Evidence
11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).
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[1]research packet 826-packet.md (2 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lci-l-1094-lcil1094-pkt-826-packet-md
-
[2]National Archives and Records Administration, Special List #44, 'List of Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Miscellaneous Units, 1801-1947,' by Ship Numbers (archives.gov PDF, 137 pp.); catalog file unit 'Special Lists 43 - 44' NAID 178406296 [other_primary]
- Locator
- sl-44-ship-number.pdf, page 21: 'LCI(L)-1094 10/3/1944 6/30/1945'
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA's inventory of held logbooks lists LCI(L)-1094 with Navy deck-log coverage 10/3/1944 to 6/30/1945 (PDF page 21, LCI(L) block). These are the Bureau-era logbooks held in Record Group 24 at the National Archives, College Park.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-10-03 to 1945-06-30
- Population
- crew (1944-1945)
- Limitations
- Log-coverage dates are the inventory's holdings boundary, not commissioning/decommissioning assertions - neighboring hulls in the same block show 12/31/1945 end dates. The coverage proves the logs exist at NARA; they are not digitized as an individual catalog file unit (catalog full-text search returned muster rolls and war diaries only) and their contents were not reviewed. Deck logs record navigation and routine events, not materials information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1094-01
-
[3]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(L)-1094 (history credited to 'USS LCI Landing Craft Infantry,' Vol. II, Turner Publishing, 1995) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/151094.htm - header block, awards block, unit-assignment block, occupation-period table
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource documents for this hull: laid down 15 September 1944 at DeFoe Ship Building Co., Bay City, MI; launched 28 September 1944; commissioned USS LCI(L)-1094 on 3 October 1944, LTjg. R. E. Lewis, USNR, in command. Assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific Theater: LCI Flotilla Thirteen (page notes '(flagship)'), CDR. M. B. Brown USN; LCI Group Fifty-Seven, LCDR. A. J. Ormstom [primary records spell ORMSTON - see ev-uss-lci-l-1094-10]; LCI Division One Hundred-Fourteen. Post-war: Navy Occupation Service Medal (Asia clasp) periods 2-8 October 1945, 28 October-1 November 1945, 7-13 November 1945, and 19 November-13 December 1945. Awards: American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, Navy Occupation Medal - no campaign stars listed. Decommissioned, struck, final disposition all listed as unknown. Radio call sign NZUI.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1946
- Population
- Defoe construction trades (Sep-Oct 1944); crew (Oct 1944 - c.1946)
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation drawing on Turner Publishing's LCI compilation (1995) - milestone dates track other sources but decommission/struck/fate are stated as unknown here; secondary disposition variants are logged in gaps. No battle stars or named landing operations are listed for this hull. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1094-02
-
[4]NARA RG 38, World War II War Diaries series: LCI(L) Group FIFTY SEVEN monthly war diaries naming this hull - May 1945 (NAID 140064970), June-July 1945 (NAID 83533759), August 1945 (NAID 77520597), September 1945 (NAID 77562558), October 1-November 8, 1945 (NAID 140083587); images reviewed individually [other_primary]
- Locator
- NAIDs 140064970 (cover + roster p.2), 83533759 (combined June-July diary: roster img 0652, Iwo Jima duties img 0653), 77520597 (cover + roster img 0959), 77562558 (roster img 1114), 140083587 (cover img 0328, roster img 0329, duties img 0330, final-diary note img 0331)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Five consecutive monthly war diaries of LCI(L) Group FIFTY SEVEN (Lt. Comdr. A. J. Ormston, USNR, commanding, aboard LCI(L)-1062) each name this hull in the group roster: 'LCI(L)s 1094/1095 - These [two] LCI(L)s operate in IWO JIMA area under CTU 94.7.3, Iwo Jima Surface Patrol and Escort Unit (ComDesRon 4).' The echelon of command shown is U.S. Pacific Fleet / Commander Marianas Area, with diary covers routing copies to ComLCI(L)FlotNINETEEN. Documented Iwo Jima-ship duties: June-July - air-sea rescue patrol, target for radar and searchlight drill for coastal artillery, salvage operations on broached landing craft, and filling smoke stations; October-November - salvage operations on broached landing craft and troop transport between Iwo Jima and Saipan. The October-November diary closes 'This is the last war diary to be submitted by this command' - the group was dissolved on or about 8 November 1945.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1945-05 to 1945-11-08
- Population
- crew; embarked troops in transport runs
- Limitations
- Unit-level diaries naming the hull among group elements; the Iwo Jima detachment (1094/1095) is listed by assignment line only - no daily movement entries for it appear in the group narrative. Placement before May 1945 is not established by the located diaries (the April 1945 diary shows a wholly different roster - see gaps). Deck logs (held per Special List 44) are the open lead for daily detail. No asbestos or materials content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1094-03
-
[5]NARA RG 24, Muster Rolls of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Other Naval Activities: 'LCI(L) 1094 - Muster Rolls' (NAID 120320542), fully digitized, 136 images (Ancestry partnership scans) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NAID 120320542, image 2 (quarterly-roll forwarding sheet, NAVPERS 605, 31 Dec 1944)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Digitized crew muster rolls for USS LCI(L) 1094 exist and were reviewed. The quarterly-roll forwarding sheet dated 31 December 1944 is certified by Executive Officer G. M. Witherspoon Jr., Lt(jg) USNR, and approved by Commanding Officer R. E. Lewis, Lt(jg) USNR; it was forwarded 3 January 1945 'From U.S.S. LCI(L) 1094, c/o Fleet Post Office, San Francisco, Calif.' A handwritten Bureau annotation on the cover reads 'Comm 10-3-44 to 5-28-46 (Decom)' - indicating commissioning 3 October 1944 and decommissioning 28 May 1946.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-10 to 1946-05 (roll coverage)
- Population
- ship's crew of record (quarterly rolls), incl. CO R. E. Lewis and XO G. M. Witherspoon Jr.
- Limitations
- The 28 May 1946 decommissioning rests on a handwritten BuPers cataloging annotation on the roll cover, not a formal decommissioning document; it conflicts with NavSource's 'date unknown' and the secondary 'Struck 1946'/'To NDRF 1947' entries - carried as the best-supported single date and flagged in gaps. Muster rolls document personnel, not materials; they are a crew-population reference, not an exposure record.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1094-04
-
[6]Shipbuilding History (Colton), 'Defoe Shipbuilding' yard list - Defoe hull no. 347; corroborated by the Naval Marine Archive mirror of the Colton LCI(L) type list [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/large/defoe.htm, hull-347 row; navalmarinearchive.com/sbh/smallships/lcil.html, LCI(L) 1094 row
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The Defoe Shipbuilding yard production list carries this hull as Defoe hull no. 347, 'LCI(L) 1094', US Navy landing craft, GT column '236d', 158 ft, delivered 1-Oct-44, disposition 'Struck 1946'. The Naval Marine Archive mirror of Colton's LCI(L) type list carries '1094, Defoe SB, Bay City MI, 3-Oct-44, To NDRF 1947'.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1947
- Population
- Defoe construction trades (1944); reserve-fleet handlers (1946-47, if NDRF)
- Limitations
- Secondary compilations (Tim Colton's shipbuilding lists) - not government records. The two compilations conflict on delivery date (1-Oct vs 3-Oct-44; 3-Oct matches the commissioning date) and disposition (Struck 1946 vs to the National Defense Reserve Fleet 1947); NavSource lists all three as unknown. Unresolved - see gaps. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1094-05
-
[7]uboat.net Allied Warships, USS LCI(L)-1094 (ship ID 22159) - LCI 351 class, built by Defoe Shipbuilding Co., Bay City; laid down 15 Sep 1944, launched 28 Sep 1944, commissioned 3 Oct 1944 [other_primary]
- Locator
- uboat.net ship page 22159, data table
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- uboat.net's Allied Warships entry for this hull corroborates the build record: LCI 351 class, built by Defoe Shipbuilding Co. (Bay City, Michigan), laid down 15 September 1944, launched 28 September 1944, commissioned 3 October 1944. No end-service date, commanders, or event history is listed.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944
- Limitations
- Volunteer-curated secondary reference; corroborating build data only - no service narrative, no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1094-06
-
[8]NavSource LCI(L)-351-class specification block (identical class spec across hull pages; cited from the LCI(L)-1095 page, last-updated block) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/151095.htm 'Specifications' block (class spec); GAO HRD-80-2 product page
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Era inference built on: NavSource class specifications (diesel landing craft - two sets of four General Motors 6051-series 6-71 diesels, four per shaft, GM reduction gears, two diesel-drive 30 kW generators, twin variable-pitch propellers; 158 ft steel hull, ~419 t loaded; complement 4 officers + 24 enlisted) and GAO HRD-80-2 (see ev-08). A craft of this type and build period carried era-standard asbestos applications: diesel exhaust lagging, machinery-space thermal/acoustic insulation, gaskets and valve/flange packing, and electrical insulation. No steam plant - the boiler/turbine lagging pathway of steam vessels does not apply, and a small auxiliary landing craft carried materially less installed insulation than combatants.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1947
- Population
- Defoe construction trades (1944); crew (1944-46); reserve-fleet/scrapping population (post-1946, undocumented)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, specification sheet, or work package located for LCI(L)-1094. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity. Product names are normalized era terms; no manufacturer attribution for this hull. NavSource is a secondary compilation; the class spec block is absent from this hull's own page and is cited from the sister-hull page.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1094-07
-
[9]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's entire construction (1944) and service era (1944-46).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403, confirmed 2026-09-29) - content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1094-08
-
[10]Batch-4973 search ledger (this record): NARA Special List 44 PDF (verified); NARA Catalog file units (muster rolls NAID 120320542; Group 57 war diaries NAIDs 140064970, 83533759, 77520597, 77562558, 140083587, 139989574); NavSource; uboat.net; shipbuildinghistory/Naval Marine Archive; DANFS index check; NVR check; CourtListener (blocked); secondary web litigation sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-1094-01 through -11
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or verified litigation naming USS LCI(L)-1094 was found in the public sources searched. CAVEAT: CourtListener could not be completed this session - the fleet-wide pacing budget was exhausted (helper exit 2 on five spaced attempts over ~45 min); logged as blocked in search_ledger, not as a negative result. Secondary web sweeps surfaced no qualifying case; the only 'asbestos aboard' material for landing craft generally is law-firm marketing content - excluded by source policy.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 2026-09-29
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - and the litigation repository search is a genuine open gap (throttled, not run). Deck logs (held per Special List 44 but undigitized), Defoe work packages, and any NDRF/disposal records are undigitized leads. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1094-09
-
[11]Designation/attribution cross-check: NavSource unit block (Flotilla Thirteen, '(flagship)', 'Ormstom') vs. NARA RG 38 primary records - Group 57 action report serial 67 of 2 May 1945 routing 'Via: (1) Commander LCI(L) Flotilla THIRTEEN' (NAID 139989574); May 1945 diary cover 'Copies to: ... ComLCI(L)FlotNINETEEN' signed A. J. ORMSTON (NAID 140064970); April 1945 diary roster (NAID 633431718) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 151094.htm unit block; NAID 139989574 (2 May 1945 action report, via-line via Flotilla THIRTEEN); NAID 140064970 cover (copies to ComLCI(L)FlotNINETEEN); NAID 83533759 cover + echelon block (Commander Marianas Area); NAID 633431718 (April 1945 roster - different hulls)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- CORRECTION/CLARIFICATION: NavSource (from Turner 1995) assigns this hull 'LCI Flotilla Thirteen' and spells the group commander 'LCDR. A. J. Ormstom'. The verified primary records show: (a) the Group 57 war-diary signatures read A. J. ORMSTON; (b) the group's April 1945 roster comprised entirely different hulls (LCI(L)s 867-871 and 1073, with 820/821/866/872/874/875 still at San Diego) under Lt. H. S. Williams at Palau - the Flotilla Thirteen routing on the 2 May 1945 action report (NAID 139989574) belongs to that earlier organization; (c) diary covers from May through November 1945 route copies to 'ComLCI(L)FlotNINETEEN' and the echelon of command reads 'U.S. Pacific Fleet / Commander Marianas Area'. 'Flotilla Thirteen' as applied to LCI(L)-1094 may reflect the transition month or a compilation carryover - the documented chain during her verified membership is Flotilla Nineteen / Commander Marianas Area.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1945-04 to 1945-11
- Limitations
- Corrects/clarifies unit attribution, not a material claim. NavSource's Flotilla Thirteen assignment is not proven wrong for every period - the hull's December 1944-April 1945 assignment is undocumented in located sources (deck logs are the lead), and a brief Flotilla Thirteen attachment cannot be excluded. verification_status partial because the earlier-period assignment remains open.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-1094-10