Evidence
11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).
-
[1]research packet 410-packet.md (8 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED — real identity: USS LCI(L)-35 — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_Landing_Craft_Infantry
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lci-l-35-lcil35-pkt-410-packet-md
-
[2]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(L)-35 - milestones, campaigns, spec block, awards, photo captions (history credited to 'USS LCI Landing Craft Infantry,' Vol. II, Turner Publishing, 1995) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150035.htm header block, campaign table, specifications block, photo captions (Signal Corps 176486; Pozzuoli Bay; Normandy beachhead; Sheerness turnover group)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource timeline for this hull: LCI-1 Class Landing Craft Infantry (Large); laid down October 1942 at New York Shipbuilding Corp., Camden, N.J.; launched November 1942; commissioned USS LCI(L)-35, 28 January 1943, at Philadelphia, PA., ENS. Samual P. Strickland, USNR, in command. Assigned Europe-Africa-Middle East Theater, LCI Flotilla Two (CDR Sabin); campaigns: North African occupation - Tunisian operations 27 March to 9 July 1943; Sicilian occupation 9 to 15 July 1943; Salerno landings 9 to 21 September 1943; West coast of Italy operations - Anzio-Nettuno advanced landing 22 to 25 January 1944 (page misprints '1943' in the date column under a 1944 heading - see gaps); Invasion of Normandy 6 to 25 June 1944. 'Decommissioned, 15 November 1944, at Sheerness, United Kingdom. Transferred to United Kingdom (leased), 14 November 1944. Returned to US Naval custody, 10 December 1946 and delivered to her purchaser. Struck from the Naval Register, date unknown.' Five battle stars; ribbons: American Campaign Medal, Europe-Africa-Middle East Campaign Medal (5), WWII Victory Medal. Specs: 236 t light / 264 t landing / 419 t loaded; 158'5.5" x 23'3"; complement 4 officers + 24 enlisted; troops 6 officers + 182 enlisted; five single 20mm guns; propulsion two sets of four GM 6051-series-71 diesels (4 per shaft), GM reduction gears, two 30kW diesel-drive generators, twin variable-pitch propellers, 2,320 shp; 16 kts max. Photo captions document this hull massed among twenty-one LCIs at Bizerte 6 July 1943 loading troops for the Sicily invasion (US Army Signal Corps photo #176486, 'now in the collections of the US National Archives'), at Pozzuoli Bay February 1944 after Anzio operations, beached at the Normandy beachhead June 1944, and moored at Sheerness circa 14 November 1944 alongside LCI(L)-75, -231, -229, -193, -238 awaiting turnover to the Royal Navy.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1942-1946
- Population
- NYSB construction trades (Oct 1942-Jan 1943); ship's company (1943-44); embarked troops per landing; RN crew (1944-46)
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation, not a primary registry - milestone dates conflict with uboat.net on laid-down/launched/commissioned (see gaps). The Anzio campaign line prints '1943' although the campaign and its heading are 1944-dated - carried as a source typo, not a fact. 'Struck, date unknown' and 'fate unknown' leave striking and final disposition undocumented. Contains no asbestos or material content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-35-lcil35-01
-
[3]National Archives and Records Administration, Special List 44: List of Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Miscellaneous Units, 1801-1947 (Claudia Bradley, Michael Kurtz, et al., comp.; 1978) - LCI-35 logbook inventory entry; page image via Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center scan of the NARA publication [other_primary]
- Locator
- Special List 44, book p. 331, 'LCI-35' line (ACPL scan display 357 / image 357.jpg)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA's published logbook inventory lists this hull: 'LCI-35 | Jan. 28, 1943-Nov. 15, 1944 | 2' - two logbooks covering 28 January 1943 through 15 November 1944, i.e., the exact span of her U.S. Navy career from commissioning to decommissioning at Sheerness. This establishes that deck logs for the full USN service period existed in NARA custody as of the 1978 inventory - the primary archival path for machinery, locations, and personnel detail aboard this hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1944 (log coverage); 1978 (inventory)
- Population
- Ship's company recorded in the logs (1943-44)
- Limitations
- Inventory entry only - the logbooks themselves are not digitized in public sources; the ACPL scan reproduces the 1978 printed finding aid (book page 331, 'Ships with Symbol and Number Designations'), not the logs. Listed under 'LCI-35' - the post-1943 symbol form of the same hull. A veteran-family transcriber reports the January-May 1944 logs were 'not available' to him despite the continuous NARA inventory span (see gaps). No asbestos content; deck logs rarely record construction materials.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-35-lcil35-02
-
[4]galik.com, 'The LCI (L) 35' - Stanley Galik SC2/c tribute site transcribing USS LCI(L)-35 deck logs and National Archives muster rolls (commissioning, crew roster, D-Day, turnover narrative; pages lci01, lci09, lci11, lci12, lci12c, lci13) [other_primary]
- Locator
- galik.com/stanleygalik1922/lci/: lci01.htm (commissioning), lci09.htm (Anzio-period gap note), lci11.htm + lci12.htm (Normandy/Sword), lci12c.htm (October-November 1944 incl. turnover), lci13.htm (officer table and muster-roll crew roster)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Deck-log- and muster-roll-derived operational narrative for this hull: initial crew received aboard 25 January 1943 at Amphibious Training Base NNYD, Portsmouth, VA (muster rolls); first deck-log entry and commissioning at 1100 on 28 January 1943 at Philadelphia; degaussing at Philadelphia's Pier 46 on 4 February 1943; originally Flotilla One (organized March 1943), reassigned to Flotilla Two (CDR Lorenzo Sherwood Sabin Jr.) after arrival at Nemours, North Africa, 13 April 1943. On D-Day, 6 June 1944, LCI(L)-35 landed British troops on Sword Beach as part of LCI(L) Flotilla 2, Group 4, Division 8, in the Intermediate Group S2 (second wave) attached to the 'I' LCT Squadron under Lt. Cmdr. M.O.W. Miller, RN; the log records 190 British troops embarked (5 June, Newhaven) and troops disembarking at 1122 'under enemy fire while on beach - shells landed close.' Further Normandy shuttle landings followed: Sword 9, 17, 25, 29 June; Juno 6 July; Gold 12 July; Arromanches (Mulberry) 18, 21, 26 July 1944. Final wartime service: carried 143 men and 3 officers of a U.S. Aviation Engineers battalion to Utah Beach (sailed 21 October, landed 22 October - her last landing) and escorted an LCT to Omaha Beach 25-26 October 1944. Transfer: sailed Weymouth to Queenborough Pier, Sheerness, 12 November; acceptance agreement signed 1430 on 14 November by Lt. L. Mitchener, RNVR, for the Admiralty; formally decommissioned at colors (1700) 15 November 1944, British Ensign hoisted. Officer table: CO ENS/LT(jg) Samuel P. Strickland Jr. (Jan 1943-Jan 1944), CO ENS/LT(jg) Donald A. Lewis (from 1 January 1944), XO Lowell E. Miller (Jan-Nov 1944), officer Quentin Galloway; muster-roll crew roster published with service dates.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1944
- Population
- Ship's company 1943-44 (roster published): COs Strickland, Lewis; XO Miller; named enlisted incl. SC2/c Stanley Galik (aboard 17 Aug 1943 - 15 Nov 1944); embarked British/Canadian troops per landing
- Limitations
- A veteran-family tribute site transcribing primary records (deck logs, muster rolls) - the transcriptions are secondary hosting; the underlying logs are the NARA holdings inventoried in ev-02, not independently inspected this session. The author reports the January-May 1944 deck logs were not available to him, so the Anzio-period narrative is thinner than for other campaigns; one printed date ('July 12, 1943' for the Gold Beach landing) is an evident 1944 typo. Contains no asbestos or material content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-35-lcil35-03
-
[5]uboat.net Allied Warships: USS LCI(L)-35 (ship 20862, USN record) and HMS LCI(L)-35 (ship 20863, Royal Navy record) - builder, milestone dates, transfer and return [other_primary]
- Locator
- uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/20862.html (USN) and .../20863.html (RN) - data tables
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Secondary-registry cross-check confirming the hull's two-flag career: the USN record (ship 20862) gives New York Shipbuilding Corp. (Camden NJ) as builder, 'Transferred to the Royal Navy on 14 November 1944,' 'Returned to the USN by the RN on 10 December 1946,' end of USN service 14 November 1944. The RN record (ship 20863) confirms the same hull continued in British service under the same pennant - HMS LCI(L)-35, commissioned RN 14 November 1944, returned to the USN 10 December 1946. Conflicting milestone dates on the USN record (ordered 3 Jun 1942; laid down 14 Oct 1942; launched 4 Nov 1942; commissioned 7 Dec 1942) are logged in gaps, not harmonized.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1942-1946
- Population
- RN crew of HM LCI(L)-35 (Nov 1944-Dec 1946)
- Limitations
- uboat.net is a secondary compiled registry - precise-day milestones conflict with NavSource and no primary record was located to arbitrate (see gaps). The RN record carries no commands or event history - British service 1944-46 is undocumented beyond commissioning and return. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-35-lcil35-04
-
[6]Era inference built on: NavSource spec block for this hull (diesel plant, no steam); shipyard-exposure-map shipyards.json record for new-york-shipbuilding (era products and cohort findings); GAO HRD-80-2 Navy asbestos-use program context [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150035.htm propulsion/spec block; shipyards.json new-york-shipbuilding product list; gao.gov/products/hrd-80-2 (program context)
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A 1942-built landing craft constructed at a major asbestos-era yard sits inside the documented Navy asbestos-use period (GAO: the Navy did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s). Era-standard asbestos applications aboard a small diesel combatant of this type and period were engine and diesel-exhaust lagging, thermal insulation around machinery and galley spaces, gaskets, valve and pump packing, and electrical cable insulation. As a diesel craft she carried no boilers or steam turbines - the boiler/turbine lagging pathway of steam vessels does not apply.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1942-1946
- Population
- NYSB construction trades (Oct 1942-Jan 1943); ship's company (1943-44); RN crew (1944-46); unknown post-sale handlers (1946-)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, construction drawing, or work record was located for LCI(L)-35. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials; no quantity; no manufacturer attribution for this hull. The hull left U.S. service in 1944 and its final fate is unknown - no postwar abatement or disposal record exists to confirm or rule out materials aboard.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-35-lcil35-05
-
[7]shipyard-exposure-map shipyards.json record for new-york-shipbuilding (era product list incl. Ehret 85% magnesia insulation, Johns-Manville Transite panels, asbestos gaskets, packing, wire insulation, felt insulation; underlying refs: U.S. Maritime Commission 1944 report to Congress; PMID 7342758 'Radiological evidence of asbestos disease among ship repair workers,' Am J Ind Med 1980; PMC6280925 TIPS study) [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipyards.json yard_id new-york-shipbuilding (asbestos_products_documented, evidence array); FMC REPORT_TO_CONGRESS_1944.pdf (HTTP 200 verified 2026-09-30)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Yard-level documentation for this hull's builder: the shipyard-exposure-map registry records New York Shipbuilding Corp., Camden NJ, as a documented WWII-era asbestos-use yard, with era products including magnesia block insulation, asbestos-cement (Transite) panels, gaskets, packing, and wire/felt insulation, and published findings of asbestos disease among shipyard and ship-repair worker cohorts. This hull was under construction at that yard October 1942 - January 1943.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1942-1943 (build window); studies 1980-2018
- Population
- NYSB construction trades, WWII era
- Limitations
- Yard-level, not hull-level: establishes asbestos use and disease risk at the builder's yard in the era, not materials installed in this specific hull. The underlying references are occupation/population-level (ship repair workers generally; a Britain-wide cohort study) - not NYSB-hull specific and in part not NYSB-yard specific. Registry URLs verified live; underlying study texts not re-read this session.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-35-lcil35-06
-
[8]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Am J Ind Med 11(3):359-373 (1987); DOI 10.1002/ajim.4700110311
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed scholarship documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during World War II - the era and program under which this 1942 naval landing craft was built - and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization in ship construction.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1941-1945 (subject period); 1987 (publication)
- Population
- U.S. shipbuilding workforce, WWII era (context)
- Limitations
- Industry-wide historical scholarship, not a hull or yard record: establishes WWII shipbuilding asbestos use as a documented era fact, not materials aboard this hull or specifically at New York Shipbuilding. DOI resolves to Wiley (HTTP 302 verified 2026-09-30); article text not re-read this session - carried as era context only.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-35-lcil35-07
-
[9]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's entire construction (1942-43) and U.S. service era (1943-44).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403, confirmed 2026-09-30) - content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-35-lcil35-08
-
[10]Archival leads: NARA Special List 44 logbook inventory for LCI-35 (2 logbooks, this record ev-02); US Army Signal Corps photo #176486 (Bizerte massed LCIs, 6 Jul 1943 - NARA collections per NavSource caption); British National Archives (Kew) Operation Neptune planning documents and after-action reports underpinning the Sword Beach landing narrative (cited via galik.com); NARA RG 24 (deck logs), RG 38 (amphibious-force records), RG 19 (BuShips LCI(L) design/construction) - none digitized for this hull [other_primary]
- Locator
- Special List 44 p. 331 (ev-02); NavSource 10/15/150035.htm Bizerte photo caption; galik.com lci11.htm (Kew/Anderson attributions); NARA RG 24/RG 38/RG 19 (undigitized for this hull)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Identified archival paths for deeper ship-specific record: (1) the two deck logbooks for LCI-35 inventoried in Special List 44 (Jan 1943 - Nov 1944) at NARA - the galik.com transcription demonstrates they contain day-level machinery, position, and personnel entries for her entire USN career; (2) US Army Signal Corps photograph SC 176486 showing this hull massed at Bizerte 6 July 1943, held in US National Archives collections (per NavSource caption); (3) UK National Archives (Kew) Operation Neptune planning documents and after-action reports for LCI(L) Flotilla 2 Group 4 Division 8 / Intermediate Group S2, cited by the British LCI and LCT Association archivist and researcher Richard Anderson via galik.com; (4) standard record groups RG 38 (CNO wartime records, flotilla war diaries) and RG 19 (BuShips design/construction correspondence) for any materials specifications. None of these holdings is digitized for this hull; no retrieval was performed.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1944
- Population
- Ship's company, LCI(L) Flotilla 2 personnel (1943-44)
- Limitations
- Archival lead only - no archival original was inspected this session. The Signal Corps photo attribution rests on a NavSource caption; the Kew documents are cited through secondary veteran/association research. catalog.archives.gov is JS-rendered and could not be queried for digitization status of the LCI-35 logbooks. No asbestos content; any hull-construction material detail would most plausibly sit in RG 19 construction records, not the deck logs.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-35-lcil35-09
-
[11]Batch-5073 search ledger (this record): NavSource hull page; NARA Special List 44 (ACPL scan, verified against page image); galik.com deck-log/muster-roll transcription; uboat.net USN and RN hull records; NHHC DANFS (no entry for this hull); NVR (n/a); CourtListener full coverage; shipyards.json; GAO (blocked); Corn & Starr DOI; NARA catalog (JS-rendered); secondary web sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-35-lcil35-01 through -13
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, material list, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or litigation naming LCI(L)-35 / LCI-35 / HMS LCI(L)-35 was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). CourtListener fully covered this session (authenticated API, 2026-09-30): opinion index returned zero hits on '"LCI(L)-35"', '"LCI-35"', and '"USS LCI"'; RECAP docket index returned zero hits on '"LCI(L)-35"' and 3 hits each on '"LCI 35"' and '"LCI-35"', all name collisions (Daleen v. Berkeley employment discrimination; Alameda County Medical Center v. Leavitt Medicare/APA; Alcoa Inc. v. Alcan Inc. patent) - none vessel-related or asbestos. No DANFS entry exists for this hull; NVR holds none (disposed 1946, pre-1987 scope). A hull transferred out of U.S. service in 1944 and delivered to an unknown purchaser in 1946 has no postwar U.S. service, conversion, museum, or documented scrapping phase in which asbestos documentation typically arises.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - 1942 construction at a documented asbestos-era yard is consistent with era-standard materials. Hull-name litigation negatives are weak for small craft: any crew exposure claim would name defendants (builder, manufacturers, operators), not the hull number, so a name-negative does not establish that crew members never filed. Royal Navy-service asbestos records (1944-46) were not searched - UK litigation/records coverage is out of scope. Deck logs, BuShips construction correspondence, and Kew records are undigitized leads. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-35-lcil35-10