Evidence
11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).
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[1]research packet ox-packet.md (1 sources cited) [nhhc_danfs]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lci-l-395-lcil395-pkt-ox-packet-md
-
[2]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(L)-395 - construction milestones, wartime organization, awards, strike and disposal (history credited to 'USS LCI: Landing Craft Infantry,' Vol. II, Turner Publishing, 1995) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150395.htm - LCI-351 class header, milestone block, awards ribbons, disposal block, specifications block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: LCI-351-class Landing Craft Infantry (Large); laid down 5 December 1943 at George Lawley & Sons Shipbuilding Corp., Neponset, MA; launched 12 December 1943; commissioned USS LCI(L)-395, 20 December 1943, LTjg. H. L. Tibbals, USNR, in command (May 1945). WWII assignment given as Asiatic-Pacific Theater: LCI Flotilla Five (CDR. H. V. Milton), LCI Group Fourteen (LT. H. M. Mattson USN), LCI Division Twenty-Eight. Awards displayed: American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal - no battle stars shown. Decommissioned, date unknown; struck from the Naval Register 12 April 1946; transferred to the Maritime Commission at San Pedro, CA, for disposal (PDX-225, 27 September 1946); sold 2 December 1946; final disposition fate unknown. Spec block: 236 t. light / 264 t. landing / 419 t. loaded; 158' 5.5" x 23' 3"; 16 kts max; complement 4 officers + 24 enlisted; troop capacity 6 officers + 182 enlisted; five single 20mm guns; two sets of 4 GM 6051-series 71 diesels, GM reduction gears, twin variable-pitch propellers, 2,320 shp.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1946
- Population
- Lawley construction trades (1943); crew (1943-46); embarked troops in transit
- Limitations
- Volunteer secondary compilation (Turner Publishing attribution), not a primary registry - milestones corroborated by uboat.net and shipbuildinghistory.com, and CO/unit placement corroborated by the NHHC 1 May 1945 Pacific Fleet roster (which gives a different flotilla string - see ev-02 and gaps). Contains no asbestos or material content. Decommissioning date and post-sale fate are undocumented; strike date 12 April 1946 is NavSource single-source.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-395-01
-
[3]NHHC / Navy Department Library, 'United States Pacific Fleet Organization, 1 May 1945' - Landing Craft Flotillas, Pacific Fleet; LCI Flotilla Thirteen (Comdr. M. B. Brown); LCI Group 38 (Lt. Cdr. N. Nash, Jr.); LCI Division 76 [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- NHHC online reading room document, 'Landing Craft Flotillas, Pacific Fleet' section, LCI Flotilla Thirteen > Group 38 > Division 76 table (printed p. 79 of the underlying document)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The official U.S. Pacific Fleet organization roster of 1 May 1945 lists 'LCI 395 - Lt. (jg) H. L. Tibbals (USNR)' under Landing Craft Flotillas, Pacific Fleet: LCI Flotilla Thirteen (Comdr. M. B. Brown), LCI Group 38 (ComLCIGrp 38, Lt. Cdr. N. Nash, Jr.), LCI Division 76 - in company with LCI 482, LCI 483, and Lawley-built sisters LCI 392 (Lt. A. S. Field), LCI 393 (Lt. (jg) E. B. Bagby), and LCI 394 (Lt. P. A. Wassmandorf). The commanding officer name and date corroborate NavSource's 'LTjg. H. L. Tibbals, USNR, in command (May 1945)'.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1945-05-01
- Population
- crew of LCI(L)-395 as of May 1945; Flotilla 13 / Group 38 / Division 76 squadron-mates
- Limitations
- A dated organizational snapshot: it fixes unit assignment and commanding officer on 1 May 1945 but records no location, movement, or combat events. The Flotilla Thirteen/Group 38/Division 76 assignment conflicts with NavSource's Flotilla Five/Group 14/Division 28 string - Division 28 is listed with no hulls in this same roster, consistent with a wartime reassignment, but the changeover date is undocumented (see gaps). No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-395-02
-
[4]NARA Special List #44, 'List of Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Miscellaneous Units, 1801-1947' (by-ship-number edition), PDF page 23 [other_primary]
- Locator
- sl-44-ship-number.pdf, PDF page 23, row 'LCI(L)-395 ... 12/20/1943 ... 12/31/1945'
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA's official logbook inventory records deck logs for LCI(L)-395 covering 12/20/1943 through 12/31/1945 - exactly the commissioning date through the end of her in-scope wartime service. Sister hulls on the same page (LCI(L)-393, -394, -398) carry shorter windows ending 6/30/1945, indicating 395's logs extend through late-1945 postwar operations.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-12-20 to 1945-12-31 (log coverage window)
- Limitations
- This is a holdings inventory, not log content: it establishes that logbooks for this hull exist for the stated window (RG 24, NARA), not what they record. Digitization status for this hull's logs unconfirmed - the NARA Catalog front end is JavaScript-rendered and could not be queried this session; logs not confirmed online (see gaps/search_ledger sl-07).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-395-03
-
[5]uboat.net Allied Warships record, USS LCI(L)-395 (ship ID 21437) - ordered, built, milestone, and sale dates [other_primary]
- Locator
- uboat.net ship/21437.html warship data table
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Independent compilation corroborating milestones: LCI 351 class; built by George Lawley & Sons, Neponset, MA; ordered 9 March 1943; laid down 5 December 1943; launched 12 December 1943; commissioned 20 December 1943; sold 2 December 1946.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1946
- Population
- Lawley construction trades (1943); crew (1943-46)
- Limitations
- Secondary compilation (Guethmundur Helgason's uboat.net Allied warship database), not a registry - used only to corroborate dates already in NavSource. The 'ordered 9 Mar 1943' contract date is single-source to this record and is flagged in gaps rather than asserted in headline fields. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-395-04
-
[6]shipbuildinghistory.com (Colton), 'George S. Lawley & Sons, Neponset MA' yard table - LCI(L) production rows [other_primary]
- Locator
- lawley.htm WWII table, LCI(L) rows (~LCI(L) 391-399 block)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The yard-of-record table lists 'LCI(L) 395 - US Navy - Landing Craft - 216d [tons] - 158 [ft] - 20-Dec-43 - Sold 1946,' corroborating builder, delivery/commissioning date, and 1946 sale. The table also documents George Lawley & Sons as a long-running Neponset yard (founded 1866, hulls to no. 1677) that closed in 1945 - i.e., this hull was among the yard's last wartime builds.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1946
- Population
- Lawley construction trades (1943)
- Limitations
- Secondary shipbuilding-history compilation (Tim Colton), not a contract registry - used for builder/date corroboration consistent with NavSource and uboat.net. '216d' is the table's displacement figure and '20-Dec-43' reads as the delivery/commissioning date; neither adds asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-395-05
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[7]USS Landing Craft Infantry National Association, 'LCI Facts' - LCI(L) design variants, propulsion, troop load, and flotilla structure; plus Association publications quoting Adm. John H. Morrill ('The Cincinnati'), commander of LCI Flotilla Thirteen ('Black Cat' flotilla) [other_primary]
- Locator
- usslci.org/facts/ LCI design section and LCI-351 class description; association newsletter references to Flotilla 13
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Type context for the LCI-351 class this hull belongs to: 158 ft beaching craft built of quarter-inch steel plate; two quad sets of GM 6-cylinder diesels (8 engines); ~200 troops landed over two bow ramps; crew of 24-60 sailors; LCIs lacked berthing space and cross-ocean design intent yet were used continuously at distance in the Southwest Pacific (Vice Adm. Barbey, 'MacArthur's Amphibious Navy'). Organization context: an LCI flotilla ran 36 craft / 3 groups / 2 divisions of 6 hulls - matching the six-hull Division 76 in which this hull appears on 1 May 1945. Association material describes Flotilla Thirteen ('Black Cat' flotilla, Adm. Morrill) on patrol and blockade duty around the by-passed Palau islands in 1945; NavSource's sister-hull page for division-mate LCI(L)-394 records that craft under operational control of the Atoll Commander at Majuro, Marshall Islands.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1945
- Population
- LCI crews and embarked troops, Asiatic-Pacific theater (class-wide)
- Limitations
- Veterans' association publication - a secondary compilation, not an official history; unit anecdotes (Black Cat patrols, Majuro atoll duty) describe the flotilla/division, not this hull specifically, and are not asserted here as operations of LCI(L)-395. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-395-06
-
[8]Era inference built on: NavSource LCI-351 spec block (GM diesel plant, no steam machinery); shipbuildinghistory Lawley row (hull delivered 20-Dec-1943, wartime Massachusetts yard); USPHS pipe-covering survey (ev-08); GAO HRD-80-2 (ev-09) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource specifications block; shipbuildinghistory Lawley table; ev-08 and ev-09 program sources
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A diesel-powered landing craft built December 1943 sits inside the documented WWII asbestos-use era for naval construction; era-standard applications aboard a craft of this type and period were engine and diesel-exhaust lagging in the machinery spaces, gaskets and valve packing, accommodation/deckhouse insulation, and deck coverings - in the small, poorly ventilated hull volume typical of the type. As a diesel craft she carried no boilers or steam plant - the boiler/turbine lagging pathway of steam vessels does not apply, but machinery-space lagging, gaskets, and habitability insulation remain the plausible exposure pathways for her complement and any maintenance trades.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1946
- Population
- Lawley construction trades (1943); crew (1943-46); any tender/base maintenance trades during Pacific service; 1946 disposal handlers
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, or work package located for LCI(L)-395. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity, no manufacturer attribution for this hull.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-395-07
-
[9]Fleischer WE, Viles FJ Jr, et al., 'A health survey of pipe covering operations in constructing naval vessels,' J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 28:9-16 (Jan 1946), PMID 21016030; described and critiqued in Kelly RJ, 'When errors become etched in stone...,' New Solut. 36(2):138-150 (2026), PMID 42307414 [other_primary]
- Locator
- PubMed records PMID 21016030 (original study) and PMID 42307414 (2026 review describing the study's scope and conclusions)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- A U.S. Public Health Service cross-sectional survey (fielded during WWII naval construction, published January 1946) documented pipe-covering operations installing asbestos-containing insulation materials aboard naval vessels under construction - contemporaneous documentation that insulation work on wartime-built U.S. Navy vessels used asbestos, in exactly the period this hull was built. Kelly's 2026 review confirms the study found insulation work 'using asbestos-containing materials' was widespread on WWII naval construction.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1946 (survey era; publication Jan 1946)
- Population
- pipe coverers/insulation workers on WWII naval-vessel construction (survey population)
- Limitations
- Program-level occupational documentation, not a hull or yard record - the survey did not name George Lawley & Sons or this craft and its 'not a dangerous occupation' conclusion was later discredited (Kelly 2026); supports era context only. The wartime fieldwork dates are within the 1943-45 construction era but specific yard coverage is not itemized in the citation record. No ship-specific content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-395-08
-
[10]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's entire construction (1943) and service era (1943-46).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403 - same standing limitation as Batches 01/98); content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-395-09
-
[11]Batch-5105 search ledger (this record): NavSource 150395; NHHC Pacific Fleet roster 1 May 1945; NARA Special List 44 ship-number PDF; uboat.net; shipbuildinghistory Lawley table; usslci.org; USCG Historian CG-manned LCI list; NVR; NHHC DANFS candidate URLs; CourtListener via fleet helper; PubMed; secondary web sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-395-01 through -13
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, museum record, or verified litigation naming USS LCI(L)-395 was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). There is no DANFS entry (all candidate NHHC URLs 404). CAVEAT: CourtListener could not be queried this session - the fleet-wide shared request budget was paced out (helper-enforced ~114/hr); logged as blocked, not a negative result. Secondary web sweeps surfaced only name collisions (state DOT documents, hobby posts) - no qualifying case or ship-specific asbestos claim. Law-firm marketing sites were not encountered in the top results and none were used.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard. The litigation-repository search is a genuine open gap (paced, not run) - re-run 'LCI(L)-395', 'LCI 395', 'USS LCI' variants when the CourtListener budget recovers. RG 24 deck logs (12/20/1943-12/31/1945) and any Maritime Commission disposal file (PDX-225) are undigitized/uncertain leads. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-395-10