USS LCI(L)-229

Evidence

11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).

1. [1]research packet 402-packet.md (2 sources cited) [other_primary]

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED — real identity: USS LCI(L)-229 — source: https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/21144.html (opened and read; page title "USS LCI(L)-229 (LCI(L)-229) of the US Navy")

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   supporting

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Evidence ID

   uss-lci-l-229-lcil229-pkt-402-packet-md

2. [2]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(L)-229 (10/15/150229) - construction, commissioning, campaign table, RN lease/return, disposal, specifications, and captioned photography; page history attributed to USS LCI 'Landing Craft Infantry' Vol. II (Turner Publishing, 1995) [other_primary]

   Locator

   NavSource 10/15/150229.htm header block, campaign table, specifications block, and photo-caption block

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   Documented for this hull: LCI-1 Class Landing Craft Infantry (Large); laid down November 1942 at George Lawley and Sons Corp., Neponset, MA; launched December 1942; commissioned USS LCI(L)-229 on 2 January 1943. Assigned to the Europe-Africa-Middle East Theater; credited campaigns: North African occupation (Tunisian operations, 27 March - 9 July 1943), Sicilian occupation (9-15 July and 28 July - 12 August 1943), West Coast of Italy operations (Anzio-Nettuno advanced landings, 22 January - 1 March 1944), and the Invasion of Normandy (6-25 June 1944). Transferred to the United Kingdom (leased) 14 November 1944; decommissioned 15 November 1944 at Sheerness, UK; earned four battle stars; returned to U.S. Naval custody 10 December 1946; struck from the Naval Register on an unknown date; sold 10 December 1946, fate unknown. Photographic record places this hull with LCI Flotillas Two and Four bound for North Africa with the Third Infantry Division, massed at Bizerte, Tunisia, 6 July 1943 loading for the invasion of Sicily (U.S. Army Signal Corps photo SC-176486, held at NARA), moored at Bizerte with LCI(L)-85 and LCI(L)-322, and moored at Sheerness circa 14 November 1944 in the turnover group with LCI(L)-75, -231, -35, -193, and -238. Specifications transcribed: 236 t light / 264 t landing / 419 t loaded; 158 ft 5.5 in x 23 ft 3 in; five single 20mm guns; complement 4 officers + 24 enlisted; troop capacity 6 officers + 182 enlisted or 75 tons cargo.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   context

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-29

   Study period

   1942-1946

   Population

   Lawley construction trades (1942); crew (1943-44); embarked troops (campaigns 1943-44); Royal Navy crew on lease (1944-46)

   Limitations

   NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation, not a primary registry - its milestone dates generally track official records but the page itself attributes the history to Turner Publishing's USS LCI volume, and it gives no source for the day-level milestones it omits (laid down and launched are months only). A one-day ordering oddity is internal to the listing: transfer-by-lease is dated 14 November 1944 while decommissioning is dated 15 November 1944. Contains no asbestos or material content. The Bizerte and Sheerness captions transcribe NARA-held and contributor photographs.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-lci-l-229-lcil229-01

3. [3]shipbuildinghistory.com (Tim Colton compilation of official production records): LCI(L) production table row for hull 229 + George S. Lawley & Sons Neponset yard table (yard hull 1269) [other_primary]

   Locator

   LCI(L) production table, hull-229 row; Lawley yard table, hull 1269 row (yard page via Wayback capture of 2016-03-05)

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   Production-table record for this hull: LCI(L)-229 built by Lawley & Sons at Neponset, MA, delivered 2 January 1943, disposition 'To Britain 1944, returned 1946, sold 1946'. The George S. Lawley & Sons yard table assigns this hull yard number 1269 (delivery Dec-42) and records the same disposition; the LCI(L) production summary documents 923 LCI(L)s built by ten shipyards, the first-350-boat design at 158.5 ft / 216 t light.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   context

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-29

   Study period

   1942-1946

   Population

   Lawley construction trades (1942); crew (1943-44); RN crew (1944-46); post-sale owners (1946+, unrecorded)

   Limitations

   Compiled secondary source (Colton's shipbuilding tables), corroborating NavSource on builder, yard, delivery date, Britain transfer, and sale year; it is not an official registry. The yard page notes 'a lot of gaps' in early records and gives the yard table's own date granularity (delivery month only, Dec-42). No asbestos or material content.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-lci-l-229-lcil229-02

4. [4]uboat.net Allied Warships of WWII: USS LCI(L)-229 (ship/21144) and HMS LCI(L)-229 (ship/21145) entries [other_primary]

   Locator

   uboat.net ship pages 21144 (USN) and 21145 (RN) - data tables and history lines

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   Allied-warship compilation records for this hull: ordered 31 August 1942; laid down 15 November 1942; launched 27 December 1942; commissioned 2 January 1943; end of U.S. service 15 November 1944; transferred to the Royal Navy on 15 November 1944; commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS LCI(L)-229 on 15 November 1944 (separate RN entry); returned to the U.S. Navy by the RN on 10 December 1946. No commanding officers or events are listed for either national entry.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   context

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-29

   Study period

   1942-1946

   Population

   U.S. crew (1943-44); Royal Navy crew on lease (1944-46)

   Limitations

   Secondary compilation supplying day-level construction dates (ordered, laid down, launched) that NavSource gives only to the month; dates corroborate but are not themselves primary. The 'notable events' panel on the same page mis-associates this hull with Pacific operations - see correction row ev-10. No asbestos or material content.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-lci-l-229-lcil229-03

5. [5]Naval History and Heritage Command, National Museum of the U.S. Navy - 'Landing Craft Infantry (Large)-10 (USS LCI(L)-10)' photography and class-description page (Wayback Machine capture 2025-12-10; live page returned 404 on 2026-09-29) [museum_official]

   Locator

   Page lead paragraphs (class description and sister-hull narrative) beneath the LCI(L)-10 entry

   Finding type

   vessel_history

   Finding

   NHHC's National Museum of the U.S. Navy describes the LCI(L) type: Navy-designed craft launched by the hundreds; approximately 157 feet long, speeds up to 14 knots, crew of 24 officers and men, four 20mm guns; the first version debarked troops by catwalks and ramps while later versions used bow doors; the same hull was modified into mortar, gunboat, and rocket versions and flotilla flagships. The host page's sister-hull narrative (LCI(L)-10) documents the same service pattern this hull followed: Europe-Africa-Middle East Theatre, LCI Flotilla Two; North African, Italian, and Normandy campaigns; decommissioned late 1944, leased to the Royal Navy, returned 1946, struck, and disposed.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   context

   Documentation level

   class_or_era

   Accessed

   2026-09-29

   Study period

   WWII (class description)

   Population

   LCI(L) crews and embarked troops (class context)

   Limitations

   Class-level description published on a sister hull's page, not LCI(L)-229-specific. Rounded class figures (157 ft, four 20mm guns, crew of 24) differ from this hull's detailed transcription (158 ft 5.5 in, five 20mm guns, 4 officers + 24 enlisted) - variants logged as gaps, not merged. Contains no materials or asbestos information. Live NHHC URL returned 404; archived Wayback capture cited and labeled.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-lci-l-229-lcil229-04

6. [6]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) - citation metadata verified via Crossref [other_primary]

   Locator

   Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373; DOI record verified via api.crossref.org

   Finding type

   asbestos_application

   Finding

   Peer-reviewed scholarship documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during World War II - the era and program under which this 1942 naval landing craft was built - and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization in ship construction.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   context

   Documentation level

   class_or_era

   Accessed

   2026-09-29

   Study period

   1940s era documented; article 1987

   Population

   WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)

   Limitations

   Program/era-level documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel or the LCI(L) type and does not establish that asbestos was aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation. DOI resolves to Wiley full text which returns HTTP 403 to automated fetch - metadata verified via Crossref API.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-lci-l-229-lcil229-05

7. [7]LCI(L)-1-class specification transcription per NavSource Amphibious Photo Archive (8 GM diesels, no steam plant) + shipbuildinghistory class design summary (steel beaching craft, diesel plant) [other_primary]

   Locator

   NavSource USS LCI(L)-229 page, 'Specifications' block (propulsion section)

   Finding type

   asbestos_application

   Finding

   The LCI(L) was a diesel-powered beaching craft: the class specification transcribed for this hull records eight GM 6051-series-71 diesel engines (four per shaft) with twin variable-pitch propellers and diesel-driven ship's-service generators - no boilers and no steam system. The era's dominant shipboard asbestos applications (boiler and steam-line lagging) were therefore absent by design on this craft type; residual era-typical candidate materials on a diesel landing craft (engine-exhaust/muffler lagging, gaskets, packing, electrical insulation, joiner and deck materials, coatings) are not documented for this hull.

   Verification

   inferred

   Role

   context

   Documentation level

   class_or_era

   Accessed

   2026-09-29

   Study period

   1942-1946

   Population

   Engine-room crew; Lawley construction trades (1942); RN crew (1944-46)

   Limitations

   The diesel configuration is documented; the asbestos-relevant material content aboard is not. Absence of boilers/steam removes the largest era-typical asbestos mass, but era-typical smaller applications (exhaust lagging, gaskets, electrical insulation, coatings) are plausible and undocumented - this row bounds the inference, it does not establish presence or absence. No BuShips materials list for this hull or class was located.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-lci-l-229-lcil229-06

8. [8]CourtListener API v4 search (authenticated helper), 2026-09-29: type=o '"LCI(L)-229"' (0), '"LCI-229"' (0), '"LCI 229"' (0), '"landing craft" asbestos' (2 non-qualifying), '"George Lawley" asbestos' (0); type=r '"LCI(L)-229"' (0) [court_record]

   Locator

   search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-229-lcil229-07 through -11

   Finding type

   litigation_documented

   Finding

   CourtListener API v4 (authenticated) searches on 2026-09-29 located no qualifying litigation naming this vessel. Opinion search '"LCI(L)-229"' returned 0 hits; the same query against the docket index (type=r) returned 0 hits; '"LCI-229"' and '"LCI 229"' opinion searches each returned 0 hits; '"landing craft" asbestos' returned 2 non-qualifying hits (a Navy accommodation-ladder personal-injury appeal naming no landing-craft hull; an ASBCA government-contract appeal); '"George Lawley" asbestos' returned 0 hits. No asbestos opinion or docket naming USS LCI(L)-229, HMS LCI(L)-229, LCI-229, or this hull was found.

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   negative_finding

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-29

   Study period

   accessed 2026-09-29

   Limitations

   Sold-out-of-service 1946 hull; any crew exposure claims would name defendants (builders, manufacturers, operators), not the hull number, so a hull-name negative does not establish that crew members never filed claims. RECAP/docket coverage of early asbestos litigation is inherently thin. One planned query ('"landing craft infantry" asbestos') was never executed - fleet pacing budget intermittently spent; logged honestly.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-lci-l-229-lcil229-07

9. [9]Batch-5019 search ledger (this record): NavSource Amphibious Photo Archive; shipbuildinghistory production and yard tables; uboat.net USN/RN entries; NHHC DANFS URL-pattern check; HyperWar per-hull index check; NARA catalog; CourtListener sweep [other_primary]

   Locator

   search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-229-lcil229-05, -06, -15

   Finding type

   historical_record

   Finding

   No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located. No DANFS entry exists for this hull (the NHHC DANFS URL pattern returns 404 for LCI(L)-229; NavSource attributes this hull's history to Turner Publishing's USS LCI volume, not DANFS). No asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or material list naming the hull was found in the public sources searched; the hull was sold out of service in 1946, before the survey and abatement documentation regimes that generate most modern hull-level asbestos records. No litigation names the hull (see litigation_sweep row).

   Verification

   verified

   Role

   negative_finding

   Documentation level

   ship_specific

   Accessed

   2026-09-29

   Study period

   2026-09-29

   Limitations

   Absence of a located record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - the hull was never surveyed and its post-sale fate is unknown ('fate unknown' per NavSource). A negative finding is a documentation result, not evidence of absence of exposure or of eligibility/ineligibility for any claim.

   Atlas source

   true

   Evidence ID

   ev-uss-lci-l-229-lcil229-08

10. [10]National Archives and Records Administration record groups RG 111-SC (shelflist NAID 365844228), RG 38, RG 19, RG 24 (mapped, not retrieved); UK National Archives ADM series (mapped, not retrieved) [other_primary]

    Locator

    NARA catalog API - shelflist 111-SC-176000 to 111-SC-176999 (contains SC-176486); record-group mapping only

    Finding type

    historical_record

    Finding

    Archival path for any deeper record: NARA RG 111-SC (Army Signal Corps photographs - the Bizerte loading image captioned for this hull, SC-176486, falls in shelflist NAID 365844228 covering 111-SC-176000 to 111-SC-176999); RG 38 (Chief of Naval Operations wartime records - LCI(L) Flotilla Two/Four war diaries and any action reports); RG 19 (Bureau of Ships LCI(L) design and construction records - the path for any materials-level specification); RG 24 (deck logs, if surviving). UK-side records of the 1944-46 Royal Navy lease sit in The National Archives (ADM series). No retrieval was performed beyond catalog-level checks.

    Verification

    unverified

    Role

    archival_lead

    Documentation level

    context_only

    Accessed

    2026-09-29

    Study period

    2026-09-29

    Limitations

    Record-group and shelflist mapping is a research path, not evidence about this hull; the individual photo record for SC-176486 was not retrieved, holdings' contents were not examined, and their coverage of this craft's materials is unknown.

    Atlas source

    true

    Evidence ID

    ev-uss-lci-l-229-lcil229-09

11. [11]uboat.net Allied Warships ship/21144 'Notable events' panel vs. the same event's own task-group ship lists; NavSource campaign table (EAME theater only) and Sheerness/Bizerte photography [other_primary]

    Locator

    uboat.net ship/21144 events panel; NavSource 10/15/150229.htm campaign table and photo captions

    Finding type

    historical_record

    Finding

    CORRECTION: the uboat.net USN page for this hull displays a 'Notable events involving LCI(L)-229' section listing Operations Reckless and Persecution - the 22 April 1944 amphibious landings at Hollandia and Aitape, New Guinea. That association is spurious: the same page's own task-group ship lists for the operation enumerate the participating LCI(L)s (71, 72, 74, 340, 343, 344, 361-364, 429-431, 447, 448 in TG 77.1; 28, 25-27, 29, 30, 224-228, 230, 337, 338, 342, 432 in Group E) and LCI(L)-229 appears in none of them; and the hull's documented record places it in the Europe-Africa-Middle East Theater throughout - Anzio-Nettuno January-March 1944 and Normandy June 1944 - ending U.S. service at Sheerness in November 1944. The Pacific event tagging likely reflects a database artifact attaching Lawley-built sisters' Pacific movements to this hull.

    Verification

    partial

    Role

    correction

    Documentation level

    ship_specific

    Accessed

    2026-09-29

    Study period

    1944 (mis-tagged event window)

    Limitations

    Corrects a circulating secondary-source mis-association, not a material or asbestos claim. uboat.net's underlying event data (the task-group lists) is itself a compilation; the correction rests on the internal contradiction plus the documented EAME theater assignment. No asbestos content.

    Atlas source

    true

    Evidence ID

    ev-uss-lci-l-229-lcil229-10