Evidence
6 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-6).
-
[1]DANFS, USS Kraken (SS-370) - construction, wartime/postwar service, dispositions; verbatim transcription via Wayback capture of hazegray.org (live NHHC DANFS page returned 404) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS service narrative and spec block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: launched 30 April 1944 by Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co., Manitowoc, Wis. (sponsor Mrs. John Z. Anderson, wife of Congressman Anderson of California); commissioned 8 September 1944, Cmdr. Thomas H. Henry. Four war patrols - lifeguard duty off Indochina (LEXINGTON pilot rescue); South China Sea lifeguard; Gulf of Siam/Java Sea patrol with 19 June bombardment of Merak and 22 June sinking of an oiler and a coastal steamer; fourth patrol cut short by Japan's capitulation. Honor escort for Admiral Halsey's flagship SOUTH DAKOTA under the Golden Gate Bridge 14 October 1945. Decommissioned 4 May 1946 at San Francisco; reserve until assigned 18 September 1958 to Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard for activation overhaul and fitting out 'preparatory to transfer for loan to the Spanish Government 17 October 1958'; serves Spanish Navy as ALMIRANTE GARCIA (S-31). One battle star.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1943-1982
- Population
- Construction trades 1943-44 (Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co.); PHNSY yard trades (1958-59 activation/snorkel); crew (1944-1946; Spanish service)
- Limitations
- Ship-specific history only; no asbestos or material content. Yard-period asbestos disturbance is era inference, not a per-hull record. DANFS Vol. III (1968) text ends ~1960s for this hull; the '17 October 1958' transfer date conflicts with NavSource's 24 October 1959 delivery after a 1959 Fleet Snorkel conversion - carried in gaps.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kraken-ss370-01
-
[2]Naval Vessel Register, SHIPSDETAIL SS-370 record (Wayback capture) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NVR SHIPSDETAIL SS 370
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NVR SHIPSDETAIL SS-370: stricken 11/01/1974; disposed through Security Assistance Program (SAP), transferred, cash sale; custodian SPAIN; status changed 11/01/1974.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1974 (status dates); capture ~2019
- Population
- n/a
- Limitations
- Register-level status data only; NVR milestone fields for pre-digital-era hulls are largely blank - stricken date and SAP custodian are the substantive fields.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kraken-ss370-02
-
[3]NavSource Naval History, submarine photo-archive entry (secondary archival compilation; disposition data consistent with Bauer & Roberts Register of Ships supplements) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource entry header block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource: laid down 13 December 1943 at Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co.; reactivated for Fleet Snorkel conversion at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard in 1959; transferred to Spain 24 October 1959, renamed Almirante Garcia de los Reyes (E-1), redesignated S-31 on 15 June 1961 under the Spanish Navy's NATO-style numbering; Spanish decommissioning 16 September 1974; sold to Spain and struck from the US Naval Register 1 November 1974; overhauled and recommissioned by Spain 1 September 1975 to replace Narciso Monturiol (S-33, ex-USS Picuda SS-382); final Spanish decommissioning April 1981; struck from Spanish Navy list 1 April 1982; scrapped.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1943-1982
- Population
- n/a
- Limitations
- Secondary compilation, not an official record; dates/items not corroborated by DANFS or NVR are flagged in this record's gaps. Used for laid-down date, Spanish-service detail, and the 24 October 1959 transfer (vs DANFS's 17 October 1958).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kraken-ss370-03
-
[4]Era inference built on: DANFS spec block (diesel-electric drive, no boilers); BuShips Ships' Data 1945 submarine machinery tables (shipscribe.com SDB1945v1); documented yard-period events above [other_primary]
- Locator
- DANFS spec block; BuShips SDB1945v1 pp. 266-270 submarine tables; balao-class profile
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A diesel-electric fleet boat built 1943-44 at Manitowoc sits inside the Navy's peak asbestos-use era. Diesel-electric boats carried no boilers/steam plant: era-consistent asbestos applications are diesel exhaust lagging, engine gaskets and packing, acoustic/thermal hull insulation, galley/refrigeration insulation, and battery/electrical materials. Documented yard events for this hull: 1958-59 Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard activation overhaul/Fleet Snorkel conversion - a second asbestos-relevant work window (snorkel installation and refit involved insulation removal/replacement on era boats).
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1943-1959
- Population
- Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co. construction trades (1943-44); PHNSY trades (1958-59); crew (1944-1946)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey or material list located for this hull. Names era-standard diesel-boat applications, not confirmed installed materials; the snorkel conversion's material scope is not documented per-hull. No quantities.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kraken-ss370-04
-
[5]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s; standing policy (1975) removed asbestos insulation only when damaged or required for repairs, modified 1979 to selective replacement in high-maintenance areas - covering this hull's construction, service-era insulation, and the documented 1958-59 PHNSY conversion.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403) - content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kraken-ss370-05
-
[6]Batch-27 search ledger (this record): DANFS transcriptions; NavSource; NVR SHIPSDETAIL; CourtListener opinions (partial); Google Scholar case-law sweep; GAO product page [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-kraken-ss370-01 through -08
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or qualifying asbestos case naming USS Kraken (SS-370) was found. CourtListener opinions search for "USS Kraken" returned 0 results (verified this session). Google Scholar exact-name "USS Kraken" returned zero published-opinion hits; hull-number "SS-370" produced 4 hits, all name collisions (NH banking cases, citation fragments). RECAP/docket-level search not completed - CourtListener throttled/bot-challenged this session.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-18
- Study period
- 2026-09-18
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard. Scholar covers published opinions only; the RECAP/docket layer remains an unresolved sweep limitation, logged in the ledger.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-kraken-ss370-06