Evidence
11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).
-
[1]research packet 829-packet.md [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lci-l-1057-lcil1057-pkt-829-packet-md
-
[2]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(M)-1057 ex USS LCI(G)-1057 (1945) ex USS LCI(L)-1057 (1944) - construction, designation timeline, campaigns, specifications, disposal; ship history credited to USS LCI 'Landing Craft Infantry', Vol. II (Turner Publishing, 1995) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/151057.htm header block, campaign table, command-attribution paragraph, specifications block, commanding-officers table, and photo captions
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: laid down 17 March 1944 at Defoe Shipbuilding Co., Bay City, MI; launched 2 April 1944; commissioned USS LCI(L)-1057, 15 April 1944, LTjg. C. A. Schulz USNR in command; reclassified Landing Craft Infantry (Guns) LCI(G)-1057, 31 December 1944; reclassified Landing Craft Infantry (Mortar) LCI(M)-1057, 30 April 1945. Asiatic-Pacific Theater campaigns: Leyte landings 20 October 1944; Lingayen Gulf landing (Luzon) 9 January 1945; assault and occupation of Okinawa Gunto 26 March - 14 June 1945. Decommissioned and struck dates listed as unknown; transferred to the Maritime Commission 18 February 1948 for disposal; fate unknown. Three battle stars for WWII service; awards block lists American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (3), WWII Victory Medal, Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, Philippine Liberation Medal (2). Photographs place the hull beached at 'Belusa waterhole,' in San Pedro Bay, Leyte, P.I., 1944, and being stripped of usable material before scrapping alongside LCI(R)-732 and LCI(R)-642 (date/place unknown).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1948
- Population
- Defoe construction trades (1944); crew (1944-48); wartime embarked troops
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation, not a primary registry; its milestone dates generally track official records but its stated Okinawa command chain (LCI Flotilla Fourteen / Group Forty / Division Eighty) conflicts with the NHHC 1 May 1945 Pacific Fleet organization document, which places this hull in LCI Division 34(M), Group 17, Flotilla Six - see gaps. Contains no asbestos content. No work or survey record for the scrapping shown in the stripping photograph.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1057-lcil1057-01
-
[3]Naval History and Heritage Command, United States Pacific Fleet Organization, 1 May 1945 (Navy Department Library, Online Reading Room) - Landing Craft Flotillas, Pacific Fleet [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- Online Reading Room transcription, 'LANDING CRAFT FLOTILLAS, PACIFIC FLEET' > 'LCI FLOTILLA SIX' > 'LCI GROUP 17' > 'LCI DIVISION 34 (M)'
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The official 1 May 1945 Pacific Fleet organization lists this hull as 'LCI 1057,' commanded by Lt. C. A. Schulz (USNR), in LCI Division 34(M) - a mortar division alongside LCI 975, 1055, 1056, 1058, and 1059 - under LCI Group 17 (Lt. Cdr. G. W. Hannett, USNR), LCI Flotilla Six (Comdr. A. R. Montgomery), Landing Craft Flotillas, Pacific Fleet. The listing falls inside her documented Okinawa Gunto campaign window (26 March - 14 June 1945) and one day after her documented reclassification to LCI(M) (30 April 1945), consistent with her placement in a designated (M) division.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1945-05-01
- Population
- LCI(M) crew, ca. May 1945 (4 officers + 49 enlisted per NavSource LCI(M) complement)
- Limitations
- Official organization listing establishes unit assignment and commanding officer as of 1 May 1945 only; it is not an operational log and contains no asbestos or material content. Conflicts with the NavSource/Turner command attribution (Flotilla Fourteen / Group Forty / Division Eighty) for the Okinawa campaign - the primary document is carried and the variant is logged in gaps.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1057-lcil1057-02
-
[4]NARA, Logbooks of the U.S. Navy - deck-log series coverage recorded for this hull (as supplied in batch-4936 assignment): 'LCI(L)(M)-1057' 15 April 1944 - 31 July 1944; 1 September 1944 - 30 October 1944; 1 December 1944 - 30 June 1945 [other_primary]
- Locator
- NARA deck-log series record for LCI(L)(M)-1057 (coverage spans per batch-4936 task record); NARA 'Navy Deck Logs Available in the National Archives Catalog' online index checked 2026-09-29 - hull not listed as digitized
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA records Navy deck logs for this hull under the designation LCI(L)(M)-1057 in three coverage spans: 15 April 1944 - 31 July 1944, 1 September 1944 - 30 October 1944, and 1 December 1944 - 30 June 1945. A commissioned Navy vessel maintains a deck log, so this dated operational record establishes in-commission service across the interval; the first span opens on the ship's documented commissioning date and the last closes just after her documented Okinawa campaign. The logs are the surviving primary record for her movements, locations, and any conversion/availability periods - including the undocumented LCI(G) and LCI(M) conversion windows.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-04-15 to 1945-06-30 (coverage spans)
- Population
- Crew and any embarked/attached personnel logged 1944-45
- Limitations
- Archival lead only: the logs are not digitized (this hull does not appear on NARA's digitized deck-log index; the National Archives Catalog is JS-rendered and could not be independently fetched for a NAID), so their contents - including conversion details, yard availabilities, and any material annotations - are unexamined. Log coverage endpoints are not claimed as commissioning or decommissioning dates; coverage gaps (August 1944, November 1944, July 1945 onward) are unexplained in the record.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1057-lcil1057-03
-
[5]NavalCoverMuseum, LCI(M) 1057 ship-name and designation history; USS LCI(M)-1057 Covers Page 1 (one c1945 censored sailor-mail cover, Locy Type 7 partial) [other_primary]
- Locator
- LCI(M) 1057 main page, designation-history table; USS LCI(M)-1057 Covers Page 1
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Independent corroboration of the designation timeline: commissioned as USS LCI(L)-1057 on 15 April 1944; reclassified LCI(G)-1057 on 31 December 1944; reclassified LCI(M)-1057 on 30 April 1945; decommissioned and struck dates unknown; transferred 18 February 1948 to the Maritime Commission for disposal; fate unknown. A single circa-1945 censored wartime sailor-mail cover is cataloged under the LCI(M) designation.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1948
- Limitations
- Museum-compiled philatelic record consistent with NavSource; the designation dates it repeats derive from the same secondary lineage (Turner LCI history / Navy designation registers). The c1945 cover is postal evidence of the designation, not an operational record. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1057-lcil1057-04
-
[6]ShipbuildingHistory.com (Tim Colton), Defoe Shipbuilding Co., Bay City, MI - construction list: yard hull no. 310, LCI(L) 1057, US Navy landing craft, 158 ft, delivered April 1944; disposition column 'Struck 1946' [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipbuildinghistory.com Defoe page, LCI(L) build table, rows 305-344 (hull 310 = LCI(L) 1057)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The Defoe build list confirms this hull as yard number 310, a US Navy landing craft of the 158-ft type built at Bay City, delivered April 1944 - consistent with the NavSource laid-down/launched/commissioned sequence (17 March / 2 April / 15 April 1944). The list's disposition column reads 'Struck 1946,' which conflicts with the NavSource record (struck date unknown; transferred to the Maritime Commission 18 February 1948) - see gaps.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944
- Population
- Defoe construction trades (1944)
- Limitations
- Secondary shipbuilding-history compilation, not a government record; its per-hull disposition notes are terse and its 'Struck 1946' conflicts with the ship-specific record. Used for yard-hull and build-sequence confirmation only. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1057-lcil1057-05
-
[7]HyperWar 'Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940-1945 - Landing Ships and Craft' (ibiblio.org): LCI(G)-1057 listed in the 1944-45 LCI(M) conversion table; LCI(M) type specification block; Transport Doctrine, Amphibious Forces, U.S. Pacific Fleet, Ch. 27 Section 7 (LCI(M) mission) [other_primary]
- Locator
- ships-lc.html LCI(G) conversion table and 'LCI(M) -- Landing Craft, Infantry (Mortar)' type block; transport-27.html Section 7 (paras. 2724-2730)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The conversion table independently lists LCI(G)-1057 among the LCI(G)s converted to LCI(M) mortar craft in 1944-45 (the LCI(M)-1055-1059 block of sister conversions). The type block gives the LCI(M) class characteristics (385 t full load; 160'4"; 23'3" beam; 1x40mm, three 4.2-inch chemical mortars, 4x20mm; 4 officers + 49 enlisted; 8 GM diesels, twin screws; converted from LCI(L) and LCI(G)). Wartime Pacific Fleet doctrine (Transport Doctrine Ch. 27, Section 7) defines the LCI(M) mission as close anti-personnel and neutralization fire on the beachhead before and during assault landings, then supporting and harassing fire - the role for which this hull's third variant was built and deployed at Okinawa.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1945
- Population
- LCI(M) crews in fire-support divisions (type-level)
- Limitations
- Type- and doctrine-level documentation: confirms the conversion program and the LCI(M) mission generally, naming this hull only in the conversion table row. The doctrine describes the type's intended employment, not this hull's actual firing missions (those would be in her undigitized deck logs). HyperWar is a hosted compilation of wartime publications, treated here as reliable secondary. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1057-lcil1057-06
-
[8]Era inference built on: NavSource specification block (eight GM series-71-type diesels, four per shaft; twin variable-pitch propellers; diesel-drive generators - no steam plant); HyperWar LCI(M) type block; GAF v. United States Defoe-yard finding (ev-07); GAO HRD-80-2 Navy asbestos-era documentation (ev-08) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource specifications block; HyperWar LCI(M) block; ev-07 GAF dissent; ev-08 GAO product page
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A diesel-powered amphibious landing craft built in March-April 1944 at Defoe Shipbuilding sits inside both the Navy's documented asbestos-use era and that specific yard's documented wartime asbestos environment (see ev-07). Era-standard applications aboard a diesel-driven craft of this type and period were machinery and engine-room thermal insulation, exhaust lagging, gaskets, valve packing, and electrical insulation within a small, confined hull volume. She carried no boilers or steam turbines, so the boiler/turbine lagging pathway of steam vessels does not apply; the 1944-45 LCI(G)/(M) conversions were additional periods of yard work consistent with era-standard disturbance of installed materials.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1948
- Population
- Defoe construction trades (1944); conversion-yard trades (1944-45); crew (1944-48); postwar stripping/scrapping crews
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, work package, or conversion record located for this hull. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials; no quantity; product names are normalized era terms with no manufacturer attribution for this hull. The Defoe-yard document speaks to shop/yard conditions, not to materials aboard any specific hull.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1057-lcil1057-07
-
[9]GAF Corporation v. United States, 932 F.2d 947 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (No. 90-5079; argued before Newman, Rader, Rich, JJ.; rehearing denied; opinion text verified via law.resource.org reporter copy) [court_record]
- Locator
- Opinion at 932 F.2d 947, dissent paragraphs 30-45 (Defoe paragraph 39-40); CourtListener cluster 560599; text copy law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F2/932/932.F2d.947.90-5079.html
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- An asbestos-manufacturer indemnity case: GAF sought to recover from the United States its costs from shipyard-worker asbestos claims arising from Navy purchases of Ruberoid 'Calsilite' asbestos insulation. Judge Newman's dissent recites previously classified government documents GAF proffered as evidence, including 'a 1944 report [that] described conditions at the Defoe Shipbuilding facility at Bay City, Michigan': amosite 'contains a considerable percentage of asbestos and studies have shown that dust from it, if breathed in sufficient quantity for a prolonged period, are capable of causing the disabling occupational disease, asbestosis.' The same passage recites 1941 Navy Preventive Medicine memoranda on asbestosis at Navy yards, 1942/1944 classified reports on Bath Iron Works asbestos insulation work, and the Navy-permitted 1946 Fleischer-Drinker report downplaying shipboard pipe-covering hazards. This hull was built at the Defoe Bay City yard March-April 1944 - the same year and facility the report described.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1941-1946 (documents recited); 1991 (opinion)
- Population
- Defoe Shipbuilding Bay City trades (1944, per the described report); Navy-yard workers generally
- Limitations
- Litigation-stage caution: the Federal Circuit affirmed summary judgment FOR the United States (GAF's Tucker Act theories barred under Lopez v. A.C. & S.); the quoted material is a dissent's recitation of evidence proffered at summary judgment - never adjudicated as a trial finding - and describes yard/facility conditions, not materials aboard any specific hull. The 1944 report itself is not in the public record independently of the opinion's description. Yard-level context only; establishes nothing about exposure of any individual.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1057-lcil1057-08
-
[10]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979; publicly released Oct 22, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2, Highlights block (full PDF blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships - the use predating and spanning this hull's entire 1944-48 construction and service era - and reviewed the Navy's asbestos-removal and worker-protection policies (1975 policy: remove/replace only damaged insulation or insulation requiring removal for repairs; modified 1979 to selective replacement in high-maintenance areas).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Fieldwork was at Long Beach and Norfolk Naval Shipyards - not Defoe or any amphibious-craft yard. Full report PDF not retrieved (gao.gov returns HTTP 403 to direct fetch, confirmed 2026-09-29); content via the product-page Highlights text retrieved through Firecrawl.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1057-lcil1057-09
-
[11]Batch-4936 search ledger (this record): NavSource; NHHC Pacific Fleet Organization 1 May 1945; NARA deck-log coverage and digitized-logs index; NavalCoverMuseum; shipbuildinghistory.com; HyperWar/ibiblio; CourtListener opinion and docket searches; NVR; GAO; USS LCI National Association; Wikipedia LCI list (secondary cross-check only) [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-1057-lcil1057-01 through -13
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or litigation naming USS LCI(L)-1057, LCI(G)-1057, or LCI(M)-1057 was found in the public sources searched. CourtListener opinion and docket searches across all designation variants returned zero results (clean negative, not a throttle). The only 'asbestos aboard LCI' material surfaced in secondary sweeps is law-firm marketing content asserting asbestos generally without primary sourcing - excluded by source policy. No DANFS entry exists for this hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 2026-09-29
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - construction at a documented wartime asbestos yard in 1944 is consistent with retained era materials, and this hull's 1944-45 conversions were exactly the kind of yard work that disturbed installed materials in the period. Deck logs, Defoe build records, and any Maritime Commission disposal file are undigitized leads. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1057-lcil1057-10