (2405_4486AF.jpg) - present name James H. McClintock, former 'Kenmore + AK 221'; type 'Trooper EC2', 'Pass. Cap. 1050'; fleet 'Suisun' (W.C.); DWT 10,572; built 'Calship 1943'; date entered fleet 2-1-46; hull no. field '1212' (fleet notation, distinct from MCE 1664 - partial legibility); 'Repair damage over $100,000, per Mar AD - Navy Planning Group Sept. 23, 1953' (damage-in-fleet note - cause/scope not stated); fuel oil on entry '1,623 Bunker C' (bbls); red stamp 'Sold scrap under PD-X-953, 2-13-73 to Chi Shun Hua Steel Company Ltd. for $185,150.'; termination port of last voyage 'San Francisco'; dimensions 422.8 x 57 x 34.8; 'Date Withdrawn / Delivered To 1530 PST 3-26-73'. (c) Card fragment (2405_4486AB.jpg) - 'Tonnage: 7176 Gr. / 4380 Net / Draft: 27' 8-7/8" / 2500 IHP / 2 WTB' (2 water-tube boilers - corroborating the steam plant). (d) Two digitized U.S. Coast Guard Captain-of-the-Port radio-sealing/arrival reports (JamesHMcClintock_2405_001.pdf, _002.pdf): one dated mid-October 1943 covering the vessel as McClintock (steamship, Pier 16) - operator line partially legible; the second a 15 June 1945 arrival report. Wartime radio-custody/customs forms; no materials content.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   1943-1973

   Population

   Merchant crews under R. A. Nicol & Co. and American President Lines (Jun-Nov 1943); Navy crew (Nov 1943 - Feb 1946); NDRF Suisun Bay caretakers (1946-1973); Chi Shun Hua breaking-yard workers, Taiwan (1973)

   Limitations

   Primary custody documents - highest-resolution source for the ownership/operator chain and disposal. Documents (1) a five-month WSA merchant phase (R. A. Nicol then APL under GAA) before Navy acquisition, (2) the Navy held the hull on bareboat charter only - ownership stayed with the Maritime Commission throughout, (3) the 'Trooper EC2 / Pass. Cap. 1050' entry corroborates the ~1,000-1,200 troop conversion at hull level, (4) a documented 'Repair damage over $100,000' event noted 1953-09-23 with no cause or scope stated, (5) steam plant ('2 WTB', 2500 IHP, Bunker C fuel) - not diesel. Contains no asbestos, materials, or condition-survey information; supports no asbestos claim. DWT printed 10,590c (typed card) vs 10,572 (fleet card) - variance flagged, not reconciled. The two USCG PDFs were transcribed by batch-893 (2026-09-21); not re-pulled this session - document links confirmed live.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-kenmore-ap162-04

5. [5]Shipscribe U.S. Navy auxiliary ships data sheets, 'USS Kenmore (AP-162) Class' page (Stephen S. Roberts compilation from Navy registers, Auxiliary Vessels Board records, BuShips/SCB design files, and MARAD files) [other_primary]

   Locator

   AP-162 class page: characteristics block; construction table (AP-162 row); disposition table (AP-162 row); class notes (Auxiliary Vessels Board 30 Sep 43 report, Com-12 16 Oct note, Board 22 Oct 43 recommendation, Aug 1944 reclassification rationale, 6 Mar 45 LIVINGSTON advisory, Roland Charles 33-ship troop-conversion count); ship notes (AP-162 row, MCE 1664) - re-fetched verbatim 2026-09-25

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   Ship-design compilation naming this hull as lead ship of the Kenmore (AP-162) class tables: characteristics - design MC EC2-S-C1; displacement 4,846 light / 12,350 lim.; dimensions 441.5' oa, 416.0' wl x 56.9' e x 24.5' lim.; original armament '1-5"/51 4-3"/50 8-20mm (AP-162 & 165)'; complement 214 (1944); speed 12.8 kts; propulsion 2,500 HP; machinery 'Vert 3-exp, 1 screw'. Construction row - AP-162 KENMORE, acquired 14 Nov 43, builder California SB, keel 8 May 43, launched 30 May 43, commissioned 14 Nov 43. Disposition row - decommissioned 1 Feb 46, struck 25 Feb 46, disposal 1 Feb 46, fate MC, MA sale 13 Feb 73. Ship note - 'Ex merc. JAMES H. McCLINTOCK (completed 12 Jun 43). To AK-221 20 Aug 44. To NDRF 1946 as merc. JAMES H. McCLINTOCK. To buyer 26 Mar 73.' Class notes - the Auxiliary Vessels Board reported 30 Sep 43 that CinCPac had requested in a September secret dispatch that 15 Liberty (EC2) ships be converted for Navy use, five to transport about 1,000 men each and ten as cargo ships with Construction Battalion accommodations; the Commandant 12th Naval District listed five EC2 freighters already converted by WSA to carry about 1,200 officer and troop passengers; the Board on 22 Oct 43 called for acquisition and Navy manning of four of the ships as AP 162-165 (the fifth, S.S. JANE ADDAMS, not available); 'No conversion was authorized following receipt of the ships from WSA'; the four were among 33 Liberty ships fully converted by WSA to troop transports during the war (per Roland Charles, 'Troopships of World War II'); in August 1944 the Navy reclassified AP 162-165 to AK 221-224, probably because more suitable transports let the Navy demote the four Liberty APs to the same category as the numerous Liberty cargo ships of the CRATER (AK-70) class given facilities for emergency short-haul troop carrying; on 6 Mar 45 LIVINGSTON's operational commander advised BuShips he did not anticipate the ship being used as AP or APA, although the four ships in fact continued to carry troops as well as cargo through the end of the war.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   1943-1973

   Population

   CalShip construction workforce (1943); WSA conversion workforce (mid-1943, yard unidentified); Navy crew incl. stevedore/boat personnel; embarked troops; NDRF Suisun caretakers (1946-1973); 1973 breaking-yard workers

   Limitations

   Compiled secondary transcription of official Navy board, register, design, and MARAD records, not the underlying records themselves - used where consistent with DANFS-derived text, the MARAD cards, and SDB 1945 (all overlapping dates and values match). Documents the WSA ~1,200-passenger troop conversion and the Navy acquisition as events; the material/insulation scope of the conversion is not stated. Armament '1-5"/51' conflicts with SDB 1945's '1-5"/38' for this hull - flagged in the correction row, not adjudicated. Contains no asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-kenmore-ap162-05

6. [6]Bureau of Ships, Ships' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels, Vol. 3 (NAVSHIPS 250-012, 1945), auxiliaries - cargo ship (AK) section, per-hull rows for KENMORE AK-221 (shipscribe.com scan of the official BuShips publication) [other_primary]

   Locator

   SDB1945v3 AK tables - dimensions, accommodations/boom, machinery, generators/fuel, armament/cargo, and construction rows (KENMORE/AK-221, hull index no. 74); alphabetical index 'Kenmore (ex-James H. McClintock, ex-AP162)' and 'McClintock, James H. (now Kenmore, ex-AP162)' entries; AP index 'A P62 KENMORE (now AH11)' and AH-11 REFUGE row (38.5MB PDF re-downloaded and text-verified via pdftotext 2026-09-25; OCR columnar, cross-checked vs NHHC/MARAD/shipscribe)

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   Official BuShips Ships' Data 1945 Vol. 3 carries per-hull rows for KENMORE AK-221 (header 'KENMORE (ex-James H. McClintock, ex-AP162, ex-M.C.E. Hull 1664)', hull index no. 74): dimensions row - 441'6" oa / 416'0" wl, beam 56'11", 12.8 kts (designed speed), limiting displacement 12,350; second table - limiting displacement 12,350 t, 48 tons/inch immersion, limiting draft 24'6", total accommodations 80 officers + 1,162 enlisted (berthing capacity reflecting the troop conversion - the largest figure on the AK pages, consistent with 'Pass. Cap. 1050' on the fleet card plus crew), largest boom capacity 50 t; machinery row - 1 'Joshua-Hendy, vert. 3-exp.' engine, 2,500 shp, 2 boilers 'B. & W. hdr.' (Babcock & Wilcox header-type water-tube), 250 psi, 450 deg F; generator row - 1 turbo-drive 60 kW 120 V DC plus recip-drive units (3 x 20 kW pattern of the class table), fuel columns 9,660 / 2,010 bbls; armament/cargo row - '1 5", 38 cal. (D.P.); 4 3", 50 cal. (D.P.)' with no 40-mm mounts entered, cargo 300,000 cu ft non-refrigerated, deadweight 7,680 total / 4,470 cargo tons (reduced cargo figures reflecting the troop fit); construction row - 'California S.B. Corp., Wilmington, Calif.', date acquired 14 Nov 43, date of first commission 14 Nov 43. Alphabetical index entries: 'Kenmore (ex-James H. McClintock, ex-AP162) - AK221' and 'McClintock, James H. (now Kenmore, ex-AP162) - AK221' plus hull-number index 'AK 221 KENMORE'. The same volume's AH-11 row reads 'REFUGE (ex-Kenmore, ex-AP62, ex-President Madison)' and its AP hull-number index lists 'A P62 KENMORE (now AH11)' - contemporaneous official documentation that AP-62 was a different hull.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   1945

   Limitations

   Authoritative wartime BuShips publication naming this hull - confirms identity (ex-McClintock, ex-AP-162, MCE 1664), the steam machinery plant (Joshua-Hendy VTE; 2 B&W header water-tube boilers 250/450 - matching the MARAD card's '2500 IHP, 2 WTB'), the troop-scale accommodations (80 officers + 1,162 enlisted berths), armament as carried in 1945 (1-5"/38 DP + 4-3"/50 - conflicting with shipscribe's '1-5"/51' and the Crater-class 40mm fit; flagged in the correction row), reduced cargo figures, builder, and commission date. OCR of the scanned tables is columnar and partially garbled; values were cross-checked against NHHC narrative, MARAD, and shipscribe before adoption. Contains no materials, insulation, or asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-kenmore-ap162-06

7. [7]NavSource Online, Service Ship Photo Archive, USS Kenmore (AK-221) ex-AP-162 index page 22162 (volunteer-compiled index citing DANFS/NVR figures, Navy campaign listings, and NARA photo holdings) [other_primary]

   Locator

   NavSource 22162.htm - timeline, campaign table, awards line, commanding-officer table, disposal entries, photo captions (direct fetch DNS-failed from this machine 2026-09-21 and again 2026-09-25 - content obtained via search-index text of the same page by batch-893)

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   NavSource Service Ship Photo Archive page for USS Kenmore (AK-221), ex-AP-162 (index page 22162): Crater-class cargo ship; laid down 8 May 1943 as SS James H. McClintock (EC2-S-C1, MC hull 1664) at California Shipbuilding Corp., Wilmington, CA; launched 30 May 1943; reclassified Naval Transport and renamed Kenmore (AP-162) 27 October 1943; acquired and commissioned USS Kenmore (AP-162) 14 November 1943, LCDR Olin H. Pitts USNR in command (CO table: sole commanding officer 14 Nov 1943 - 1 Feb 1946). Campaign table: Marshall Islands operation - occupation of Kwajalein and Majuro Atolls, 3 to 8 February 1944; Marianas operation - capture and occupation of Saipan, 30 June to 7 August 1944. Post-war: Occupation service 24 to 31 October 1945; China Service 1 to 17 November 1945. Decommissioned 1 February 1946 and delivered to the Maritime Commission for lay-up NDRF Suisun Bay, Benicia, CA the same day, name reverted to SS James H. McClintock; struck from the Naval Register 25 February 1946; 'USS Kenmore earned two battle stars for World War II service.' Final disposition: sold for scrapping 13 February 1973 to Chi Shun Steel Co., Ltd., Taiwan, delivered 26 March 1973. Photo captions include the ship being prepared for tow to the breaker's yard at Kaohsiung, Taiwan (circa 1973). Radio call sign NKWA per the infobox carried in secondary compilations of this page.

   Verification

   partial

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-21

   Study period

   1943-1973

   Population

   Ship's company; embarked troops per campaign; breaking-yard workers (1973)

   Limitations

   Secondary compilation, not an official publication - consistent with DANFS-derived text, the MARAD cards, and SDB where they overlap (dates, CO, campaigns, disposal). Scrapper name prints 'Chi Shun Steel Co.' here vs 'Chi Shun Hua Steel Company Ltd.' on the MARAD card - card adopted (see correction row). Campaign-table date ranges are the Navy's campaign-period definitions and differ slightly from the DANFS narrative's arrival/departure dates (e.g., Saipan arrival 20 June vs campaign '30 June to 7 August') - both carried, not merged. Content not re-verified directly (host unreachable from this machine on two dates); carried at partial. No asbestos or materials information.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-kenmore-ap162-07

8. [8]U.S. Maritime Commission, Instruction Manual for Operating and Maintaining 2500 H.P. Triple Expansion Marine Steam Engines, EC2-S-C1 Cargo Vessels (mirrored excerpt) [other_primary]

   Locator

   Mirrored excerpt, engine-cylinder insulation section - re-fetched 2026-09-25, quoted sentence verified verbatim

   Finding type

   asbestos_application

   Finding

   The U.S. Maritime Commission instruction manual for the EC2-S-C1 plant (the design type documented for this hull by the MARAD registry 'EC2-S-C1', the status card 'F.B. 288.T EC2', the fleet card 'Trooper EC2', and the Navy tables 'Maritime Commission EC2-S-C1 type') describes cylinder insulation of magnesia under sheet-iron lagging ('The cylinders are covered with magnesia protected by sheet-iron lagging'); insulation products of this era were commonly manufactured with asbestos fiber, and period steam-system gaskets, packing, and insulation felts commonly contained asbestos. Liberty hulls were built to emergency USMC specifications during the period when the federal government had reserved asbestos supply for shipbuilding. Typical applications for the type: boiler and steam-drum insulation; steam-line lagging between boiler room and engine room; valve and flange gaskets; machinery packing; insulation in accommodation spaces and around the galley; brake linings on winches and windlass. This hull's documented steam plant (2 B&W water-tube boilers + Joshua-Hendy triple-expansion engine - SDB 1945 and the card's '2 WTB / 2500 IHP') is the machinery set the manual describes; unlike the diesel C1-M-AV1 auxiliaries, the boiler/steam-line lagging pathway applies to this hull's documented configuration.

   Verification

   inferred

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   class_or_era

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   1943-1946

   Population

   Construction trades (CalShip, 1943); WSA conversion workers (1943, yard unidentified); merchant engine crew (R. A. Nicol / APL, Jun-Nov 1943); Navy engine-room and maintenance crew (1943-1946); NDRF caretakers (1946-1973)

   Limitations

   Class/design documentation, not a hull record - the manual names the type, not this vessel, and does not itself state 'asbestos' content (magnesia lagging of the era was typically asbestos-fiber-reinforced, but the manual text is silent on fiber). This hull's documented disturbance events - the 1943 WSA troop conversion (yard unidentified), Navy service repairs, the 1953 in-fleet repair damage, and 1973 breaking - added or disturbed material whose scope is undocumented. Does not establish quantity, present-day presence (hull scrapped in Taiwan 1973), individual exposure, or causation.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-kenmore-ap162-08

9. [9]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]

   Locator

   Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373

   Finding type

   asbestos_application

   Finding

   Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and emergency program under which this EC2-S-C1 hull was produced at the CalShip yard (one of the original USMC emergency yards) and converted by WSA to a troop carrier - and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization aboard merchant-type hulls.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   context

   Documentation level

   class_or_era

   Accessed

   2026-09-25

   Study period

   1940s era documented; article 1987

   Population

   WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)

   Limitations

   Program/era-level scholarly documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel, the EC2-S-C1 type, or the CalShip yard and does not establish that asbestos was or remains aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-kenmore-ap162-09

10. [10]Fleischer, W.E., Viles, F.J. Jr., Gade, R.L., and Drinker, P., 'A health survey of pipe covering operations in constructing naval vessels,' J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28(1):9-16 (Jan 1946), PMID 21016030 [other_primary]

    Locator

    PubMed record PMID 21016030; article pp. 9-16 (pipe covering material section); bibliographic record re-verified 2026-09-25 via NCBI eutils esummary (title, journal, date, authors match)

    Finding type

    gov_survey

    Finding

    The U.S. Maritime Commission-commissioned industrial-hygiene survey of WWII pipe-covering operations at two Navy yards and two Navy contract yards documented that 'an important ingredient of pipe covering material used on U. S. Navy vessels is amosite' - i.e., asbestos insulation was standard material in wartime naval-vessel construction and conversion of exactly this hull's era and type.

    Verification

    verified

    Role

    context

    Documentation level

    class_or_era

    Accessed

    2026-09-25

    Study period

    survey ~1944-45; published 1946

    Population

    WWII pipe coverers and insulators at Navy and contract yards (era context)

    Limitations

    Era-level documentation of asbestos use in naval construction generally; does not name this vessel, class, builder yard, or any conversion yard (whether CalShip or the unidentified WSA conversion yard was among the surveyed yards is unverified - the surveyed yards are anonymized A-D) and establishes nothing about this hull's materials, condition, or any individual exposure. (The study's exculpatory 'not a dangerous occupation' conclusion has since been heavily criticized - see the 2026 critique at DOI 10.1177/10482911261446696.)

    Atlas source

    true

    Evidence ID

    ev-uss-kenmore-ap162-10

11. [11]In re Joint Eastern and Southern Districts Asbestos Litigation (Robinson v. United States), 891 F.2d 31 (2d Cir. 1989), CourtListener opinion 533004 [court_record]

    Locator

    Opinion, 891 F.2d 31 (No. 1547, docket 89-6109); reporter citation confirmed in batch-01

    Finding type

    litigation_documented

    Finding

    Robinson v. United States (In re Joint Eastern and Southern Districts Asbestos Litigation), 891 F.2d 31 (2d Cir. 1989): Second Circuit ruling addressing mesothelioma claims by a mariner aboard War Shipping Administration vessels; the court considered jurisdiction over a personal-injury claim against the United States for asbestos exposure aboard the WWII government merchant fleet and held the claims barred on discretionary-function grounds. Relevant to this hull's first phase: the MARAD status card shows a genuine WSA general-agent merchant phase - R. A. Nicol & Co. (GAA, Los Angeles, 12 Jun 1943) and American President Lines (GAA, Oakland, 15 Jul 1943) - running the ship as a WSA troop-converted merchantman for five months before the Navy's 'B.B.' bareboat allocation at Alameda (14 Nov 1943). For the subsequent Navy phase, the hull was WSA-owned throughout - the 'B.B.' bareboat form on the card (with 'Purch.' struck through) means the Navy never took title, the same government-custody posture the class profile documents for the type.

    Verification

    verified

    Role

    context

    Documentation level

    class_or_era

    Accessed

    2026-09-25

    Study period

    1989 (opinion); wartime exposure period

    Population

    WWII merchant mariners (class context); this hull's Jun-Nov 1943 merchant crew

    Limitations

    Fleet-level jurisdictional ruling; does not name this hull, finds no asbestos conditions aboard any specific vessel, and establishes only the litigation posture for WWII WSA-merchant-fleet claims - it bears on the Jun-Nov 1943 R. A. Nicol/APL general-agency phase of this hull's life, not directly on the Navy phase (though the bareboat charter kept title with WSA). Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.

    Atlas source

    true

    Evidence ID

    ev-uss-kenmore-ap162-11

12. [12]Miller v. American President Lines, Ltd., 989 F.2d 1450 (6th Cir. 1993), CourtListener opinion 603783; In re American President Lines, Ltd. (Mardoc), 929 F.2d 226 (6th Cir. 1991, docket 91-3180) [court_record]

    Locator

    Miller v. APL, 989 F.2d 1450 (6th Cir. 1993), CourtListener cluster 603783 (cluster ID resolved via CourtListener web search by batch-893; 2026-09-25 opinion-level searches for this hull's names/numbers returned no qualifying case - see ev-13 and ledger); Mardoc, 929 F.2d 226 (6th Cir. 1991) - citation verified via CourtListener Fed. R. Serv. 3d citation page (19 Fed. R. Serv. 3d 195; docket 91-3180)

    Finding type

    litigation_documented

    Finding

    Operator-level asbestos litigation exists against this hull's second WSA general agent but does not name this vessel: (a) Miller v. American President Lines, Ltd., 989 F.2d 1450 (6th Cir. 1993) - maritime asbestos-docket trial (N.D. Ohio) reaching a jury verdict holding shipowner defendants including APL liable for a seaman's asbestos-related death on negligence and unseaworthiness theories; the Sixth Circuit affirmed liability and compensatory damages while holding punitive damages unavailable and remanding indemnity/contribution analysis (decided 23 Mar 1993; reh'g denied 10 May 1993). (b) In re American President Lines, Ltd., and 102 Other Shipowner-Defendants in the Ohio Asbestos Litigation (Mardoc), 929 F.2d 226 (6th Cir. 1991) - mandamus/prohibition petition by 103 shipowner-defendants denied; establishes the Ohio maritime asbestos docket's posture. APL operated THIS hull for only the four months 15 July - 14 November 1943 under a WSA general-agency agreement (status card) - no opinion located names James H. McClintock, Kenmore, AP-162, or AK-221, and the Miller decedent's service was aboard APL ocean liners of the postwar era, not this hull.

    Verification

    verified

    Role

    context

    Documentation level

    context_only

    Accessed

    2026-09-25

    Study period

    1991-1993 (opinions); wartime/postwar exposure periods

    Population

    APL seagoing workforce (class context)

    Limitations

    Operator-level context only - qualifying asbestos litigation exists against the WSA-era general agent, but neither case names this hull and no hull-specific asbestos finding exists in either record. APL's agency on this hull was a four-month wartime window (Jul-Nov 1943); the Miller exposure period was postwar APL liner service. Does not establish exposure aboard this hull and does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility. Litigation-stage discipline: Miller is an affirmed judgment at the operator level - still not a finding about this vessel.

    Atlas source

    true

    Evidence ID

    ev-uss-kenmore-ap162-12

13. [13]Search ledgers of batches 893 (2026-09-21) and 2089 (2026-09-25): NHHC Online Library + DANFS-derived text; MARAD ShipHistory 2405 + 12582 incl. three status cards and two USCG document scans; shipscribe AP-162 class page; BuShips SDB 1945 v3; HyperWar Navy-compilation tables + AK-221 detail page; NavSource 22162 via index text; CourtListener API v4 opinion + docket sweeps (15 queries, executed 2026-09-25 via authenticated helper); VA BVA index; NARA deck-log index; NVR [other_primary]

    Locator

    search_ledger rows sl-uss-kenmore-ap162-01 through sl-uss-kenmore-ap162-16

    Finding type

    historical_record

    Finding

    No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, government materials record, or docketed case naming the Kenmore hull - under any of her identities (James H. McClintock, MCE hull 1664, O.N. 243590, Kenmore, AP-162, AK-221) - was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). The DANFS-derived text, the NHHC Online Library narrative, the MARAD registry block, three status-card scans, two USCG document scans, the SDB 1945 per-hull rows, and the shipscribe class page all contain no asbestos or insulation-material statement. CourtListener authenticated-API searches EXECUTED 2026-09-25 (the batch-893 outage resolved): 15 queries across opinion and docket levels - opinion: 'USS Kenmore' (0 hits), 'Kenmore' asbestos (11 hits - all name collisions: Kenmore appliances/Sears, Tonawanda 'Kenmore Avenue' GM-RACER PCB site, Kenmore WA/NY addresses), 'Kenmore' asbestos ship (7 collisions), 'AK-221' (1 hit - Florida docket number AK-221), 'AP-162' (15 hits - docket-number/text collisions), 'James H. McClintock' (4 person-name collisions), 'James McClintock' (15 person-name collisions), 'McClintock' ship (279 hits, none maritime naming this hull), 'McClintock' vessel (78 hits, none naming this hull); docket: 'USS Kenmore' (0 hits), 'Kenmore' asbestos (189 hits - all collisions: Senza Kenmore LLC, Sears/Whirlpool Kenmore-brand matters, Motors Liquidation GM bankruptcy, Kenmore WA/NY addresses), 'AK-221' (3 collisions), 'AP-162' (255 bankruptcy adversary-proceeding-number collisions), 'James H. McClintock' (1 hit - 1992 CT bankruptcy, person names), 'Kenmore' vessel (1,575 hits - person-name bankruptcies and unrelated matters). No opinion or docket naming this vessel or asbestos aboard it. The hull appears on law-firm SEO ship lists (duboselawfirm.com cargo-ships table lists 'AK-221 Kenmore 1944 Crater'; freeasbestostesting.com auxiliary-ships list carries 'USS Kenmore (AK-221)') - marketing compilations excluded per source rules; list presence is not documentation.

    Verification

    verified

    Role

    negative_finding

    Documentation level

    ship_specific

    Accessed

    2026-09-25

    Study period

    2026-09-25

    Limitations

    Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1943 EC2-S-C1 hull with a documented steam plant, a wartime troop conversion, 27 years of reserve-fleet lay-up, and a 1973 Taiwan breaking is era-consistent with asbestos-containing materials, and every disturbance phase carries undocumented material scope. The 2026-09-25 CourtListener sweep was executed at opinion and docket level for exact name, both hull numbers, and the merchant name - all hits classified as name collisions; broad docket sweeps return thousands of place/person/product-name matches and were classified at top-result level rather than exhaustively paged, but every exact-phrase name and hull-number query returned zero qualifying hits. Does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.

    Atlas source

    true

    Evidence ID

    ev-uss-kenmore-ap162-13

14. [14]MARAD status cards + ShipHistory 2405/12582 (controlling); NHHC Online Library + DANFS-derived text (controlling); HyperWar ships-ak/ships-ap tables and AK-221 detail page; shipscribe AP-162 class page; BuShips SDB 1945 v3 (incl. AH-11 REFUGE row and 'A P62 KENMORE (now AH11)' AP index entry); NavSource 22162; NavSource 09/12/1211 (Refuge AH-11 ex-Kenmore AP-62) [other_primary]

    Locator

    MARAD name-history block + stub Detail 12582 (re-fetched 2026-09-25); HyperWar AK-221_Kenmore.html 'commissioned as AP-62' line (verified verbatim 2026-09-25) vs ships-ap.html 'AP-162 Kenmore ... Converted to Cargo Ship AK-221' and ships-ak.html 'AK-221 Kenmore ... Converted from Transport AP-162'; SDB1945v3 per-hull header 'ex-AP162' + alphabetical index entries + AH-11 row + AP index 'A P62 KENMORE (now AH11)' (re-extracted 2026-09-25); shipscribe AP-162 armament note vs SDB armament row; NavSource 1211.htm Refuge/Kenmore AP-62 timeline

    Finding type

    historical_record

    Finding

    Cross-source reconciliation and name quarantine: (a) Hull quarantine - USS Kenmore (AP-62) is a DISTINCT hull: ex-SS President Madison (built 1921 as SS Blue Hen State, EFC Design 1095, New York Shipbuilding, Camden NJ), commissioned 5 Aug 1942 at Baltimore, decommissioned 16 Sep 1943, converted to hospital ship USS Refuge (AH-11); the BuShips SDB 1945 volume documents the distinction internally ('REFUGE (ex-Kenmore, ex-AP62, ex-President Madison)'; AP index 'A P62 KENMORE (now AH11)'); the HyperWar ships-ap table lists both hulls correctly ('AP-62 Kenmore ... Converted from SS President Madison' vs 'AP-162 Kenmore ... EC2-S-C1 ... Converted to Cargo Ship AK-221'); registry slug uss-refuge-ah11 links it. (b) 'AP-62' misprints - MARAD's Vessel Name History prints 'KENMORE (AK-221 / AP-62)' and the stub Detail 12582 compounds it with year built 1942 and type 'APA Attack Transport' (both wrong: 1943, AP transport then AK cargo); the HyperWar AK-221 detail page prints 'commissioned as AP-62 14 November 1943' while its own class table correctly lists 'Converted from Transport AP-162'; AP-162 adopted per DANFS, the status card's 'Renamed KENMORE (AK-221)' row, shipscribe, and the SDB per-hull header 'ex-AP162' + alphabetical index 'Kenmore (ex-James H. McClintock, ex-AP162)'. (c) Armament - shipscribe class table '1-5"/51 4-3"/50 8-20mm (AP-162 & 165)' vs SDB 1945 '1-5"/38 cal. (D.P.); 4-3"/50 cal. (D.P.)' with no 40mm entered vs HyperWar Crater class block '1-5"/38 + 1-3"/50 + 2-40mm + 6-20mm or alt.' - 5"/51 vs 5"/38 caliber conflict plus differing light-AA counts across source dates; flagged, not adjudicated. (d) Complement - 198 (HyperWar AK-221 page) vs 206 (HyperWar class table) vs 214 (shipscribe AP-162 class, 1944) - all carried in the complement field, not merged. (e) Scrapper name - MARAD card 'Chi Shun Hua Steel Company Ltd.' vs NavSource 'Chi Shun Steel Co., Ltd.' - card adopted. (f) 'Kossal Roads' - the DANFS text's spelling for Kossol Roads, Palau. (g) DWT - 10,590c typed card vs 10,572 fleet card - variance flagged. (h) Speed - 12.5 (typed card) vs 12.8 designed (SDB) vs 11.5 (HyperWar class block) - flagged, not reconciled. (i) Dimensions - 441'6"/441.5' oa vs the fleet card's 422.8' length field - different measures, flagged.

    Verification

    verified

    Role

    correction

    Documentation level

    ship_specific

    Accessed

    2026-09-25

    Study period

    1943-1973

    Limitations

    Resolves or flags hull-identity, armament, tonnage, speed, and naming inconsistencies across primary and secondary sources; does not affect identity or the custody timeline materially. The AP-62 quarantine matters for litigation searches: any 'USS Kenmore' court hit must be attributed by hull, and MARAD's own registry carries the collision. No asbestos content in any of these sources.

    Atlas source

    true

    Evidence ID

    ev-uss-kenmore-ap162-14

15. [15]NARA Guide to Federal Records: RG 24 (Navy deck logs), RG 26 (Coast Guard logbooks), RG 178 (US Maritime Commission), RG 248 (War Shipping Administration), RG 357 (Maritime Administration), RG 181 (naval districts and shore establishments); NARA digitized deck-log index (archives.gov/research/military/logbooks/navy-online) [other_primary]

    Locator

    archives.gov record-group guides 024/026/178/248/357/181; digitized deck-log index at archives.gov/research/military/logbooks/navy-online (K-section re-scanned 2026-09-25: 47 K-ships, no Kenmore)

    Finding type

    historical_record

    Finding

    Archival leads (not retrieved - require research-room or reproduction orders; no spend authorized): (a) NARA RG 24 WWII deck logs for USS Kenmore (Nov 1943 - Feb 1946) - the richest itinerary/availabilities source; NOT present in NARA's digitized deck-log index (checked 2026-09-21, re-verified 2026-09-25 - the index's K-section runs Kearsarge -> Kemper County -> Kennebec with no Kenmore/AK-221/AP-162 entry; 47 K-ships listed); request path archives2reference@nara.gov. (b) RG 178 Records of the U.S. Maritime Commission - Construction Division records 1942-46 and West Coast regional director files may hold MCE hull 1664 construction/outfitting specifications and the CalShip contract file; Surplus Property Division records may document the PD-X-953 sale and the 1953 'repair damage over $100,000' survey underlying the fleet-card note. (c) RG 248 War Shipping Administration vessel files - the R. A. Nicol and American President Lines GAA instruments, and critically the WSA troop-conversion contract/scope records for the ~1,050-1,200-passenger conversion (conversion yard unidentified in located sources - the file may name it). (d) RG 26 U.S. Coast Guard merchant-vessel logbooks (1939+) for the Jun-Nov 1943 merchant phase, distributed to regional facilities by port of submission (Los Angeles/San Francisco). (e) RG 181 12th Naval District records - the Commandant's list of five WSA-converted EC2s that seeded the AP 162-165 acquisition, and any Navy acceptance/alteration records at Alameda (Nov 1943). (f) RG 357 Maritime Administration/NDRF custody records for the 1946-1973 Suisun Bay lay-up.

    Verification

    unverified

    Role

    archival_lead

    Documentation level

    context_only

    Accessed

    2026-09-25

    Study period

    1943-1973 records

    Limitations

    Record-group mapping only - no box-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents for MCE hull 1664 is unknown until surveyed in person. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.

    Atlas source

    true

    Evidence ID

    ev-uss-kenmore-ap162-15