Evidence
11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).
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[1]research packet 804-packet.md [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lci-l-1085-lcil1085-pkt-804-packet-md
-
[2]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(L)-1085 - construction, unit assignment, disposition, conversion to tour boat Ticonderoga, specifications (history credited to 'USS LCI Landing Craft Infantry', Vol. II, Turner Publishing, 1995) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 151085.htm header block, service narrative, specification block, photo captions
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: laid down 4 August 1944 at Defoe Ship Building Co., Bay City, MI; launched 17 August 1944; commissioned USS LCI(L)-1085, 26 August 1944. WWII assignment: Asiatic-Pacific Theater. Award display: American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal (no battle stars shown). Decommissioned 1947; struck from the Naval Register 1947; transferred to the Maritime Commission 31 October 1947 for disposition. Sold to McAllister Lighterage Co. fall 1949 for $11,000; cut into four sections at Ticonderoga, Lake Champlain, NY; transported by truck to Baldwin on Lake George, NY; reassembled and launched October 1950 as Lake George Steamboat Company's tour boat Ticonderoga; placed out of service 1989 and laid up on Lake George; final disposition scrapped 1993 at Baldwin, Lake George, NY. Specification block: LCI-351 class; displacement 236 t. light / 264 t. landing / 419 t. loaded; length 158' 5.5"; beam 23' 3"; speed 16 kts max; complement 4 officers + 24 enlisted; troop capacity 6 officers + 182 enlisted; cargo 75 tons; armament five single 20mm guns; 'armor 2" plastic splinter protection on gun turrets, conning tower and pilot house'; propulsion two sets of 4 GM Series 71 diesels, 4 per shaft, GM main reduction gears, two diesel-driven 30kW 120V DC generators, twin variable-pitch propellers, 2,320 shp; 4,000 miles at 12 kts. Photos document the cutting at Ticonderoga, overland trucking, and reassembly at Baldwin.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1993
- Population
- Defoe construction trades (1944); crew (1944-47); McAllister Lighterage/Lake George conversion workers (1949-50); Lake George Steamboat Co. crews and passengers (1950-89); scrappers (1993)
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation whose narrative is credited to Turner Publishing's USS LCI Vol. II - ship-specific milestone dates (laid down, launched, commissioned, 1947 disposal chain) corroborate NHHC and Shipbuilding History records, but the unit assignment given on this page (Flotilla 13 / Group 38 / Division 76) conflicts with the official 1 May 1945 Pacific Fleet organization (see ev-02, gaps). Spec block is class-generic (same block on all LCI(L) pages). Contains no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1085-01
-
[3]NHHC / Navy Department Library, 'United States Pacific Fleet Organization, 1 May 1945' - official fleet order of battle listing this hull's chain of command and commanding officer [other_primary]
- Locator
- NHHC fleet-organization page, LCI Flotilla Twenty-Three > LCI Group 69 > LCI Division 138 table (p. ~82-83 of the printed document)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official fleet organization as of 1 May 1945 places this hull in the Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet: LCI FLOTILLA TWENTY-THREE; LCI GROUP 69 under ComLCIGrp 69 Lt. Cdr. G. A. Jacquemot (USNR); LCI DIVISION 138 comprising LCI 799 (Lt. (jg) W. C. Morrow USNR), LCI 800, LCI 876 (Lt. (jg) J. Payne, Jr. USNR), LCI 1085 (Lt. (jg) H. W. Hoel USNR), and LCI 1087. Establishes her chain of command and her commanding officer, Lt. (jg) H. W. Hoel (USNR), as of 1 May 1945.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1945-05-01
- Population
- Crew under Lt. (jg) H. W. Hoel, ~28 (4 officers + 24 enlisted complement)
- Limitations
- Documentary fleet organization as of one date (1 May 1945) - establishes assignment and CO at that date, not movements or operations; does not say where the flotilla was operating. Conflicts with the NavSource unit listing (Flotilla 13 / Group 38 / Division 76) - the group commander name matches (Jacquemot/Jaquenot), suggesting renumbering or transfer; unresolved, see gaps. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1085-02
-
[4]Shipbuilding History (T. Colton), Defoe Shipbuilding, Bay City MI yard hull list - LCI(L) block [other_primary]
- Locator
- defoe.htm hull table, rows for yard hulls 305-344 (LCI block), hull 338
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Independent yard-hull-list corroboration: Defoe yard hull no. 338 was LCI(L) 1085, US Navy landing craft, 236d GT / 158 ft, delivered August 1944; disposition noted 'Sold 1949 as Ticonderoga, scrapped 1993'. Defoe's LCI block ran hulls ~305-344 covering LCI(L) 1052-1091 and beyond (hulls delivered March-September 1944).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1993
- Population
- Defoe Shipbuilding yard workforce (1944)
- Limitations
- Secondary yard database, not a primary registry - but a well-maintained compilation cited by HAER AK-52; delivery month and disposition agree with NavSource and HAER. Yard delivery month (Aug 1944) vs NavSource commissioned date (26 Aug 1944) are consistent. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1085-03
-
[5]Historic American Engineering Record HAER No. AK-52, M/V Husky II (USS LCI(L) 653) - federal documentation of the LCI(L)-351 class and of surplus-LCI commercial conversions, naming this hull's Lake George career [haer]
- Locator
- HAER AK-52, pp. 5-6 (class design history), pp. 10-11 (excursion-boat conversions incl. LCI(L) 1085)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Federal documentation confirms this hull's post-Navy career: 'Eight LCIs were converted into passenger-carrying excursion boats. These included LCI(L) 1085, which ran from 1950 to 1989 as the Ticonderoga on Lake George, New York.' The same HAER documents class context: over 900 LCIs built in the US during WWII; the Navy design carried about 200 assault troops for a few days and landed them via bow gangways; the LCI(L)-351-class improvements (full-width deckhouse, cylindrical pilot house; single centerline ramp through bow doors on hulls built after 1 June 1944 - this hull falls in that group); welded steel construction; splinter armor of '2" of plastic splinter protection (i.e., crushed granite pebbles embedded in bitumen)'; eight six-cylinder General Motors Series 71 diesel truck engines, four per shaft; designed range 8,000 miles at 12 knots.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-2011 (documentation coverage)
- Population
- Lake George Steamboat Co. crews and passengers (1950-89)
- Limitations
- HAER documents sister hull LCI(L) 653 directly and this hull by name only for the excursion-boat career (one sentence); the 351-class design description is class-level documentation applied here as class context - not a hull survey of LCI(L) 1085. Contains no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1085-04
-
[6]Lake George (lakegeorge.com), 'Lake George Steamboat Company History: 1950 to 2017' - local history of the steamboat company's Ticonderoga (II) [reputable_press]
- Locator
- lakegeorge.com history article, 'Ticonderoga (II): In the Navy' and surrounding sections
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Local history corroboration of the post-Navy career: the Lake George Steamboat Company (purchased by Capt. Wilbur Dow in 1945) acquired the ex-Navy hull 'from the Brooklyn Navy Yard in 1949' where the 1944-built vessel had been 'retired' in 1947; in passenger configuration she measured 168 ft x 25.5 ft with two diesel engines (14 mph); launched on Lake George October 1950; carried passengers through 1989; replaced by the new-build Lac du Saint Sacrement; used as a floating warehouse; and in 1993 'made one final voyage while accompanied by a flotilla of boats; it was then cut apart in Ticonderoga and sold.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1949-1993
- Population
- Lake George Steamboat Co. conversion/rebuild workers (1949-50), crew and passengers (1950-89), 1993 dismantlers
- Limitations
- Regional commercial history site - secondary, not a primary record; used only for the post-Navy narrative where it agrees with NavSource and HAER. Post-conversion dimensions (168 ft x 25.5 ft, two diesels) reflect the rebuilt excursion vessel, not Navy configuration. Scrapping location stated as Ticonderoga while NavSource says Baldwin - minor conflict in gaps. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1085-05
-
[7]Era inference built on: NavSource LCI-351 class spec block (diesel plant, welded steel); HAER AK-52 class design documentation (eight GM Series 71 diesels, plastic splinter armor = granite-in-bitumen, no fibrous armor); GAO HRD-80-2 Navy asbestos-use era (see ev-07); LST-1 class-profile era-inference pattern for diesel amphibious craft [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource spec block; HAER AK-52 pp. 5-6; GAO HRD-80-2 product page
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A diesel-powered welded-steel landing craft built August 1944 sits inside the Navy's documented asbestos-use era. Era-consistent asbestos applications aboard a craft of this type and period were: engine and diesel-exhaust lagging; engine-room thermal/acoustic insulation; gaskets and valve packing on machinery, fuel, and water systems; electrical insulation; deck coverings and mastic in accommodation spaces; and brake linings on the anchor/ramp winches. She carried no steam plant - the boiler/turbine lagging pathway does not apply, but the confined-hull exposure dynamic applies with full force in a 158-ft craft. Her documented splinter 'armor' was crushed granite in bitumen, not a fibrous material.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1993
- Population
- Defoe construction trades (1944); crew (1944-47); conversion/dismantling workers (1949-50, 1993)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, spec sheet extract, or work package was located for LCI(L)-1085. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity. Product names are normalized era terms; no manufacturer attribution for this hull.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1085-06
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[8]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's entire construction and naval-service window (Aug 1944 - 1947 disposal).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved this session (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403 - same standing defect as BATCH-01/BATCH-98) - content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1085-07
-
[9]NARA, Logbooks of the U.S. Navy (RG 24 deck logs) - holdings list records LCI(L)-1085 deck logs covering 26 August 1944 - 30 June 1945 (batch-provided NARA inventory data); NARA 'Navy Deck Logs Available in the National Archives Catalog' digitized index checked and contains no LCI(L)-1085 entry [other_primary]
- Locator
- archives.gov/research/military/logbooks/navy + /navy-online digitized index (no LCI(L)-1085 entry)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA holds deck logs for this hull covering 26 August 1944 (commissioning day) through 30 June 1945 - the authoritative unexploited source for her actual WWII movements, ports, landings, and any non-routine events in that window. The logs are not digitized; NARA's online deck-log index was checked and no LCI(L)-1085 entry appears (the only ex-LCI hull found in the index was Kestrel/LCI-874, which later received a name).
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1945
- Population
- Crew of record, Aug 1944-Jun 1945
- Limitations
- Archival lead only: holdings coverage per batch-provided NARA inventory data; log contents unexamined - commissioning-to-30-Jun-1945 coverage establishes that records exist, not what they contain. The operational record beyond June 1945 to her 1947 decommissioning is not covered by this inventory line. No asbestos content expected in deck logs themselves; they document movements, not materials.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1085-08
-
[10]Batch-4964 search ledger (this record): NavSource; NHHC fleet organization 1 May 1945; Shipbuilding History Defoe list; HAER AK-52 full text; lakegeorge.com history; NARA deck-log index (not digitized); NVR (no entry); CourtListener opinion + RECAP docket searches; secondary web litigation sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-1085-01 through -11
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, museum record, or docketed case naming USS LCI(L)-1085 was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). CourtListener was fully searched this session via the authenticated helper: opinion queries 'LCI(L)-1085', 'LCI-1085', 'LCI 1085', and 'LCI(L) 1085' each returned zero hits, and RECAP docket-index queries 'LCI-1085' and 'LCI(L)-1085' each returned zero hits - a clean negative across all name/number variants. General web sweeps surfaced no qualifying litigation and, unusually, no law-firm marketing content asserting asbestos aboard this hull either.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 2026-09-29
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1944-era Navy craft is era-consistent with installed asbestos materials, and the hull's service and conversion history is thinly documented. The litigation repository search is complete for the hull-number/name variants checked (six queries, all zero); it does not cover cases naming the vessel only as 'LCI' with no number or under the Ticonderoga excursion name. Deck logs, Defoe work packages, MARAD disposition file, and any Lake George conversion/maintenance records are undigitized leads. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1085-09
-
[11]Unit-assignment cross-check: NHHC 'United States Pacific Fleet Organization, 1 May 1945' (Flotilla 23 / Group 69 / Division 138) vs NavSource history credited to Turner Publishing USS LCI Vol. II (Flotilla 13 / Group 38 / Division 76) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NHHC fleet-org page (Flotilla 23 block); NavSource 151085.htm service narrative
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- CONFLICT: two sources assign this hull to different LCI echelons. The official 1 May 1945 Pacific Fleet organization (NHHC) places LCI 1085 in LCI Flotilla Twenty-Three, LCI Group 69 (Lt. Cdr. G. A. Jacquemot USNR), LCI Division 138. NavSource's history (credited to Turner Publishing's USS LCI Vol. II) lists LCI Flotilla Thirteen (Cdr. M. B. Brown), LCI Group Thirty-Eight, LCI Division Seventy-Six. The group-commander name is the same in both (Jacquemot/Jaquenot), so a group renumbering or transfer between flotillas is plausible; the NHHC 1 May 1945 placement is carried as the dated official record and the NavSource listing is treated as a variant (possibly earlier wartime assignment), unresolved.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1945 (assignment window)
- Limitations
- Corrects/clarifies an organizational-listing discrepancy, not a material claim. Whether the Turner listing reflects an earlier real assignment or a transcription error cannot be resolved from public sources - the deck logs (NARA, undigitized) are the arbiter. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1085-10