Evidence
12 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-12).
-
[1]research packet pc-packet.md (2 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED — real identity: USS LCI(L)-422
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lci-l-422-lcil422-pkt-pc-packet-md
-
[2]NARA Special List 44, List of Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Miscellaneous Units, 1801-1947 (Washington, DC, 1978), p. 338 - Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center scan, image 364 (direct image: http://genealogycenter.net/nara/images/narasl44/364.jpg) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Special List 44, Ships with Symbol and Number Designations section, LCI(L) run, book p. 338 (ACPL display image 364), last entry on page
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Special List 44 inventories logbooks for "LCI(L)(G)-422" spanning "Feb. 28, 1944-June 30, 1945" in 3 logbooks. This documents that Navy deck logs for this hull covering essentially its entire commissioned wartime life (from the commissioning date, 28 February 1944) are in NARA custody - the ship-specific primary documentary base for this vessel.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1945 (log span); 1978 (finding-aid publication)
- Population
- LCI(L)/LCI(G)-422 ship's company, Feb 1944 - Jun 1945
- Limitations
- These are log-coverage dates in a 1978 finding aid, not asserted commissioning/decommissioning dates (the coverage start coincides with the commissioning date given by NavSource/uboat.net). The inventory proves logbooks were in National Archives custody as of the 1978 publication; whether the specific logs are digitized in the NARA Catalog was not verified (catalog.archives.gov is JS-rendered and unfetchable this session). Logbooks are operational records - they document movements, personnel, and events but are not asbestos or material records.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-422-01
-
[3]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(G)-422 ex USS LCI(L)-422 (history credited to "USS LCI 'Landing Craft Infantry', Vol. II", Turner Publishing, 1995, ISBN 1-56311-262-0) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150422.htm header timeline, specifications block, awards/ribbons, and photo captions
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Timeline for this hull: laid down 15 February 1944 at George Lawley & Sons, Neponset, MA; launched 21 February 1944; commissioned USS LCI(L)-422, 28 February 1944, LTjg. Phillip A. Crowl, USNR, in command; reclassified Landing Craft Infantry (Guns) LCI(G)-422, 15 July 1944; assigned Asiatic-Pacific Theater - LCI Flotilla Six (CDR. A. R. Montgomery, USN), LCI Group Sixteen (LCDR. R. S. "Richabaugh" [Rickabaugh], USNR), LCI Division Thirty. Campaigns: Leyte landings 20 October 1944; Lingayen Gulf landings 7-18 January 1945; Assault and Occupation of Okinawa Gunto 1 April - 30 June 1945. Three battle stars. Decommissioned date unknown; transferred to Maritime Commission for disposal 22 March 1946; struck from Naval Register 15 August 1946; final disposition fate unknown. Radio call sign NKIQ. Photo captions document a 1 April 1945 Okinawa formation photograph (LCI(G)-422 second in column astern of LCI(G)-442, LCI(G)-565 behind, per LCI(G)-442's 27 July 1945 action report quoted in the caption) and a Baby Ruth magazine ad using her image.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1946
- Population
- Lawley construction trades (Feb 1944); crew - 5 officers/65 enlisted in gunboat configuration (1944-45); troops embarked for landings
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation, not a primary registry - its dates track standard references but the underlying ship history is the Turner Publishing volume, not a primary document itself. Contains no asbestos content. Spelling of the group commander's surname ("Richabaugh") differs from the published history's "Rickabaugh" - see gaps. Decommissioning date absent. Spec-block figures for this class vary across references (loaded displacement 419 t here vs 387 t in ONI 226).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-422-02
-
[4]NHHC photographic catalog, NH 86181 - "USS LCI-422. In San Francisco Bay, California, after the end of World War II. Courtesy of Donald M. McPherson, 1977." [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- NHHC NH-series catalog entry NH 86181 (live page verified 2026-09-30)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Official Navy photo record documents this hull physically present in San Francisco Bay after the end of World War II - consistent with the NavSource-captioned image of LCI(G)-422 passing under the Golden Gate Bridge on return from the Asiatic-Pacific Theater.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1945-1946
- Population
- Return-voyage crew, post-war 1945
- Limitations
- Photographic record only - establishes presence and post-war return, not work performed or materials aboard. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-422-03
-
[5]USS Landing Craft Infantry National Association, "On This Memorial Day the Heroes We Will Remember" - casualty list compiled from official reports filed during 1942-1945 by Association members [other_primary]
- Locator
- In-Memorial.pdf, Pacific Theater / SWPA section, entry for LCI(G) 422
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The Association's memorial casualty list records under "LCI(G) 422": "SWPA Leyte Gulf, Philippine Islands 10/20/1944 - KIA William Jenkins, KIA Jack G. Johnson" - two crewmen killed in action aboard this hull on the day of the Leyte landings, consistent with the published account that she was struck by an unidentified shell at 0950 while firing her first rocket salvo (see ev-05).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-10-20
- Population
- William Jenkins; Jack G. Johnson (KIA); surviving gunboat crew
- Limitations
- A veterans'-association compilation assembled from official reports and member submission, not itself a casualty record - names and circumstance corroborated by the published action-report-based history. Documents combat deaths, which are not asbestos exposure; no asbestos content. The list is explicitly described by its compilers as incomplete.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-422-04
-
[6]Robin L. Rielly, American Amphibious Gunboats in World War II: A History of LCI and LCS(L) Ships in the Pacific (McFarland, 2013) - text mirror, Leyte chapter and conversion-yard appendix; footnote 21 cites "USS LCI(G) 422, Serial - None, Action Report Covering Operation of This Vessel 20 October, 1944, undated, pp. 1-3" [reputable_press]
- Locator
- Rielly, Leyte campaign chapter (TU 79.7.1 composition; 0950 shell hit; San Pedro Bay air attack), Lingayen chapter (TU 77.6.14), conversion appendix, notes no. 21
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Published action-report-based history documents this hull's combat employment: at Leyte, 20 October 1944, LCI(G)-422 was in Task Unit 79.7.1 under LCDR Robert S. Rickabaugh, providing close-in fire support for Violet and Yellow Beaches near Dulag Airfield; "LCI(G) 422 was struck by an unidentified shell at 0950 as she fired her first salvo of rockets," then turned to port and strafed the beach; later, gunboats 422, 559, 560, 751, 1058, and 1059 in column toward a San Pedro Bay anchorage opened 20mm/40mm fire on four Zekes and a Val. At Lingayen she was in the San Fabian covering section (LCI(G)s 65, 69(GF), 70, 422, 560 under LCDR Holmes) and with TU 77.6.14 (LCI(G)s 64, 68, 70, 422, 558, 559, 560, 751 under LCDR Rickabaugh) during the 8 January UDT/bombardment phase. The conversion appendix lists LCI(G)-422 under conversion location "Portsmouth, VA" and again under "West Coast Yards (General)." The author footnotes the ship's own action report of 20 October 1944 as a source.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1945
- Population
- LCI(G)-422 crew under fire at Leyte, Lingayen, Okinawa; Portsmouth-yard conversion trades (1944)
- Limitations
- Secondary history quoting and paraphrasing primary action reports - underlying reports exist in NARA records but were not directly examined; event details are as the author renders them. "Portsmouth, VA" conversion yard is not named - the major naval yard there is Norfolk Naval Shipyard, but identification is not stated (see gaps); the duplicate "West Coast Yards" listing is unexplained for a hull never converted to LCI(R)/(M). No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-422-05
-
[7]U.S. Army Center of Military History, Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls (Crowl & Love), author biography of Philip A. Crowl; corroborated by USNI Naval History Magazine (April 2020, "Sam Morison's Long Campaign") describing Crowl as "a former infantry landing craft gunboat skipper and later a Naval War College professor" [other_primary]
- Locator
- CMH volume author-bio page ("The Authors"); USNI usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2020/april/sam-morisons-long-campaign; usnwc.edu Crowl Lecture news page
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The commissioning commanding officer named by NavSource - LTjg. Phillip A. Crowl, USNR - is identifiable as Philip A. Crowl (1914-1991), later the noted amphibious-warfare historian. The CMH author biography states he "became a lieutenant (senior grade) and commanding officer of an LCI gunboat that was in action at Leyte Gulf, Lingayen Gulf, and Okinawa" - exactly the three campaigns credited to this hull. Crowl later served on the Army's historical staff (from 1949), co-authored The U.S. Marines and Amphibious War (1951) and Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls (1955), authored Campaign in the Marianas, taught at the Naval War College, and is memorialized in the NWC's annual Philip A. Crowl Lecture.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1945 (command); 1949-1991 (historical career)
- Population
- LTjg./Lt. Philip A. Crowl; ship's company under his command
- Limitations
- The CMH biography does not name the hull; identification rests on NavSource's naming Crowl as commissioning CO plus the exact three-campaign match. Whether he commanded continuously through all three campaigns is inferred, not stated - deck logs (ev-01) would resolve it. Vessel-history fact only: this record makes no exposure claim for Crowl or any individual.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-422-06
-
[8]Office of Naval Intelligence, ONI 226, Allied Landing Craft and Ships (1944), LCI(L) section - wartime recognition manual (HyperWar/ibiblio mirror); corroborated by HyperWar US Navy Landing Ships/Craft 1940-1945 compilation and FTP-211 Ship to Shore Movement [other_primary]
- Locator
- ONI 226, "Landing Craft, Infantry (Large) - Numbers 1-350" and "Nos. 351-" pages
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Wartime primary documentation of the type: LCI(L) Nos. 351+ carried 9 officers/196 troops or 32 tons cargo, endurance 8,000 miles at 12 knots, five 20mm guns, 2-inch plastic splinter protection on guns/conning tower/pilothouse sides, crew 4 officers/24 men, propulsion "2 sets of G.M. Diesels" with twin variable-pitch screws (~1,600 BHP on the 1-350 entry). A diesel-powered steel landing craft - no steam plant aboard the class.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944 (publication)
- Population
- Class context: all LCI(L) crews and builders, 1942-1945
- Limitations
- Class/type documentation - establishes design parameters of the LCI(L)-351 class, not this hull's material content. ONI 226 is a recognition manual; its spec figures differ modestly from NavSource's post-war compilation (e.g., loaded displacement 387 t vs 419 t). No asbestos or materials content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-422-07
-
[9]Era inference built on: ONI 226 / NavSource spec blocks (diesel plant, no steam system); GAO HRD-80-2 (Navy asbestos-use era covering 1944 construction); LCI(L)-351 design (engine room with 8 GM diesels amidships, troop/crew berthing forward, galley, magazine spaces) [other_primary]
- Locator
- ONI 226 spec block; NavSource specifications; GAO HRD-80-2 program finding
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A steel diesel amphibious craft built February 1944 sits inside the Navy's documented asbestos-use era. Era-standard applications aboard a landing craft of this type and period were engine-exhaust and muffler insulation/lagging, machinery-space thermal insulation, gaskets and valve packing on fuel/water/hydraulic systems, electrical cable insulation, and asbestos-containing interior finish materials in berthing and messing spaces. As a diesel craft she carried no steam plant - the boiler/turbine lagging pathway of larger combatants does not apply; her engine room nonetheless concentrated machinery-work in a small confined hull.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1946
- Population
- Lawley construction trades (Feb 1944); Portsmouth conversion-yard trades (spring-summer 1944); crew (1944-46); unknown disposal workforce (1946+)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, work package, or conversion specification located for LCI(L)-422. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity. Conversion to LCI(G) (1944) added gun mounts and rocket launchers but the asbestos scope of that work is undocumented.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-422-08
-
[10]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's entire construction (February 1944) and service era (1944-1946).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved (gao.gov returns HTTP 403 to automated fetch, confirmed 2026-09-30) - content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-422-09
-
[11]uboat.net Allied Warships, USS LCI(L)-422 (LCI(L)-422), LCI 351 class (Guðmundur Helgason's long-running warship registry; secondary compilation) [other_primary]
- Locator
- uboat.net ship page 21464, data table
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Independent secondary compilation corroborates this hull's build record: built by George Lawley & Sons, Neponset MA; ordered 9 March 1943; laid down 15 February 1944; launched 21 February 1944; commissioned 28 February 1944; reclassified LCI(G) 15 July 1944. Order date is unique to this source.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1944
- Limitations
- Secondary registry - corroborating, not primary. The 9 March 1943 order date rests on this compilation alone; dates shared with NavSource are consistent. Contains no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-422-10
-
[12]Batch-5136 search ledger (this record): NARA Special List 44 via ACPL scan; NavSource 10/15/150422; NHHC photo NH 86181; USS LCI National Association memorial PDF; Rielly, American Amphibious Gunboats (action-report citations); CMH/USNI Crowl corroboration; ONI 226; uboat.net; GAO product page; DANFS candidate URLs (404); NVR (no entry possible); CourtListener opinion+docket (zero results) [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-422-01 through -13
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or litigation naming USS LCI(L)-422 / LCI(G)-422 was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). CourtListener opinion and docket indexes returned zero results for all spelling variants ("LCI(G)-422", "LCI(L)-422", "LCI-422", "LCI 422", "LCI(L) 422", "LCI(G) 422") - a verified negative, not a blocked search. DANFS carries no entry for this hull. The Naval Vessel Register has no entry - coverage excludes craft disposed in 1946. The only "asbestos aboard" material is law-firm marketing content for the LCI class generally - excluded by source policy.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - the hull's 1944 construction inside the documented asbestos era makes era-consistent inference reasonable, but nothing ship-proven. Final disposition is undocumented, so no breakup/abatement record exists to find. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-422-11