Evidence
11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).
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[1]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(L)-1009 page (archives/10/15/151009); underlying history credited to Turner Publishing, USS LCI 'Landing Craft Infantry' Vol. II (1995), ISBN 1-56311-262-0 [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource page 151009: history block, awards strip, specifications block, photo credits
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource Amphibious Photo Archive entry for USS LCI(L)-1009 (history drawn from USS LCI 'Landing Craft Infantry' Vol. II, Turner Publishing 1995): LCI-351 class; laid down 6 May 1944 at Consolidated Steel Corp., Shipbuilding Div., Orange, TX; launched 27 May 1944; commissioned USS LCI(L)-1009 on 19 June 1944; decommissioned date unknown; struck from the Naval Register date unknown; transferred to the Maritime Commission 13 October 1947; final disposition 'fate unknown.' Awards displayed: American Campaign Medal and World War II Victory Medal only - no theater campaign ribbon and no battle stars. Specification block: 246 t light / 264 t landing / 419 t loaded; 158 ft 5.5 in x 23 ft 3 in; five single 20 mm mounts; complement 4 officers + 24 enlisted; troop capacity 6 officers + 182 enlisted; two sets of 4 GM 6051-series diesels, 4 per shaft, twin variable-pitch propellers, 2,320 shp. International radio call sign NZFE. Two photographs exist (under way, date and location unknown; David Buell collection).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1947
- Population
- LCI(L) crew, 4 officers + 24 enlisted (spec); embarked troops up to 6 officers + 182 enlisted
- Limitations
- Volunteer-compiled secondary compendium transcribing a published veteran-reference history; authoritative for identity and milestones in practice but not a primary document. Ribbon display documents only the two medals listed; 'fate unknown' and unknown decommission/stricken dates are honest absences in the source. Contains no asbestos or materials information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1009-01
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[2]Shipbuilding History (T. Colton), 'Landing Craft, Infantry (Large) - LCI(L): WWII Construction' table (Wayback capture of shipbuildinghistory.com/history/smallships/lcil.htm); Destroyer History, 'Consolidated Shipbuilding, Orange, TX' yard page; uboat.net Allied Warships, USS LCI(L)-1009 ship page (ship/22074) [other_primary]
- Locator
- LCI(L) construction table, row 1009; destroyerhistory.org/destroyers/orange yard summary; uboat.net ship/22074 data table
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Shipbuilding-history construction table for WWII LCI(L)s lists hull 1009 as built by Consolidated Steel at Orange TX, fiscal-year 1943 program, delivered June 1944, disposition 'Struck 1946.' The same table shows Consolidated Steel Orange built the LCI(L) 943-1012 block (and earlier LCI(L) 61-96), placing this hull inside a documented wartime production block at a single yard. The Orange yard was a wartime emergency facility on the Sabine River that also built Fletcher-class destroyers, 102 destroyer escorts, and Gearing-class destroyers, and employed roughly 20,000 workers at peak. uboat.net Allied Warships entry for USS LCI(L)-1009 independently corroborates builder, laid down 6 May 1944, launched 27 May 1944, commissioned 19 June 1944.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1947
- Limitations
- Compiled reference built from official lists, not the underlying contracts themselves. 'Struck 1946' conflicts with NavSource/NavalCoverMuseum 'date unknown' - carried as unresolved discrepancy (see correction row). Contains no asbestos or materials information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1009-02
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[3]Naval Cover Museum (navalcovermuseum.org), LCI(L) 1009 ship page and USS LCI(L)-1009 Covers Page 1 [museum_official]
- Locator
- Ship Name and Designation History section; Covers Page 1 table (1945-05-18, 1945-05-25)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NavalCoverMuseum designation history for LCI(L) 1009 confirms: commissioned 19 June 1944; decommissioned date unknown; struck date unknown; transferred to Maritime Commission 13 October 1947; fate unknown; awards American Campaign Medal + World War II Victory Medal. Its covers page preserves two 1945 covers associated with the hull - postmarked 'U.S. Navy 3205' (18 May 1945) and 'Washington D.C. U.S. Fleet Post Office' (25 May 1945) - annotated 'Posted from another ship or station... Ship had no post office'; no postmarks were ever assigned to this hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1945
- Limitations
- Philatelic artifacts: the covers were posted from shore postal facilities serving the crew or correspondents, not from a post office aboard - they establish the designation in postal use in May 1945 but do not establish the craft's station or movements. No asbestos or materials information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1009-03
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[4]NARA deck-log holdings listing for LCI(L)-1009 (6/19/1944-6/30/1945); NARA 'Logbooks of the US Navy' research page (Records of the Bureau of Naval Personnel, RG 24; Special List 44, List of Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Miscellaneous Units, 1801-1947); NARA 'Navy Deck Logs Available in the National Archives Catalog' digitized index [other_primary]
- Locator
- archives.gov logbooks research page (RG 24 Entry 118 / NAID 581208, Special List 44); digitized-logs index (hull absent from list)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA holds Navy deck logs for LCI(L)-1009 covering 19 June 1944 through 30 June 1945 (vessel listing in the National Archives deck-log holdings data). The hull does not appear in the published index of deck logs fully digitized in the National Archives Catalog, so the logs are a research-room or reproduction-order lead, not a digital resource. Deck logs of the era record position, weather, personnel, and notable events; they do not normally itemize insulation or construction materials.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1945
- Population
- LCI(L)-1009 crew (names and daily movements recorded in logs, if retrieved)
- Limitations
- Holdings-level listing only - no box-level retrieval performed, and the catalog's per-item NAID for these volumes could not be confirmed (catalog search is JS-rendered; public API requires a key). Coverage endpoints are log-coverage endpoints, NOT claimed as commissioning/decommissioning dates; post-June-1945 logs through the 1947 transfer are not in the located listing. Even if retrieved, deck logs document operations and personnel, not insulation materials.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1009-04
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[5]Historic American Engineering Record, LCI(L)-713, HAER No. OR-180 (NPS, historian Justine Christianson, 2012); HAER No. AK-52, M/V Husky II (ex-USS LCI(L)-653) [haer]
- Locator
- HAER OR-180 short form, Description/Historical Information sections; HAER AK-52 (tile.loc.gov .../ak/ak0500/ak0557/data/ak0557data.pdf) description section
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Federal documentation of the LCI-351 class design survives for two sisters: NPS/HAER OR-180 records LCI(L)-713 as the last surviving LCI-351 class vessel in original configuration - Bureau of Ships design; welded 1/4-inch steel plate; cylindrical pilot house and centerline bow ramp replacing the earlier side ramps; two decks with troop compartments and crew spaces below, deckhouse with mess, wardroom and galley above; eight GM 6-71 diesels on twin shafts. HAER AK-52 documents the same class aboard ex-LCI(L)-653 (M/V Husky II). The LCI-351 class comprised the production run of LCI(L)s numbered 351 and up; uboat.net counts 689 craft of the class.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944 design documented; reports 2012
- Limitations
- Class-level federal documentation of surviving sisters, not of this hull. Neither HAER document mentions asbestos, insulation composition, or any abatement in the wartime configuration - the class's federal documentation is silent on materials beyond structure; the only insulation noted (spray foam in a refrigerated hold aboard Husky II) is a 1980s civilian fishing-tender alteration. Supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1009-05
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[6]Era inference built on: NavSource LCI(L) specification block (8x GM 6051-series diesels, no boilers); HAER OR-180/AK-52 class construction documentation (welded steel, two-deck layout); shipbuildinghistory production table (Consolidated Steel Orange, FY43 block); Corn & Starr 1987 and GAO HRD-80-2 program-level asbestos documentation (see ev-07, ev-08) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Cross-source inference - no single document names materials for this hull
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Era inference for a 1944 welded-steel diesel landing craft built at a wartime emergency yard: era-standard applications aboard small diesel craft of the period were diesel exhaust and muffler lagging, machinery-space gaskets and valve packing, and electrical insulation materials. LCI(L)-1009 carried eight GM 6-71 diesels and no steam plant, so the boiler/steam-line lagging pathway of larger steam-driven vessels does not apply; any era-consistent asbestos aboard would have been limited to machinery, exhaust, gasket, packing, and electrical applications in a small, confined hull.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1947
- Population
- Consolidated Steel Orange construction trades (1944); crew (1944-c.1946); Maritime Commission disposal handlers (1947)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only. No LCI-351 bill of materials, shipyard outfitting specification, survey, or abatement record was located naming asbestos products - the applications named are era-standard possibilities for the craft type, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity, location, condition, or fiber content is established; not evidence that any individual was exposed.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1009-06
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[7]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during World War II - the era and program under which this FY43-contract landing craft was mass-produced - and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization in ship construction, with documented exposure of shipyard workers.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level scholarly documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel, the LCI-351 class, or Consolidated Steel Orange, and does not establish that asbestos was or was not aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1009-07
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[8]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (October 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page and report abstract, HRD-80-2
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO program-level documentation that the U.S. Navy's WWII-to-1970s fleet was built and maintained with asbestos-containing insulation materials and that Navy efforts to protect shipyard and shipboard workers from asbestos exposure were historically deficient - the institutional context in which this 1944 naval craft was built, crewed, and disposed.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- report covers WWII-era practices; issued 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers and crews, WWII-1970s (program context)
- Limitations
- Program-level findings; does not name this vessel or class. gao.gov blocks automated full-text retrieval to automated fetches (403) - the product-page description was used and the full report pull remains an open lead. Establishes era/program context only, not asbestos presence aboard this hull.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1009-08
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[9]Board of Veterans' Appeals, Citation Nr 9828426, docket no. 94-15 783 (decision date 1998-09-23), appeal from VA Regional Office Houston [court_record]
- Locator
- BVA decision text, Findings of Fact 1-3 and Conclusions of Law
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- The builder's yard appears in federal asbestos-claims adjudication: a Navy veteran employed at Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Texas, from 1942 to 1946 as a driller in the boilermaker department alleged asbestos exposure; the Board of Veterans' Appeals found he was NOT exposed to asbestos during that yard employment but WAS exposed while serving aboard Navy vessels, and granted service connection for asbestos-related lung disease (BVA Citation 9828426, docket 94-15 783, decision 23 September 1998). The decision documents that Consolidated Steel Orange employment came under asbestos scrutiny in claims adjudication, while the adjudicated finding discounted yard exposure for that particular worker's duties.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1942-1946 employment alleged; adjudicated 1998
- Population
- Consolidated Steel Orange wartime workforce (claims context); WWII naval servicemembers
- Limitations
- Individual-adjudication record: names the builder's yard and era, never this hull or the LCI program. The Board's finding ran AGAINST yard asbestos exposure for this worker's specific duties (drilling steel plate) while crediting his Navy shipboard exposure - it is claims-context evidence about the yard, not evidence of asbestos conditions aboard this craft, and establishes nothing about any individual's exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1009-09
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[10]Shipbuilding History LCI(L) table (row 1009, 'Struck 1946'); NavSource 151009 (struck 'date unknown'); NavalCoverMuseum designation history (struck 'unknown'); HyperWar 'US Navy Landing Ships/Craft, 1940-1945' spec table (ibiblio.org); HAER OR-180 [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipbuildinghistory row 1009; NavSource struck line; NCM designation history; HyperWar ships-lc LCI(L) 351-up spec row; HAER OR-180 Historical Information
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Source discrepancies carried unresolved: (a) striking date - shipbuildinghistory construction table says 'Struck 1946' while NavSource and NavalCoverMuseum list the date as unknown; (b) decommissioning date - unknown in every located source (shipbuildinghistory gives only 'Struck 1946' as the end event); (c) class complement variants - NavSource LCI(L) spec block carries 4 officers + 24 enlisted crew and 6 officers + 182 enlisted troops, while the wartime U.S. Navy landing-ships/craft table transcribed on HyperWar carries the LCI(L)-351 class at 4 officers + 25 enlisted crew and 9 officers + 200 enlisted troops, and the amphibious-transport doctrine table varies troop capacity by voyage length (173-223 embarked); (d) total LCI(L) production is given as 923 (shipbuildinghistory; Wikipedia class article) vs 'approximately 1,051 ships of its type' (HAER OR-180 counting all LCI variants) - figures count different sets.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1947
- Limitations
- Resolves or carries publication-level discrepancies in compiled references; the Maritime Commission transfer date (13 October 1947) is consistent across NavSource and NCM and is carried as the controlling disposition event. The 'Struck 1946' figure is probably generic to the table's disposal column and is not adopted as the hull's strike date. No asbestos content in any of these sources.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1009-10
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[11]Batch-4906 search ledger (this record): NavSource; shipbuildinghistory (Wayback); NavalCoverMuseum; uboat.net; NARA deck-log listing + digitized-logs index; LOC HAER OR-180/AK-52; NHHC site search; CourtListener API v4 (3 opinion + 1 docket queries, all zero results); VA BVA full text; USS LCI National Association / AFMM newsletters; secondary web sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-1009-01 through sl-uss-lci-l-1009-16
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or litigation naming USS LCI(L)-1009 was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). CourtListener returned zero hits on all completed queries: three opinion searches ('LCI(L)-1009', 'LCI-1009', 'LCI(L) 1009') and one docket search ('LCI(L)-1009' type=r) - no case naming the hull exists in either index. Neither surviving-sister federal HAER document (OR-180, AK-52) mentions asbestos or insulation in the wartime configuration. The only 'asbestos aboard' material surfaced is law-firm/marketing listicle content asserting asbestos on LCIs generically without primary sourcing - excluded by source policy.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 2026-09-29
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1944 welded diesel craft retains era-consistent candidate materials (exhaust lagging, gaskets, packing, electrical insulation). CourtListener coverage is limited to exact-designation matches in its opinion and docket indexes; informal name forms (e.g., 'Landing Craft 1009', 'LCI 1009') and non-indexed state-court or agency proceedings are outside that sweep. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1009-11