Evidence
13 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-13).
-
[1]research packet oh-packet.md (2 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED (identity exists)
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lci-l-195-lcil195-pkt-oh-packet-md
-
[2]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(G)-195 ex USS LCI(L)-195 - construction, campaigns, redesignation, occupation/China service, disposal, specifications block, and photo captions (page history credited to 'USS LCI Landing Craft Infantry, Vol. II,' Turner Publishing, 1995, ISBN 1-56311-262-0) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150195.htm data block, campaign list, specifications block, and photo captions
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull (LCI-1 class Landing Craft Infantry, Large): laid down 21 December 1942 at Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Corporation, Newark, N.J.; launched 8 February 1943; commissioned USS LCI(L)-195, 13 February 1943. Assigned Europe-Africa-Middle East Theater; campaigns: Sicilian occupation (Scoglitti landing, 9-18 July 1943), Salerno landings (9-21 September 1943), West Coast of Italy operations (Anzio-Nettuno advanced landing, 22 January - 1 March 1944), Invasion of Southern France (St. Raphael, 15-30 August 1944) - four battle stars. Redesignated Landing Craft Infantry (Gunboat), LCI(G)-195, 15 July 1945. Post-war Navy Occupation service 24 October - 14 November 1945 and China service (extended) 15 November 1945 - 1 April 1946 in the Far East. Decommissioned 15 July 1946; struck from the Naval Register, date unknown; sold 5 March 1947 to San Francisco Bridge Co.; final disposition fate unknown. Spec block: displacement 216 t. light / 234 t. landing / 389 t. loaded; length 158' 5.5"; beam 23' 3"; propulsion two sets of four General Motors diesel engines, four per shaft, BHP 1,600, twin variable-pitch propellers; speed 14 kts max continuous; complement LCI(L) 3 officers + 21 enlisted / LCI(G) 5 officers + 65 enlisted; troop capacity 6 officers + 182 enlisted; radio call sign NQXV. Photo captions place the hull moored at Pozzuoli, Italy (date unknown); pierside at Boston Navy Yard December 1944 alongside LCI(L)-196 (Boston Public Library, Leslie Jones Collection) after EAME service; and as LCI(G)-195 at Saei, Formosa (circa 13 December 1945 - 1 April 1946) and Shanghai (11 January 1946) alongside LCI(G)-220, -233 and -234.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1942-1947
- Population
- Federal Shipbuilding construction trades (Dec 1942-Feb 1943); crew (24-70 depending on fit) plus embarked troops up to ~188; occupation/China service crew (1945-46); breakup/reuse population undocumented (1947)
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation, not a primary registry; its narrative credits the Turner Publishing LCI volume. Milestone dates generally track official records but the LCI(G) redesignation date conflicts with uboat.net (15 July vs 15 June 1945 - see gaps), the struck date is explicitly unknown, and 'fate unknown' leaves post-1947 disposition undocumented. Contains no asbestos or material content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-195-lcil195-01
-
[3]NARA Special List #44 - List of Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Miscellaneous Units, 1801-1947, by Ship Number, p. 21; context page: https://www.archives.gov/research/military/logbooks/navy (logbooks = deck logs; chief holding = RG 24, Entry 118, NAID 581208) [other_primary]
- Locator
- sl-44-ship-number.pdf p. 21, 'LCI(L)-195' rows (two entries); archives.gov/research/military/logbooks/navy (RG 24 Entry 118 / NAID 581208)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA's inventory lists TWO logbook holdings for this hull: LCI(L)-195 covering 7/1/1944 - 7/31/1944 and LCI(L)-195 covering 12/1/1944 - 6/30/1945 (Special List 44 by ship number, p. 21). These windows document in-scope wartime service: July 1944 falls between the Anzio campaign (ended 1 March 1944) and the Southern France invasion (from 15 August 1944), and December 1944 - June 1945 covers the Boston Navy Yard period (photographed December 1944), the transit to the Pacific, and the 1 May 1945 Pacific Fleet organization listing. The logs themselves are paper holdings at NARA (RG 24, Entry 118) - they were not read; content (operations, availabilities, personnel) is unverified beyond the coverage windows.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-1945 (coverage windows)
- Population
- Crew of LCI(L)-195 during the covered windows (July 1944; December 1944 - June 1945)
- Limitations
- Inventory coverage dates only - not asserted commissioning/decommissioning dates and not log content. Holdings do not cover Feb 1943 - Jun 1944 (Sicily, Salerno, Anzio) or Aug-Nov 1944, Jul-Oct 1945, or Nov 1945 - Jul 1946 (occupation/China and decommissioning); whether those logs are absent from the accession or lost is undetermined. Deck logs for this hull are not on NARA's digitized-logs list (navy-online page, checked 2026-09-29 - the only LCI-bearing entry there is Kestrel ex-LCI-874); the National Archives Catalog is JS-rendered and could not be independently queried this session. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-195-lcil195-02
-
[4]NHHC, 'United States Pacific Fleet Organization, 1 May 1945' (official wartime organization list, Online Reading Room) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Document section 'LANDING CRAFT FLOTILLAS, PACIFIC FLEET' > 'LCI(L) FLOTILLA THIRTY-EIGHT' > 'LCI(L) GROUP 112' > 'LCI(L) DIVISION 223'
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- As of 1 May 1945 this hull was operating in the U.S. Pacific Fleet under Landing Craft Flotillas, Pacific Fleet: listed as 'LCI 195' in LCI(L) Flotilla Thirty-Eight, LCI(L) Group 112, LCI(L) Division 223 (divisionmates LCI 398 (FF), LCI 2, LCI 17, LCI 19, LCI 41). Confirms the post-EAME transfer to the Pacific - after the December 1944 Boston Navy Yard period - and that the hull was still designated LCI(L) on 1 May 1945, prior to the mid-1945 LCI(G) redesignation. Sister hulls photographed with her at Formosa/Shanghai in 1945-46 (LCI(G)-220, -233, -234) appear in the same document under LCI(L) Flotilla Thirty-Eight, Group 111, Division 221 - consistent flotilla assignment.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- as of 1945-05-01
- Population
- Crew of LCI(L)-195, Pacific Fleet amphibious organization
- Limitations
- Organization-list entry establishes fleet/flotilla assignment and presence as of 1 May 1945 only - no operational detail, no material content. List uses 'LCI 195' shorthand; hull identity is confirmed by number within the LCI(L) section. The document does not distinguish already-converted gunboats - the 195 entry sits under LCI(L) headers, consistent with the 15 July 1945 (or June - see gaps) redesignation being later than the list date.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-195-lcil195-03
-
[5]uboat.net Allied Warships, USS LCI(L)-195 (LCI(L)-195), warship ID 21100 - specification block and notable-events entry [other_primary]
- Locator
- uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/21100.html specification block and 'Notable events' entry (20 Feb 1944)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Ship-specific event record: 20 February 1944, USS LCI(L)-195 (Lt.(jg) R.L. Leventhal, USNR) picked up 6 survivors of USS LST-348, torpedoed and sunk that day by German U-boat U-410 about 22 nautical miles southwest of Gaeta, Italy (position 40 deg 57'N, 13 deg 14'E). Corroborates the Anzio-Nettuno campaign window (22 January - 1 March 1944) and supplies the only commanding-officer name located in sources. uboat.net's own spec block independently confirms builder (Federal Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., Newark NJ), laid down 21 Dec 1942, launched 8 Feb 1943, commissioned 13 Feb 1943, decommissioned 15 Jul 1946 - but lists an impossible 'Ordered 3 Jun 1943' (after the laid-down date) and 'Reclassified as LCI(G) 15 June 1945' (conflicts with NavSource's 15 July 1945 - both conflicts logged in gaps).
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-02-20 (event); 1942-1946 (block)
- Population
- Crew of LCI(L)-195 under Lt.(jg) R.L. Leventhal USNR; 6 rescued LST-348 survivors
- Limitations
- uboat.net is a high-quality secondary compilation focused on the U-boat war, not a primary registry; the rescue event is detailed and specific but carries no citation to a primary document (likely derived from the U-410 patrol record / LST-348 casualty file). The block's 'Ordered' field is internally inconsistent and excluded. No asbestos or material content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-195-lcil195-04
-
[6]HyperWar transcription, 'Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940-1945' landing-craft section (ibiblio.org) - LCI(L) and LCI(G) hull listings [other_primary]
- Locator
- ships-lc.html, LCI(L) delivery block and LCI(G) hull list
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official-list corroboration independent of NavSource: the transcription lists 'LCI(L)-194-195' in the 1942-44 delivery block and lists 'LCI(G)-195' in the LCI(G) section with a 1944-45 service window. Independently confirms the LCI(L)-to-LCI(G) redesignation occurred during 1944-45 and that the hull served through war's end.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1942-1945
- Population
- Crew during the LCI(G) service window (1944-45)
- Limitations
- Transcribed official-derived listing, not a narrative record: '1944-45' is a service-window notation, not a conversion date - it does not resolve the NavSource (15 Jul 1945) vs uboat.net (15 Jun 1945) redesignation-date conflict. No asbestos or material content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-195-lcil195-05
-
[7]Era/design inference built on: NavSource LCI-1 class specification block (two sets of four General Motors diesel engines, four per shaft, BHP 1,600; twin variable-pitch propellers; no boilers or steam plant); USS LCI National Association class facts (8 x GM 6-cylinder diesels; quarter-inch steel plate hull; crews 24-60 plus ~200 embarked troops); Atlas shipyard dataset product documentation for federal-shipbuilding-kearny (see ev-06) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150195.htm specifications block; usslci.org/facts class description; shipyards.json record 'federal-shipbuilding-kearny' product windows
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A diesel-propelled amphibious craft built December 1942 - February 1943 at a documented wartime-asbestos yard sits inside the Navy's asbestos-use era. With no boilers and no steam system, the heavy steam-ship asbestos categories (boiler lagging, steam-line insulation) do not apply; plausible period applications aboard a 1943 diesel landing craft concentrate in diesel exhaust/muffler insulation, gaskets and packing, electrical insulation, accommodation insulation/lining, deck coverings, and friction linings on winches and deck machinery. The craft's small confined volume (158 ft, ~24-70 crew plus embarked troops) means any installed asbestos materials were in intimate proximity to the embarked population.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1942-1947
- Population
- Federal Shipbuilding construction trades (Dec 1942-Feb 1943); crew and embarked troops (1943-46); LCI(G) conversion yard trades (1945, yard undocumented); post-sale civilian handlers (1947)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, work package, or builder's specification was located for LCI(L)-195. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity, no manufacturer attribution for this hull. LCIs were austerity beaching craft; the actual material fit may have been minimal compared to larger combatants - the inference cannot establish that any particular product was installed.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-195-lcil195-06
-
[8]Atlas shipyard dataset, 'federal-shipbuilding-kearny' record (evidence_tier 2): Owens-Illinois Industrial Health Survey of Federal Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., Kearny, NJ (Aug. 30 - Sep. 2, 1944; introduced as Owens-Illinois interrogatory exhibit #20 in Heathman v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., Brazoria County TX, 1990) + yard product records (Johns-Manville Superex pipe covering, 1940-48; Garlock gaskets, 1930-75) [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipyards.json 'federal-shipbuilding-kearny' evidence ev-federal-kearny-ihs-1944 and products pd-federal-kearny-01/-04; toxicdocs.org exhibit scan
- Finding type
- environmental_record
- Finding
- Builder-yard context: Federal Shipbuilding & Drydock's New Jersey yard, where this hull was built December 1942 - February 1943, is documented at yard level as an asbestos-use site. An Owens-Illinois industrial health survey of the yard (August 30 - September 2, 1944, wartime production peak) documented insulators cutting and fitting Johns-Manville Superex asbestos pipe covering and boiler insulation in confined spaces, with dust counts measured during cutting/fitting operations. The yard's product records period-bound the materials: Superex pipe covering (amosite ~15%) is documented at the yard 1940-48 - overlapping this hull's entire build window; Garlock gaskets 1930-75 likewise overlap.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1940-1948 (product window); survey 1944
- Population
- Federal Shipbuilding insulators, pipefitters and adjacent trades, wartime production era
- Limitations
- Yard-level documentation, not a hull record - LCI(L)-195 is not named. The survey postdates this hull's February 1943 delivery by roughly 18 months; it documents the yard's continuing wartime asbestos practice in the same construction era rather than the December 1942 - February 1943 build itself (the Superex 1940-48 product window is what overlaps this hull's construction). Yard naming varies across sources (Newark/Port Newark/Kearny) for Federal's single wartime yard. Does not establish materials aboard this hull, individual exposure, or quantity.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-195-lcil195-07
-
[9]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's entire construction (1942-43) and service era (1943-46).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403, confirmed 2026-09-29) - content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-195-lcil195-08
-
[10]Lemen RA, Landrigan PJ. 'Sailors and the Risk of Asbestos-Related Cancer.' Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(16):8417. PMID 34444165 [other_primary]
- Locator
- Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18(16):8417 (PubMed PMID 34444165)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed review documenting that chrysotile and amphibole asbestos were used extensively in ship construction of the era - insulation, joiner bulkhead systems, pipe coverings, boilers, machinery parts, bulkhead panels - and that sailors both worked and lived at their exposure site. Establishes the era-level background against which a 1943 commercial-yard diesel landing craft must be read.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- review published 2021
- Population
- Navy sailors of the asbestos era generally
- Limitations
- Era-level background only - a general review of sailor asbestos risk, not about this vessel or class. DOI resolves to the live MDPI page (mdpi.com returns 403 to automated curl; bibliographic identity verified via PubMed esummary for PMID 34444165).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-195-lcil195-09
-
[11]Batch-4994 search ledger (this record): NavSource, NARA Special List 44 PDF, NARA digitized-logs listing, NHHC Pacific Fleet organization document, uboat.net, HyperWar transcription, Atlas shipyard dataset + ToxicDocs exhibit, GAO product page, usslci.org, CourtListener API v4 (authenticated), secondary web sweeps [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-195-lcil195-01 through -13
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, material-condition report, or verified litigation naming LCI(L)-195 / LCI(G)-195 was found in the public sources searched. CourtListener opinion index (type=o) returned 0 hits for each of 'LCI(L)-195', 'LCI(G)-195', 'LCI-195', 'LCIG-195', and 'LCI 195'; the RECAP docket index (type=r) returned 0 for 'LCI(L)-195' - a genuine negative result, not a block. Secondary web sweeps surfaced no hull-specific asbestos claims at all (only generic Navy-asbestos marketing content, excluded by source policy).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 2026-09-29
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard. Small numbered landing craft are under-documented generally - no DANFS entry exists for this hull and no claims activity naming it was located; the deck logs themselves (paper, undigitized) and BuShips contract material are open leads. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-195-lcil195-10
-
[12]USS Landing Craft Infantry National Association (usslci.org) - Elsie Item newsletter archive, ship/crew research resources, AFMM LCI-713 museum-ship alliance; NavSource credits the Association-linked Turner Publishing volume 'USS LCI Landing Craft Infantry, Vol. II' (1995) for this hull's history and an Elsie Item issue (#46, Oct 2003) for the Shanghai photo [other_primary]
- Locator
- usslci.org (facts, archives sections); NavSource 10/15/150195.htm source credits; NARA RG 24 Entry 118 holdings per ev-02
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Open archival leads for hull-level material and service documentation not yet retrieved: (1) the two NARA deck-log holdings (7/1944; 12/1944-6/1945) - paper only, undigitized, not read; (2) Turner Publishing's USS LCI Vol. II chapter history credited by NavSource; (3) the LCI National Association's Elsie Item newsletter archive and crew/reunion records; (4) NHHC-held war diaries for LCI(L) Flotilla Thirty-Eight / Group 112, which would document the conversion yard and Pacific assignment; (5) NARA RG 19 BuShips contract/specification material for Federal Shipbuilding hulls.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1942-1947 coverage
- Limitations
- Leads only - none of these sources was read beyond the citations noted; their content for this hull is unverified. usslci.org serves HTTP (https unreachable; site live over http confirmed 2026-09-29). A veterans' association archive is a secondary repository, not a primary registry. No asbestos content located in the portions reviewed.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-195-lcil195-11
-
[13]Data-quality cross-check: uboat.net warship block for LCI(L)-195 vs NavSource timeline and HyperWar listing [other_primary]
- Locator
- uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/21100.html specification block, 'Ordered' field
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- CORRECTION: uboat.net's specification block for this hull lists 'Ordered 3 Jun 1943' - an impossible date, after the keel was laid (21 Dec 1942) and four months after launch (8 Feb 1943). The ordered-date field is a data error and is excluded from this record; laid-down/launched/commissioned dates carried here agree across NavSource and uboat.net (21 Dec 1942 / 8 Feb 1943 / 13 Feb 1943).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1942-1943
- Limitations
- Corrects a secondary-source data field, not a material claim. The underlying order/contract date for the LCI(L) production block is not documented in the sources consulted - it is left unrecorded rather than reconstructed.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-195-lcil195-12