Evidence
11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).
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[1]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(G)-441 ex USS LCI(L)-441 (1943-1944) - construction dates, builder, commissioning, redesignation, campaign history, disposition, specifications, awards (history sourced to USS LCI 'Landing Craft Infantry' Vol. II, Turner Publishing, 1995; photographs credited to US National Archives and NHHC) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource LCI(G)-441 page - history block, campaigns table, specifications block, awards block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- LCI-351-class landing craft laid down 30 April 1943 at New Jersey Shipbuilding, Barber, N.J.; launched 20 July 1943; commissioned USS LCI(L)-441, 7 August 1943; redesignated Landing Craft Infantry (Gunboat) LCI(G)-441, 15 June 1944. Assigned Asiatic-Pacific Theater: LCI(G) Flotillas Three and Six, LCI Group Sixteen, LCI Division Sixteen. Campaigns: Kwajalein and Majuro Atolls (31 January-8 February 1944), Eniwetok Atoll (17-26 February 1944), Saipan (20 June-16 July 1944), Guam (17-21 July 1944), Tinian (24 July-1 August 1944), Iwo Jima (17-21 February 1945). Occupation service in the Far East 2 September-4 October 1945. Decommissioned date unknown; struck from the Naval Register 1946; sold 13 December 1946, fate unknown. Four battle stars; Presidential Unit Citation (Iwo Jima, 17 February 1945); Navy Unit Commendation as member of LCI(G) Flotilla 3 (31 January-28 July 1944); Combat Action Ribbon (Iwo Jima); Navy Cross to LTjg Forrest W. Bell, USNR, CO LCI(G)-441.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1946
- Population
- Crew (LCI(L): 3 officers, 21 enlisted; LCI(G): 5 officers, 65 enlisted - class figures); embarked troops (to 188)
- Limitations
- Secondary compilation sourcing to the Turner Publishing LCI volume plus NARA/NHHC-captioned photography - the vessel-history spine, not an asbestos source. Contains no asbestos information whatsoever. 'Decommissioned, date unknown' left unresolved; complements and specifications are class-type figures, not muster-verified.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-441-01
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[2]NHHC H-Gram 086, Attachment 2: 'Iwo Jima: The Battle of the LCI Gunboats,' Samuel J. Cox, Director NHHC (January 2025) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- H-086-2 body text, paragraphs on the D-2 UDT reconnaissance and aftermath
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official NHHC account of the 17 February 1945 (D-2) gunboat action at Iwo Jima: seven LCI gunboats under LCDR Willard Nash, USNR (embarked on LCI(G)-457), covered UDT beach reconnaissance; every gunboat was hit repeatedly by Japanese coastal battery fire. LCI(G)-441 was among the gunboats (with 409, 438, 471) that returned to the fight after damage; LCI(G)-441 and LCI(G)-473 had to be towed away. All 12 LCI gunboats engaged were damaged; total gunboat casualties 52 killed and 148 wounded. All gunboats received the Presidential Unit Citation; 11 LCI gunboat skippers received the Navy Cross (plus CDR Malanaphy and LCDR Nash).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 17 February 1945
- Population
- LCI gunboat crews (12 vessels; 52 KIA, 148 WIA aggregate); UDT-12/13/14/15
- Limitations
- Official Navy historical narrative; casualty figures are aggregate for the gunboat force - hull-level killed/wounded figures come from the NHHC Battle for Iwo Jima table (ev-03). The H-gram describes fire, flooding, and damage but is silent on construction materials; no asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-441-02
-
[3]NHHC, 'Battle for Iwo Jima' online reading room - table: U.S. Navy Ships Sunk or Badly Damaged By Enemy Action at Iwo Jima [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- Battle for Iwo Jima page, 'US Navy Ships Sunk or Badly Damaged By Enemy Action at Iwo Jima' table, 17 Feb rows
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official NHHC casualty table lists USS LCI(G)-441 among ships badly damaged by enemy coastal battery fire on 17 February 1945, with 7 killed and 21 wounded - the hull-level casualty figure for the gunboat action.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 17 February 1945
- Population
- LCI(G)-441 crew - 7 KIA, 21 WIA
- Limitations
- Official hull-level casualty figure. A veteran-association republication of the Group 8 action report (ev-07) and later secondary accounts put gunboat-force fatalities at 47 rather than NHHC's 52; the NHHC figure is carried for this hull. Table records combat casualties, not materials information - no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-441-03
-
[4]NHHC, United States Pacific Fleet Organization, 1 May 1945 - LCI Group 8, LCI Division 16(G) roster [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- Pacific Fleet Organization 1 May 1945, LCI Group 8 / LCI Division 16 (G) block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official NHHC fleet-organization listing places LCI 441 in LCI Division 16 (G), LCI Group 8, commanded by Lt. (jg) F. W. Bell (USNR) as of 1 May 1945 - independent official corroboration of the commanding officer credited with the Navy Cross at Iwo Jima.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1 May 1945
- Population
- Commanding officer Lt. (jg) F. W. Bell, USNR
- Limitations
- Roster listing only - establishes assignment and command, not the award itself. No materials or asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-441-04
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[5]NHHC, Allied Ships Present in Tokyo Bay - Landing Craft, Infantry (LCI) section [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- Tokyo Bay page, Landing Craft, Infantry (LCI) column block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official NHHC listing of Allied ships present in Tokyo Bay includes LCI(L)-441 - consistent with NavSource's documented occupation service in the Far East 2 September-4 October 1945. The list uses LCI(L) designations for the type.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- September 1945
- Population
- Ship's company, occupation service
- Limitations
- Presence listing only; the hull had been redesignated LCI(G)-441 in June 1944 but appears under the LCI(L) heading. Establishes whereabouts at surrender, nothing about materials - no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-441-05
-
[6]NARA Special List 44, List of Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Miscellaneous Units, 1801-1947 (ship-number sort), PDF page 17 [other_primary]
- Locator
- sl-44-ship-number.pdf, page 17, LCI(L)(G)-441 row
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA's official logbook inventory lists Navy deck logs for LCI(L)(G)-441 covering 8/7/1943-6/30/1945 - the hull's commissioning through mid-1945 operational period. The logs are held at the National Archives (RG 24) but are not among the deck logs digitized in the National Archives Catalog.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1945 (log coverage)
- Limitations
- Log-coverage dates, not commissioning/decommissioning dates - the hull remained in occupation service to at least 4 October 1945 and was struck in 1946. Deck logs record position, weather, and events; any materials/maintenance detail would require pulling the physical logs. NARA digitized-logs page checked 2026-09-30 - this hull not digitized.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-441-06
-
[7]USS Landing Craft Infantry National Association, 'LCI (G) 474 at Iwo Jima' - republication of the LCI(G) Group 8 action report (17 February 1945) with award roster citing All Hands, November 1945 [other_primary]
- Locator
- usslci.org page, action-report excerpt block and AWARDS section
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The veteran association's verbatim republication of the LCI(G) Group 8 action report gives 441-specific detail: among seven gunboats in column off Mt. Suribachi; LCI(G)-441, -450, and -473 each fired a full rocket salvo on the beach; at 1106 LCI(G)-441 retired from the 1,000-yard line to extinguish fire in ready ammunition, returning to the firing line at 1110; ordered to retire again at 1152 and hit once more with steering, engine-order telegraph, and interior communications disabled; alongside USS Nevada (BB-36) at 1235 transferring wounded and dead. Award roster: Navy Cross to Lt.(jg) Forrest W. Bell, CO LCI(G)-441. Group figures cited: ~201 casualties, 47 fatalities.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 17 February 1945
- Population
- LCI(G) Group 8 crews (10 engaged gunboats; ~30% casualties cited)
- Limitations
- A veterans' association republication of the official action report - the quoted text tracks a primary document but the republication is not itself the archival original (Group 8 action report rests at NARA). Casualty aggregate (47 fatalities/201 casualties) differs slightly from NHHC's official table (52 killed/148 wounded) - NHHC figures carried in this record. No asbestos or materials content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-441-07
-
[8]Historic American Engineering Record (NPS/LOC), LCI(L)-713, HAER No. OR-180 - written historical and descriptive data for the LCI-351 class [haer]
- Locator
- HAER OR-180 data pages 1-3 (measurements, propulsion, description, historical information)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Official HAER documentation of a surviving sister ship fixes the class design: LCI-351 class, Bureau of Ships design, welded 1/4-inch steel plate, length 158 ft 5-1/2 in, eight General Motors 6-71 diesel engines (four pairs) on two shafts with variable-pitch propellers, ~1,051 vessels of the type built in ten U.S. shipyards during WWII - the same class and diesel plant as LCI(L)/LCI(G)-441.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1942-1945 (class construction)
- Population
- LCI-351 class construction workforce (ten yards, 1942-1945)
- Limitations
- Class documentation on sister hull LCI(L)-713, not this vessel; contains NO mention of asbestos or insulation materials - it fixes the diesel propulsion design (no steam plant) only. Sister-hull construction details are not transferable as hull-specific findings.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-441-08
-
[9]Era inference built on: NavSource specifications for this hull (eight GM diesels, twin variable-pitch propellers); HAER OR-180 class record (Bureau of Ships design, welded 1/4-inch steel, no steam plant); WWII Navy asbestos-use era documented at program level (GAO HRD-80-2) [other_primary]
- Locator
- inference synthesis - no underlying hull document
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- As a 1943-built diesel-powered combatant, this hull's asbestos-relevant systems were the era-standard applications aboard small diesel craft: thermal/acoustic insulation in machinery spaces, diesel exhaust lagging, machinery and flange gaskets, valve packing, electrical insulation, and galley/accommodation insulation. No boiler, steam piping, or turbine lagging pathway applies - the design carried no steam plant.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1946
- Population
- New Jersey Shipbuilding construction trades (1943); crew 1943-1946
- Limitations
- Era-consistent inference, not a hull record - no ship-specific survey, specification page, or abatement record was located naming LCI(L)-441/LCI(G)-441. Does not establish that any particular product was installed, in what quantity, or that any remains; the hull was sold in 1946 and its fate is unknown.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-441-09
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[10]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403, 2026-09-30)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented the Navy's asbestos-protection program and its 1975/1979 insulation-removal policies, confirming asbestos insulation was in widespread use aboard Navy ships of this hull's construction era - program-level context for the WWII asbestos-use period in which she was built.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1979 (report); 1940s-1970s (use era)
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program/yard-level documentation, not hull-specific; fieldwork was at Long Beach and Norfolk Naval Shipyards in the 1970s - after this hull was already sold. Does not establish what was installed aboard or removed from this hull. Full text not retrieved this session (gao.gov returns HTTP 403 to automated fetch); content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-441-10
-
[11]Batch-5157 search ledger (this record): NHHC official pages (H-gram, Iwo Jima casualty table, Pacific Fleet organization, Tokyo Bay list); NARA Special List 44 and digitized-logs index; NavSource; USS LCI National Association; LOC/NPS HAER OR-180; GAO HRD-80-2; CourtListener ship-name searches [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-441-01 through sl-uss-lci-l-441-10
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, specification page, or litigation naming LCI(L)-441/LCI(G)-441 was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). The one CourtListener query that completed returned only name collisions (LCI corporate entities); phrase-level opinion/docket queries remained fleet-paced - litigation status is a partially-open gap, not a full negative result.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - WWII-era construction materials on small combatants are poorly documented at hull level. The hull was sold out of government service in 1946, so post-service abatement or survey records, if they exist, are in private hands.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-441-11