Evidence
11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).
-
[1]research packet h-packet.md (8 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: **VERIFIED
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-kenton-apa122-pkt-h-packet-md
-
[2]Bureau of Ships, Ships' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels, Vol. 3 (NAVSHIPS 250-012, 1945), auxiliaries - transports, attack (APA) section, per-hull rows for KENTON APA-122 (shipscribe.com scan of the official BuShips publication) [other_primary]
- Locator
- SDB1945v3 APA tables (dimensions, personnel, machinery, armament/cargo, construction rows, hull index no. 135); alphabetical index 'Kenton (ex-M.C.V. Hull 35) APA 122 - Auxiliary - Transport, Attack - 252'; M.C.V. hull cross-index 'M.C.V. Hull 35 (now Kenton) APA 122'
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official BuShips Ships' Data 1945 Vol. 3 carries per-hull rows for KENTON APA-122 (ex-M.C.V. Hull 35): 455'0" overall / 436'6" pp; beam 62'0"; limiting draft 24'0"; limiting displacement 12,450 tons; designed speed 17.7 knots; machinery 1 turbine (manufacturer by ditto-chain to Westinghouse - 'Westgh. turb' on the JERAULD APA-174 row three rows above), 8,500 shp, 2 Babcock & Wilcox header-type boilers at 465 psi / 750 deg F, single screw; ship's company 56 officers + 480 enlisted; troop accommodations 86 officers + 1,475 enlisted; largest boom 35 tons; armament 1 x 5"/38 cal (D.P.) + 4 twin and 1 quad 40mm; cargo 150,000 cu ft / 2,900 DWT; construction row - California S.B. Corp., Wilmington, Calif., date acquired 31 Oct 44, year built 1944, first commissioned 31 Oct 44; index rows 'Kenton (ex-M.C.V. Hull 35) APA 122' and 'M.C.V. Hull 35 (now Kenton) APA 122'.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1945
- Limitations
- Authoritative wartime BuShips publication naming this hull - confirms identity, machinery plant, manning, builder, and acquisition date. OCR of the scanned tables is columnar and partially garbled; values cross-verified against DANFS, NavSource, and the MARAD status card. The turbine maker resolves by ditto marks to 'Westgh. turb' (Westinghouse) - consistent with NavSource's 'one Westinghouse geared turbine'; class practice varied by hull (Westinghouse, Joshua-Hendy, or Allis-Chalmers per shipscribe). 'Date of first commission 31 Oct 44' conflicts with DANFS/NavSource/shipscribe 1 Nov 44 - logged in gaps. Contains no materials, insulation, or asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kenton-apa122-01
-
[3]DANFS, 'Kenton' entry, Naval History and Heritage Command (verbatim text retrieved via Internet Archive Wayback capture 20251209184240; hazegray DANFS transcription mirror for apa122 not reachable at run time) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS entry body text + spec block (Wayback capture 20251209184240)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NHHC records: namesake - 'A county in Kentucky' (Kenton County). Launched 21 Aug 1944 by California Shipbuilding Corp., Wilmington, Calif., under Maritime Commission contract; sponsored by Mrs. Paul A. Everett; acquired by the Navy 31 Oct on a loan charter basis; commissioned 1 Nov at San Pedro, Captain V. B. Tate in command. Spec block: dp 6,873; l 455'; b 62'; dr 24'; s 17 k.; cpl 536; a. 1 5", 12 40mm., 10 20mm.; cl. Haskell; T. VC2-S-AP5. Service: shakedown along the California coast; departed Seattle 27 Dec 1944 carrying ~1,500 Army troops to Pearl Harbor, arrived 4 Jan 1945; amphibious training; cleared Pearl Harbor 18 Feb with troops and equipment for the Philippines; arrived Leyte Gulf via Eniwetok and the Palaus 10 Mar; landing rehearsals; departed Leyte 27 Mar for the Okinawa invasion; Kerama Retto 1 Apr, unloaded Seabee construction equipment; Hagushi Beach 3 Apr discharging troops and cargo; air attack 6 Apr - her guns claimed two of the seven enemy planes shot down; completed unloading 9 Apr, embarked 95 battle casualties, sailed 10 Apr for Guam (arrived 14th); sailed 16 Apr on a cargo run to the Philippines; Ulithi 29 Apr to embark casualties for passage to the U.S.; Guam 24 May, embarked additional casualties; arrived San Francisco 12 Jun; departed 6 Jul with troop replacements, Tacloban Leyte 29 Jul; cleared Leyte Gulf 1 Aug; Seattle 19 Aug; embarked occupation troops, sailed 29 Aug via the Philippines to Yokohama, arrived 24 Sep; Magic Carpet - 1,527 homebound troops, departed 29 Sep, arrived San Francisco 10 Oct; two additional Magic Carpet cruises 28 Oct 1945-26 Jan 1946; departed Portland, Oreg. 28 Jan for the East Coast via San Francisco and the Panama Canal; Newport News 16 Feb; decommissioned Portsmouth, Va. 28 Mar; transferred to the Maritime Commission the next day; struck from the Navy List 12 Apr; placed in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, berthed James River, Va. (as of 1967). One battle star.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1944-1946
- Limitations
- Primary Navy historical entry - authoritative for service history, sponsor, command, and battle-star count. Contains no asbestos or materials information; supports no asbestos claim. Live NHHC page for this hull not directly confirmed; the Wayback capture is verbatim NHHC text (entry published 28 Jul 2015 per capture footer). DANFS names no laid-down date; the entry's 'acquired by the Navy 31 October' matches the MARAD custody card.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kenton-apa122-02
-
[4]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive - USS Kenton (APA-122), file 10/03/03122 [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 03122.htm - construction timeline, campaign table, occupation-service table, commanding-officer table, disposal entries, specifications block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource timeline corroborates DANFS and adds detail: laid down 26 Jun 1944 as Maritime Commission VC2-S-AP5 hull (MCV hull 35) at California Shipbuilding Corp., Wilmington CA; launched 21 Aug 1944; completed and delivered to the Maritime Commission 31 Oct 1944 and transferred to the Navy on a loan-charter basis; commissioned 1 Nov 1944 at San Pedro CA, CAPT Victor B. Tate; assigned TransRon Nineteen (COMO C. D. Edgar USN) / TransDiv Fifty-Five; campaign credit - Okinawa Gunto operation, assault and occupation of Okinawa Gunto 1-10 Apr 1945; Navy Occupation Service Medal periods 23-30 Sep 1945 and 13-22 Nov 1945; decommissioned 28 Mar 1946 at Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth VA; transferred to the Maritime Commission 29 Mar 1946 for lay-up in NDRF James River, Lee Hall VA; withdrawn to Arrow Steamship Co. Inc. 6 Feb 1956 (Repair Program) General Agency Agreement; returned to James River Reserve Fleet 16 Apr 1956; struck from the Naval Register 12 Apr 1946; sold for scrapping 9 Apr 1973 for $91,560 to Union Minerals & Alloys Corp., withdrawn 10 Jul 1973. Spec block: 6,873 t lt / 14,837 t fl; 455' x 62'; speed 19 kts; complement 56 officers + 480 enlisted; troop accommodations 86 officers + 1,475 enlisted; cargo 2,900 DWT / 150,000 cu ft non-refrigerated; boats 2 LCM, 1 open LCPL, 1 covered LCPL (Captain's Gig), 2 LCPR, 18 LCVP; armament 1x5"/38 DP, 4 twin + 1 quad 40mm, 10x20mm; propulsion 1 Westinghouse geared turbine, 2 B&W header-type boilers, 1 propeller, design 8,500 shp. CO table: CAPT Victor Boylan Tate USN (USNA 1923) 1 Nov 44-17 Jun 45; CDR Gerald Barker Ogle USN (USNA 1924) 17 Jun 45-28 Mar 46.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1944-1973
- Limitations
- Specialist secondary compilation - detailed and consistent with NHHC/MARAD. Data defects logged in gaps: (a) 'laid down 26 Jun 1944' conflicts with shipscribe class table's 13 Jun 1944; (b) spec-block '19 kts' conflicts with SDB designed 17.7 and DANFS 17; (c) 'withdrawn ... 10 July 1973' conflicts with the MARAD status card's physical delivery 10-9-73 (9 Oct 1973), which the MARAD registry milestones confirm - treated as a misread of the date notation; (d) NavSource's own entry ordering lists 'struck 12 Apr 1946' after the 1956 repair entries - cosmetic. Contains no asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kenton-apa122-03
-
[5]U.S. Maritime Administration, ShipHistory database - KENTON (APA-122), Ship History Detail 2859, incl. scanned vessel status cards (cards 2859_5312AF.jpg, 2859_5312AB.jpg, 3VH_01.png) [marad_nrc]
- Locator
- ShipHistory Detail 2859 registry block, milestone table, status-card scans (cards 2859_5312AF.jpg, 2859_5312AB.jpg, 3VH_01.png)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- MARAD ShipHistory registry record for this hull: Year Built 1944; Shipyard California Shipbuilding Corporation; General Type Naval Auxiliary; Specific Type 'AP/APA/LPA'; MARAD Type VC2-S-AP5; fate 'Sold - Scrap'; milestones Disposition 10/9/1973 and Withdrawal 10/9/1973. The scanned WSA/MARAD custody card records the custody chain to the hour: hull MCV 35 built by Calif. SB Corp. at Wilmington, Calif., completed 10-31-44; 'Basis to W.S.A. 10-31-44 9:30AM PWT @ Wilmington, Calif. del. by Builders to USMC'; Navy Dept. (del. by USMC), form LB, delivered Wilmington, Calif. 10-31-44 9:30AM PWT; Laid Up Fleet Lee Hall, Va. 3-29-46 3:00PM EST; Arrow Steamship Co., Inc. (Repair Program) under GAA, James River, 2-6-56 12:20pm EST; Reserve Fleet (Repair Program), James River, 4-16-56 2:10pm EST; Union Minerals & Alloys Corp. (Scrap), purchase 4-9-73; physical delivery 10/9/73 10:45AM EDT. Reserve-fleet vessel-data card adds: type VC2-S-AP5, hull MCV 35, fleet unit JR 9, entered fleet 3-29-46, '1956 Repair Program Withdrawn Feb. 6, 1956-1220 hrs EST GAA-Arrow SS Co.', 'Returned JR April 16, 1956 - 1415 hrs EST', sale 'Sold for scrap under PD-X-956, 4-9-73 to Union Minerals & Alloys Corp. for $91,560', fuel oil on entry 520 bbls Bunker C with 23 bbls diesel remaining, termination port last voyage NORFOLK. Ballast card: handwritten note 'alongside La Porte' (sister APA-151); permanent concrete/cement-block and pig-iron ballast itemized by hold; 'Note: Print shows:' entries itemize #1 Tank Top, #3, Evap. Room, and Gen. Room ballast - i.e., a ship's print was consulted for this hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1944-1973
- Limitations
- Authoritative MARAD registry plus handwritten status-card scans read with good confidence (entries cross-verified against NavSource chronology and DANFS). The 1956 Arrow Steamship repair activation (6 Feb-16 Apr 1956 under GAA) is a documented disturbance-phase event of unknown materials scope. Contains no asbestos, materials, or condition-survey information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kenton-apa122-04
-
[6]Shipscribe U.S. Navy auxiliary ships data sheets, 'USS Haskell (APA-117) Class' page (Stephen S. Roberts compilation from Navy registers, BuShips/SCB design records, and MARAD files) [other_primary]
- Locator
- APA-117 class page: class characteristics block, construction table (APA-122 row), machinery note
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Ship-design compilation naming this hull in the class construction table: APA-122 KENTON - acquired 31 Oct 44, builder California SB, keel 13 Jun 44, launched 21 Aug 44, commissioned 1 Nov 44. Class-level data: MC design VC2-S-AP5; 6,873 t light / 12,450 t limiting; 455.0' oa / 436.5' pp x 62.0' x 24.0'; complement 536 (1944); 17.7 kts; 8,500 hp; machinery note 'Westinghouse, Joshua-Hendy, or Allis-Chalmers turbine, 1 screw' - i.e., turbine maker varied by hull within the class.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1944-1946
- Population
- California Shipbuilding construction workforce (1944)
- Limitations
- Compiled secondary transcription of official Navy register, design, and MARAD records, not the registers themselves; used where consistent with NHHC/SDB/MARAD. Its keel date (13 Jun 44) conflicts with NavSource and shipbuildinghistory.com (26 Jun 44) - logged in gaps; launch (21 Aug 44) agrees with DANFS. Contains no asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kenton-apa122-05
-
[7]Consolidated era/design inference - BuShips SDB 1945 v3 machinery row for this hull + VC2-S-AP5 type data (MARAD registry; shipscribe APA-117 class page) [other_primary]
- Locator
- SDB1945v3 machinery table, APA section (KENTON row); https://shipscribe.com/usnaux/APA/APA117.html class data; MARAD Detail 2859
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Era/design inference: this hull carried a single-screw geared-steam plant (one Westinghouse turbine, 8,500 shp; two Babcock & Wilcox header-type boilers at 465 psi / 750 deg F) built at the peak of WWII asbestos usage at a Maritime Commission emergency yard - the machinery configuration for which boiler and fireroom insulation, main and auxiliary steam-line lagging, turbine lagging, valve and flange gaskets, machinery packing, and accommodation joiner insulation of the period were commonly asbestos-containing. Troop-space outfitting (accommodations for 86 officers + 1,475 enlisted) added interior insulation scope. Post-Navy custody (NDRF James River lay-up 1946-1973, incl. the documented 1956 Arrow Steamship repair activation under GAA) and the 1973 breaking are the disturbance-phase pathways for this hull.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1944-1973
- Population
- Construction trades at California Shipbuilding, Wilmington (1944); wartime crew and embarked troops; 1956 Arrow Steamship repair workforce; NDRF James River lay-up and 1973 breaking-yard workers
- Limitations
- Inference from the documented machinery plant and construction era - NOT a hull record. No survey, specification, or material schedule naming APA-122 was located; establishes no asbestos content, quantity, location, individual exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kenton-apa122-06
-
[8]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and emergency construction program under which this VC2-S-AP5 attack transport was mass-produced - and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization in shipbuilding.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level scholarly documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel or class and does not establish that asbestos was or remains aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kenton-apa122-07
-
[9]Fleischer, W.E., Viles, F.J. Jr., Gade, R.L., and Drinker, P., 'A health survey of pipe covering operations in constructing naval vessels,' J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28(1):9-16 (Jan 1946), PMID 21016030 [other_primary]
- Locator
- PubMed record PMID 21016030; article pp. 9-16 (pipe covering material section)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- The U.S. Maritime Commission-commissioned industrial-hygiene survey of WWII pipe-covering operations at two Navy yards and two Navy contract yards documented that 'an important ingredient of pipe covering material used on U.S. Navy vessels is amosite' - i.e., asbestos insulation was standard material in wartime naval-vessel construction of exactly this hull's era and type.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- survey ~1944-45; published 1946
- Population
- WWII pipe coverers and insulators at Navy and contract yards (era context)
- Limitations
- Era-level documentation of asbestos use in naval construction generally; does not name this vessel, class, or builder yard (whether California Shipbuilding Wilmington was among the surveyed contract yards is unverified) and establishes nothing about this hull's materials, condition, or any individual exposure. (The study's exculpatory 'not a dangerous occupation' conclusion has since been heavily criticized - see the 2026 critique at DOI 10.1177/10482911261446696.)
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kenton-apa122-08
-
[10]Batch-2191 search ledger (this record): NHHC/DANFS via Wayback; NavSource 03122; MARAD ShipHistory Detail 2859 + status-card scans; BuShips SDB 1945 v3; shipscribe APA-117 class page; CourtListener API v4 (opinion and docket sweeps); indexed-web litigation checks; VA BVA index; NARA record-group guides [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-kenton-apa122-01 through sl-uss-kenton-apa122-11
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, court finding, or docketed asbestos case naming USS Kenton / APA-122 / MCV hull 35 was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). CourtListener exact-phrase '"USS Kenton"' opinion search returned count 0; '"APA-122"' opinion search returned 3 opinions that are term collisions, not the ship (Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. v. Agiato, Del. Ch. 2025 - insurance/business; Wallace v. Christensen, 9th Cir. 1986 en banc - habeas/Parole Commission; Alaska State Snowmobile Ass'n v. Babbitt, D. Alaska 1999 - environmental/APA); the combined docket search returned 43 dockets, all collisions (APA = Administrative Procedure Act references in environmental, immigration, and administrative dockets, plus bankruptcy captioned forms); the broad '"Kenton" asbestos ship/vessel/navy' opinion sweep returned 30 hits, all collisions (Kenton County KY / surnames - no snippet ties 'Kenton' to a vessel). No VA BVA decision naming the ship was located; the Naval Vessel Register has no record (hull disposed of 1973, pre-1987 coverage). Law-firm marketing ship lists (simmonsfirm.com, mesotheliomaasbestoshelpcenter.com) name the hull without primary support - an excluded source class, logged in the batch report.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 2026-09-25
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1944 geared-steam attack transport is era-consistent with asbestos-containing materials, and her ~27 years in NDRF custody, the undocumented-scope 1956 repair activation, and the 1973 breaking are undocumented disturbance phases. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility. CourtListener sweeps run under the shared fleet pacing budget: all four sweeps completed after one pacing pause (name exact-phrase 0; hull-number 3 collisions; combined docket 43 collisions across 3 pages; broad 30 collisions across 2 pages).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kenton-apa122-09
-
[11]NARA Guide to Federal Records: RG 24 (Records of the Bureau of Naval Personnel - Navy deck logs), RG 19 (Records of the Bureau of Ships), RG 178 (Records of the U.S. Maritime Commission), RG 357 (Records of the Maritime Administration); MARAD ShipHistory documents/status-card section for this hull [other_primary]
- Locator
- https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/024.html ; /groups/019.html ; /groups/178.html ; /groups/357.html ; https://vesselhistory.marad.dot.gov/ShipHistory/Detail/2859 (status-card scans)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival leads (not retrieved - requires research-room or reproduction order; no spend authorized): Navy deck logs for USS Kenton 1944-1946 (RG 24, NARA College Park); BuShips records incl. VC2-S-AP5 contract plans and the Booklet of General Plans for this design (RG 19) - the MARAD ballast card's 'Print shows' notations confirm a ship's drawing was consulted during reserve-fleet assessment, so plan material for this hull survives somewhere in custody records; USMC construction-contract records for MCV hull 35 at California Shipbuilding (RG 178); MARAD/NDRF custody files covering the 1946-1973 James River lay-up, the 1956 Arrow Steamship GAA repair activation, and the 1973 Union Minerals & Alloys sale under PD-X-956 (RG 357) - the sale file is the most promising disposal-era hazmat lead.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1944-1973 records
- Limitations
- Record-group mapping only - no box-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents for this hull is unknown until surveyed in person. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kenton-apa122-10