Evidence
11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).
-
[1]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LC(FF)-368 ex USS LCI(L)-368 - designation timeline, campaigns, awards, command structure, specifications, disposal (history sourced from USS LCI 'Landing Craft Infantry' Vol. II, Turner Publishing, 1995) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150368.htm header block, campaign table, specifications block, photo captions (verified live 2026-09-30)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: LCI-351 class Landing Craft Infantry (Large), laid down 3 August 1943 at George Lawley & Sons, Neponset, MA; launched 23 August 1943; commissioned USS LCI(L)-368 on 28 August 1943 (command listing LTjg. W. A. Carroll, USNR, in command as of May 1945); reclassified Landing Craft, Flotilla Flagship LC(FF)-368 on 31 December 1944. Assigned Asiatic-Pacific Theater under LC(FF) Flotilla Twenty-Three (LCDR R. H. Brazeal), LC(FF) Group Sixty-Seven, LC(FF) Division One Hundred Thirty-Three; campaign: Okinawa Gunto operation - assault and occupation of Okinawa Gunto, 18 to 30 June 1945. Decommissioned date unknown; struck from the Naval Register date unknown; earned one battle star for World War II service; sold 26 February 1947, fate unknown. Ribbon display: American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (1), WWII Victory Medal; call sign NIHJ. Specs: 236/264/419 t; 158'5.5" x 23'3"; drafts light 3'1.5" mean / landing 2'8" fwd-4'10" aft / loaded 5'4" fwd-5'11" aft; 16 kts max, 14 kts continuous; complement 4 officers + 24 enlisted; troops 6 officers + 182 enlisted; cargo 75 t; armor 2" plastic splinter protection on gun turrets, conning tower, pilot house; endurance 4,000 mi at 12 kts loaded / 500 mi at 15 kts, 110 t fuel; armament five single 20mm (two .50 cal added on some LCIs); fuel diesel 860 bbls + lube oil 200 gal; propulsion two sets of 4 GM 6051-series 71 diesels (4 per shaft), single GM main reduction gears, two diesel-drive 30 kW 120V DC ship's service generators, twin variable-pitch propellers, 2,320 shp. Page photographs: LCI(L)-368 at anchor 17 January 1944 (US Navy photo, from Norman Friedman 'U.S. Amphibious Ships and Craft'); LC(FF)-368 alongside LCI(G)-80 entering ABSD-6 at Guam, date unknown (US Navy photo, via LCI National Association historian).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1947
- Population
- George Lawley & Sons construction trades (August 1943); crew and embarked troops (1943-1945); embarked flotilla staff in LC(FF) configuration
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation (history text self-sourced to Turner Publishing's USS LCI book), not a primary registry; milestone dates generally track official sources but decommissioning and strike dates are expressly 'unknown', and the unit assignment is undated (see ev-04 and gaps). Contains no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-368-01
-
[2]National Archives, Special List 44: List of Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Miscellaneous Units, 1801-1947 (1978), page 337 (scanned copy, Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Special List 44 printed page 337 (LCI(L) section); ACPL scan display page 363 (page image read directly)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Special List 44 inventories FOUR deck logbooks for 'LCI(L)(FF)-368' covering 28 August 1943 - 30 June 1945 (page image read directly: line reads 'LCI(L)(FF)-368 Aug. 28, 1943-June 30, 1945 4'). Complete commissioning-era coverage from commissioning through late-war service. These logbooks are the in-scope wartime record for this hull, held at NARA; the entry confirms the LCI(L) -> LC(FF) conversion in the archived designation.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-08-28 - 1945-06-30
- Population
- All hands embarked 1943-1945 (deck logs record crew movements, operations, casualties)
- Limitations
- Log-coverage dates are not asserted commissioning/decommissioning dates, though the start date matches NavSource's 28 August 1943 commissioning; the 30 June 1945 end date is a coverage endpoint, not a decommissioning date, and coverage does not prove uninterrupted service throughout the period. SL44 is an inventory of physical logbooks - it does not establish that these particular logs are digitized online. Contains no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-368-02
-
[3]Shipbuilding History (T. Colton), George S. Lawley & Sons, Neponset MA yard ledger - yard hull 1343, LCI(L) 368 (archived copy via Wayback Machine, snapshot 5 March 2016; live shipbuildinghistory.com endpoint unavailable this session) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Lawley yard table, row 1343 (LCI(L) 368); Wayback snapshot 2016-03-05
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Yard construction ledger entry: Lawley yard hull 1343, 'LCI(L) 368', U.S. Navy, type Landing Craft, 246d gross tons, 159 ft, delivered Aug-43, disposition 'Later LC(FF) 368, sold 1947'. Documents her build slot inside Lawley's LCI(L)-351-class block (yard hulls 1326-1397 covering LCI(L) 351-422, delivered May 1943-Feb 1944) and corroborates the LC(FF) conversion and 1947 sale.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1947
- Population
- George Lawley & Sons trades, Neponset (August 1943)
- Limitations
- Independently compiled yard ledger (secondary reference, industry standard for US emergency-yard hull lists), accessed through an archived copy - the live shipbuildinghistory.com URL returned 404/unavailable this session and the archived copy is labeled as such. 'Delivered Aug-43' vs commissioned 28-Aug-43 (see gaps). Yard hull numbers are Lawley's own sequence, not Navy hull numbers. Contains no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-368-03
-
[4]Naval History and Heritage Command, 'U.S. Pacific Fleet Organization, 1 May 1945' - LCI Flotilla Twenty-Three, LCI Group 67, LCI Division 133 (1) (M) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- NHHC U.S. Pacific Fleet Organization 1 May 1945, LCI Flotilla Twenty-Three section (verified live 2026-09-30; local text extract)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The official 1 May 1945 Pacific Fleet organization document verifies that the formation NavSource assigns this hull to existed: LCI Flotilla Twenty-Three (commander field blank), LCI Group 67 (ComLCIGrp 67 Lt. Cdr. A. H. Conners, USNR), LCI Division 133 (1) (M). Division 133's enumerated line craft are LCI 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356 - LCI 368 is not listed under the division in this snapshot; the document does tag flagship hulls inline elsewhere (e.g., 'LCI 1080 (FF)' under Division 134), so her absence from the Division 133 roster as of 1 May 1945 is a real discrepancy, not just a formatting artifact.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1945-05-01
- Population
- LCI Flotilla 23 crews as of 1 May 1945
- Limitations
- The org document is a single-date snapshot (1 May 1945) - 368 was documented at Pearl Harbor 20 February 1945 (ev-05) and at Okinawa 18-30 June 1945, so she may have joined the formation after the snapshot date, or served at group/flotilla level rather than in the division's line roster. Does not establish or refute the assignment NavSource carries. Contains no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-368-04
-
[5]Jack Cox (crewmember), 'A Brief History of LCS(L) 111' - veteran memoir hosted on NavSource; LCS(L)-111 was itself a George Lawley & Sons build [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource LCS(L)-111 page, 'A Brief History of LCS(L) 111' by Jack Cox (verified live 2026-09-30)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- A crewmember's written ship history names this hull in a dated task-group movement: 'On February 11, 1945, we sailed for Pearl Harbor. Our Task Group consisted of LCSs 63, 64, 85, 86, 87, 117, and LCI 368. We arrived in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on February 20.' Documents the hull - already reclassified LC(FF)-368 on 31 December 1944 though the memoir calls her 'LCI 368' - transiting from San Diego to Pearl Harbor six weeks after conversion, consistent with her subsequent Okinawa deployment.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1945-02-11 - 1945-02-20
- Population
- Crew and embarked flag staff during the San Diego-Pearl Harbor transit (Feb 1945)
- Limitations
- Veteran memoir published on NavSource - ship-specific eyewitness testimony, not an official movement record; the task-group list is the memoirist's own accounting. No other official source this session documents the west-coast leg of her transit. Contains no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-368-05
-
[6]HyperWar 'Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940-1945: Landing Ships and Craft' - LC(FF) Landing Craft, Flotilla Flagships class entry (class data sourced to the USS LCI National Association / Turner Publishing) [other_primary]
- Locator
- HyperWar ships-lc.html, LC(FF) section (verified live 2026-09-30)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Class/configuration data for the LC(FF) conversion type this hull became: 'LC(FF) -- Landing Craft, Flotilla Flagships ... Converted from Landing Craft, Infantry (Large) -- LCI(L) to carry flag officers and crew'; class figures 387 tons, 160 ft x 23'3", draft 5'4" fwd/5'11" aft full load, 15.5 knots, armament 4 x 20mm, complement 3 officers + 21 enlisted, 8 GM diesel engines (4 per shaft), twin variable-pitch screws. The type roster lists the LC(FF)-367-370 conversion block, which includes this hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1945
- Population
- LC(FF) crews and embarked flag staffs (class)
- Limitations
- Class-level data only - the LC(FF) complement figure (3+21 ship's company) applies to the configuration generally and is unverified for this specific hull, and it does not count the embarked flotilla staff the conversion carried. Contains no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-368-06
-
[7]USS LCI National Association, 'Elsie Item' newsletter No. 97 (June 2017), 'Swords into Plowshares: Jim McCarthy's life after WWII' - first-person account by Jim McCarthy, MoMM1/c, LCI 685, of scrapping surplus LCIs in postwar Southern California (reprinted from the 1997 issue) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Elsie Item No. 97 (June 2017), McCarthy account (PDF read; URL verified live 2026-09-30)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- A veteran's first-person account documents how surplus LCIs of this class were broken up in the postwar market this hull was sold into: contractors bought hulls 'AS IS, WHERE IS' from Navy Surplus Sales, hired untrained day labor ('a crew of GRUNTS were hired for $3.00 a day to strip fiberglass and pipe laggings so the burners would have clean cutting'), burned insulated cabling for copper recovery, and cut hulls to the waterline for Kaiser Steel - 'Thank God there was no OSHA.' Documents that LCI-type craft carried pipe lagging and insulated cable that was manually stripped during scrapping, an exposure-relevant pathway for postwar disposal labor on this class.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1946-1950s (account window)
- Population
- Postwar surplus-craft scrapping and salvage labor on LCI-type hulls (1946+)
- Limitations
- Describes class-era scrapping practice, not this hull - the account names no specific hull numbers and the buyer/site of LCI(L)-368's 26 February 1947 sale is undocumented. The lagging described is 'fiberglass and pipe laggings' - the account does not identify any material as asbestos. Contains no ship-specific asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-368-07
-
[8]Era inference built on: NavSource spec block (GM 6051-series diesel plant, twin screws - no steam); Lawley yard ledger (August 1943 construction at a wartime yacht/small-craft yard); HyperWar LC(FF) class data; GAO HRD-80-2 Navy asbestos program documentation (ev-09) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource spec block; Lawley yard ledger row 1343; HyperWar LC(FF) class entry; GAO HRD-80-2 product page
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A diesel-powered Navy landing craft built in August 1943 at a wartime small-craft yard sits inside the documented Navy asbestos-use era. Era-standard applications aboard a small diesel combatant of this period: thermal insulation and lagging on diesel exhaust lines and mufflers, gaskets, valve packing, electrical cable insulation, and compartment fire/thermal insulation in machinery spaces. As a diesel craft she carried no boilers and no steam plant - the boiler/turbine lagging pathway of steam vessels does not apply; asbestos exposure pathways aboard would concentrate in the engine room and in damage-control/refit work, and would have been materially lighter than aboard steam-driven hulls. The December 1944 LC(FF) conversion (flag accommodations, communications fit) is an undocumented refit event that would itself have disturbed existing insulation systems wherever performed.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1947
- Population
- Lawley construction trades (Aug 1943); engine-room ratings and repair parties (1943-46); conversion trades at undocumented late-1944 LC(FF) conversion site
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, conversion work package, or veteran exposure testimony located for LCI(L)-368 / LC(FF)-368. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity; no manufacturer attribution. The LC(FF) conversion location and work package are undocumented (see gaps).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-368-08
-
[9]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's entire construction (August 1943) and service era (1943-c.1946).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403, standing defect confirmed this session) - content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-368-09
-
[10]Batch-5093 search ledger (this record): NavSource ship page; NARA Special List 44 p.337 (ACPL scan); Lawley yard ledger (Wayback); NHHC Pacific Fleet Organization 1 May 1945; LCS(L)-111 crew memoir; HyperWar landing-craft index; LCI National Association Elsie Item newsletters (95, 97, 109 checked); CourtListener (blocked - fleet pacing); secondary web litigation/asbestos sweep; DPLA; NVR; NavalCoverMuseum; uboat.net [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-368-01 through -14
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, material list, or verified litigation naming USS LCI(L)-368 / LC(FF)-368 was found in the public sources searched. CourtListener could not be queried this session - the authenticated helper returned the fleet-wide pacing stand-down on every spaced attempt; litigation status is logged as BLOCKED, not as a negative result. Secondary web sweeps surfaced no qualifying case or record; law-firm marketing content asserting asbestos aboard Navy vessels generally was excluded by source policy and none located named this hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - and litigation status is unresolved because CourtListener was fleet-paced all session (queries staged for retry: "LCI(L)-368", "LC(FF)-368", "LCI 368", "LC(FF) 368" at opinion and docket levels). The four deck logbooks and any muster rolls/action reports at NARA are undigitized or partner-paywalled leads. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-368-10
-
[11]Qualification notes on two secondary-source data points: NHHC PacFleet org document vs NavSource formation assignment (see ev-04); jounin.jp uswarships compilation disposition dates vs NavSource 'unknown' [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 150368 vs NHHC PacFleet org 1 May 1945 (Div 133 roster); jounin.jp uswarships database entry (secondary, uncorroborated)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- CORRECTION/QUALIFICATION on two data points: (1) NavSource assigns LC(FF)-368 to LC(FF) Flotilla Twenty-Three / Group Sixty-Seven / Division One Hundred Thirty-Three without a date - the official 1 May 1945 Pacific Fleet organization document verifies that formation existed but does not enumerate 368 in Division 133's roster (LCI 351-356 listed; flagship hulls ARE tagged inline elsewhere in the document, e.g. 'LCI 1080 (FF)'), so the assignment may postdate the snapshot or reflect group-level flagship service - unresolved, not asserted as error. (2) A secondary ships database (jounin.jp/uswarships) asserts decommissioned 15 July 1946 and stricken 28 August 1948 for this hull; NavSource lists both dates as unknown and no official source this session corroborates either asserted date - carried as unverified claims in gaps, not adopted.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1945-1948
- Limitations
- Corrects/qualifies secondary-source data points, not a material claim. The jounin.jp dates may derive from U.S. Navy disposal records not located this session; they are plausible but unverified and are deliberately NOT carried in the record fields. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-368-11