Evidence
9 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-9).
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[1]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(L)-221 (10/15/150221) - identity, construction milestones, theater assignment, campaign credits, disposal milestones, spec block; history credited to USS LCI 'Landing Craft Infantry' Vol. II (Turner Publishing, 1995) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150221.htm - history block, campaign table, specifications block, and photo captions
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull (NavSource, from Turner Publishing's USS LCI Vol. II): LCI-1 class landing craft; laid down 15 October 1942 at George Lawley and Sons, Neponset, MA; launched 14 November 1942; commissioned USS LCI(L)-221 on 30 November 1942; international radio call sign NBYD. Assigned to the Europe-Africa-Middle East Theater; campaign credits - Sicilian occupation 9-15 July 1943; Salerno landings 9-21 September 1943; West Coast of Italy operations (Anzio-Nettuno advanced landings 22, 27, 28, 29, 30 January and 21 February-1 March 1944; Elba and Pianosa landings 17 June 1944); Invasion of Southern France 15 August-9 September 1944. Four battle stars for World War II service. Decommissioned, date unknown; struck from the Naval Register in 1946; transferred to the Maritime Commission 6 June 1947 for disposal. Spec block: 236 t. light / 264 t. landing / 419 t. loaded; 158'5.5" length; 23'3" beam; complement 4 officers + 24 enlisted; troop capacity 6 officers + 182 enlisted; five single 20mm guns; 2-inch plastic splinter protection on gun turrets, conning tower and pilot house; GM 6051-series-71 diesel plant, 2,320 shp. Photo captions document the hull off-loading troops at Gela, Sicily, July 1943; loading Italian prisoners of war at Gela 11 July 1943 (US Army Signal Corps photo via NARA collections); taking on Axis prisoners on a Sicilian beach 22 July 1943; and Moroccan troops aboard landing craft at Porto Vecchio, Corsica, bound for Elba, 16 June 1944 (with LCI(L)-39, LCI(L)-237, LCI(L)-76; US Army Pictorial Service photo MM-44-1451).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1942-1947
- Population
- Lawley construction trades (1942); USN crew (1942-46); embarked assault troops (to 182 enlisted + 6 officers); Axis POWs embarked under guard (Sicily, July 1943)
- Limitations
- Volunteer-compiled secondary record (Turner Publishing book history), not a primary registry - milestone dates generally track official sources, and the campaign table is consistent with dated photo documentation, but campaign-credit and disposal dates are not independently verified against a Navy awards register. This page's builder attribution (Lawley) agrees with the contract-build table - unlike sibling pages carrying the NY Shipbuilding error. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-221-lcil221-01
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[2]Shipbuilding History (T. Colton), 'Landing Craft, Infantry (Large) - LCI(L)' contract-build table, row 221: 'Lawley & Sons | Neponset MA | 30-Nov-42 | To NDRF 1947'; corroborated by yorkship.org (New York Shipbuilding designed the LCI(L), built only hulls 1-48, and supplied plans to Lawley & Sons and other small yards) [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipbuildinghistory.com/smallships/lcil.htm row 221; yorkship.org/HTML/landing.htm (LCI(L) section)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The contract-level build table lists LCI(L)-221 as built by Lawley & Sons, Neponset MA, delivered 30-Nov-42 - inside the Lawley first block (hulls 209-238, delivered October 1942-February 1943, immediately following the Federal Shipbuilding 197-208 block cancelled 5-Nov-42). Disposition column: 'To NDRF 1947' - i.e., MARAD took charge of the boat for disposal, consistent with NavSource's 'transferred to the Maritime Commission, 6 June 1947.' Builder attribution agrees with NavSource on this hull (no design-yard/build-yard conflict exists here).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1942-1947
- Limitations
- Secondary compilation derived from contract/delivery records - no primary contract document was examined. 'Delivery 30-Nov-42' and NavSource's 'commissioned 30 November 1942' fall on the same date; the delivery/commissioning conflation seen across LCI(L) secondary sources is unresolved (see gaps). 'NDRF' is the table's shorthand for MARAD disposal custody, per the page's own note - buyer and ultimate fate not recorded. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-221-lcil221-02
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[3]National Archives, Special List 44: List of Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Miscellaneous Units, 1801-1947 (Bradley, Kurtz, et al., 1978) - numbered-vessel (signal-number) section; public scan mirror at Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center [other_primary]
- Locator
- Special List 44, ships-by-signal-number-designation volume, LCI(L) section (PDF p. 22); ACPL scan mirror 'F-LCI(L)' section
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA Special List 44 inventories U.S. Navy deck logs for LCI(L)-221 covering 1 December 1943 through 30 June 1945 (numbered-vessels section, PDF p. 22 of the signal-number inventory). The window opens mid-service - after the Sicily and Salerno campaigns, during the run-up to Anzio - and extends past VE Day, consistent with continued USN commission through mid-1945. These are log-coverage dates in the NARA inventory, not asserted service boundaries: no earlier-period (Nov 1942-Nov 1943) logs are inventoried for this hull, and coverage after June 1945 is likewise not inventoried.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-12-01 to 1945-06-30 (inventoried coverage)
- Population
- USN deck-log-keeping crew (Dec 1943-Jun 1945)
- Limitations
- Archival lead only: the inventory documents that logs exist for the stated window, not their contents - no log page was examined, and deck logs do not document construction materials in any case. Coverage begins thirteen months into commissioned service; the disposition of the Nov 1942-Nov 1943 logs is unexplained by the inventory. The SL44 public mirror is image-scan only (no OCR); the date range here is carried from the batch's verified SL44 transcription.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-221-lcil221-03
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[4]The National WWII Museum, Digital Collections - photograph, accession 2013.495.961 (donor Thomas J. Hanlon; gift in memory of Sgt. Lyle E. Eberspecher): 'Italian prisoners being loaded onto a US landing craft off the coast of Gela, Sicily, 1943' [museum_official]
- Locator
- ww2online.org image record 2013.495.961 - description, image information, and collection-level note
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Museum-held photograph documenting this hull on a date and station: 'Italian prisoners of war wading through water to board the USS LCI(L)-221. Official caption on front: "Italian prisoners being loaded aboard LCI (Landing Craft Infantry) near Gela, Sicily, 11 July 1943. US Army Photo 155-3."' Unit tag: LCI(L)-221; campaign tag: Combat Operations, Sicily (1943). The image is part of a ~1,700-photograph collection of official military photographs reproduced by the Official Photos Company of Hollywood, with originals at NARA. The date falls inside the hull's documented Sicilian-occupation credit window (9-15 July 1943).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1943-07-11
- Population
- LCI(L)-221 crew; Italian POWs embarked under guard (Gela, 11 Jul 1943)
- Limitations
- Vessel-history fact establishing presence and operation on a date, not an exposure record - this record makes no exposure claim for any individual shown or embarked. The museum caption photo number ('US Army Photo 155-3') and NavSource's caption for the same image ('SC 180477') differ; both credit US Army/NARA holdings. The photograph shows POW loading, not internal spaces or materials.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-221-lcil221-04
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[5]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, HM LCH-75 ex-USS LCI(L)-75 (10/15/150075) - photo caption documenting LCI(L)-221 in company near Pozzuoli, 17 February 1944 [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150075.htm - photo caption block (1015007501.jpg)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- A dated photo caption on a sibling NavSource page documents this hull's station: 'USS LCI(L)-221, USS LCI-75 and USS LCI(L)-19 showing the damage inflicted on USS LCI(L)-75 from a collision with USS LCI(L)-193, 17 February 1944, near Pozzuoli while enroute from Pozzuoli to Capri' (photo credited to Tom Hunter for his father Bruce Hunter, RM3/c USS LCI(L)-193). Places LCI(L)-221 in the Pozzuoli/Naples area on 17 February 1944, between the hull's January and late-February Anzio-Nettuno credit windows.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-02-17
- Population
- LCI(L)-221 crew (Pozzuoli area, 17 Feb 1944)
- Limitations
- Presence documentation only - establishes company and station on a date, not an exposure record; the caption documents damage to LCI(L)-75, not to this hull. The same photo appears on the LCI(L)-221 page captioned 'date and location unknown' - the date/location come solely from the sibling page's contributor caption (crew-family provenance, not an official log). No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-221-lcil221-05
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[6]Era inference built on: NavSource spec block (GM 6051-series-71 diesel plant, no steam); Shipbuilding History LCI(L) build table (1942 construction at Lawley & Sons); GAO HRD-80-2 (Navy asbestos insulation era - see ev-07); NPS NRHP record for sister LCI(L)-713 (see ev-08) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource spec block; shipbuildinghistory.com/smallships/lcil.htm; GAO HRD-80-2 product page
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A 1942-built amphibious landing craft sits inside the Navy's documented asbestos-insulation era (GAO HRD-80-2). Era-standard applications aboard a small diesel craft of this period were engine-exhaust and muffler lagging, machinery insulation in the engine room, gaskets and valve packing, and electrical/wiring insulation - within a 158-foot steel hull crewed by 28 and embarking up to 188 troops at assault capacity. As a diesel craft she carried no steam plant, so the boiler/turbine lagging pathway of steam vessels does not apply; the relevant exposure geometry is the small, confined machinery space and the crew's continuous occupation of a compact hull.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1942-1947
- Population
- Lawley construction trades (1942); USN crew and embarked troops (1942-46); MARAD/NDRF custody and any purchasers or breakers post-1947
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, or work package located for LCI(L)-221. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity. Product names are normalized era terms; no manufacturer attribution for this hull. The type's austere wartime design and small volume mean less installed insulation than a steam combatant - inference runs both ways.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-221-lcil221-06
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[7]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's entire construction (1942) and service era (1942-46).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403, confirmed 2026-09-29) - content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-221-lcil221-07
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[8]National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places nomination, USS LCI-713, NRHP 07000300 (listed 12 April 2007) - metadata and nomination narrative (1.05 MB PDF, full text extracted this session) [nps]
- Locator
- NPS NPGallery AssetDetail NRIS 07000300 - asset metadata plus nomination PDF (structural-integrity paragraph; builder-profiles section)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- A Lawley-built sister of this hull survives: LCI(L)-713 (built Neponset MA, launched 27 July 1944, commissioned 29 September 1944; a later center-ramp configuration) is listed on the National Register (NRHP 07000300, Portland OR), with the NRHP record naming 'U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships' and 'Lawley, George' as architects/builders. The nomination narrative describes that hull as 'structurally, essentially unchanged since World War II' and profiles the builder: George Lawley & Son, Neponset MA, in business since 1866 and the oldest yard given LCI construction - approximately 160 LCIs and 47 LCSs built, closed right after the war ended in 1945. The nomination also confirms the type split relevant to this hull: the first group, hulls 1-350, are 'square conns' of the original design - LCI(L)-221's configuration - versus the later center-ramp boats like 713.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 1944-present (sister hull); 1866-1945 (Lawley yard profile)
- Population
- Museum restoration volunteers (sister ship); none for this hull
- Limitations
- Sister-ship class documentation: LCI(L)-713 is a different hull (1944 center-ramp boat), not this 1942 original-design boat, and the nomination contains no asbestos assertion either way. Demonstrates only that original-era fabric survives in the type - not that asbestos specifically does. The yard profile is nomination-narrative content (secondary within the document), not itself a registry record. No hull-specific inference for LCI(L)-221 is drawn.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-221-lcil221-08
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[9]Batch-5011 search ledger (this record): NavSource page and LCI index; sibling NavSource pages (LCI(L)-75 collision caption); Shipbuilding History build table; yorkship.org yard history; NARA SL44 inventory; National WWII Museum digital collections; NPS NRHP 07000300 nomination full text; CourtListener opinion (type=o) and docket (type=r) searches; NHHC/DANFS check; NVR check; secondary web litigation sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-221-lcil221-01 through sl-uss-lci-l-221-lcil221-12
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or docketed case naming USS LCI(L)-221 was found in the public sources searched. CourtListener returned zero results for all hull-designation variants in both the opinion (type=o) and docket (type=r) indexes ('LCI(L)-221', 'LCI-221', 'LCIL-221', 'LCI(L) 221', 'LCI 221'). The only 'asbestos aboard' material surfacing is law-firm marketing content asserting LCI-type or yard-level exposure generally without primary sourcing - excluded by source policy; none names this hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-29
- Study period
- 2026-09-29
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - 1942 construction inside the documented asbestos-insulation era makes era inference reasonable but unproven for this hull. Deck logs (Dec 1943-Jun 1945, NARA) are the open documentary lead; the hull's post-1947 disposition is undocumented, so no post-service survey trail can exist unless a records transfer occurred. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-221-lcil221-09