Evidence
12 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-12).
-
[1]research packet pi-packet.md (2 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED — real identity: USS LCI(L)-460 (LCIs were never named; hull designation is the name). Hull 460. Designation: LCI(L). Type/class: LCI(L)-351 class Landing Craft Infantry.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lci-l-460-lcil460-pkt-pi-packet-md
-
[2]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(G)-460 ex USS LCI(L)-460 - construction timeline, reclassification, flotilla/group assignments, campaign table, awards, specifications, disposition (history sourced to USS LCI 'Landing Craft Infantry' Vol. II, Turner Publishing 1995, ISBN 1-56311-262-0) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150460.htm - page header, history narrative, Asiatic-Pacific campaign table, specifications block, disposition lines
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: LCI-351 class Landing Craft Infantry (Large); laid down 26 July 1943 at New Jersey Shipbuilding Corp., Barber, N.J.; launched 3 September 1943; commissioned USS LCI(L)-460, 13 September 1943 (LTjg. C. J. Baker USNR listed in command May 1945); reclassified Landing Craft Infantry (Gunboat) LCI(G)-460, 15 June 1944. Asiatic-Pacific Theater assignments: (1944) LCI Flotilla Three; (1945) 'LCI Flotilla Six, CDR. A.R. Montgomery USN; LCI Group Eighteen, LCDR. E.L. Yates; LCI Division Thirty-Five (May 1945)' - unit numbers conflict with the primary NHHC fleet-organization document, see ev-08. Campaigns: Marianas operation - capture and occupation of Saipan 15 June - 4 August 1944; Tinian capture and occupation 24 - 28 July 1944; Western Caroline Islands operation - capture and occupation of southern Palau Islands 6 September - 14 October 1944. Post-war: occupation duty in the Far East 3 September - 2 December 1945; decommissioned date unknown; struck from the Naval Register 1946; transferred to the Maritime Commission 31 October 1947; final disposition fate unknown. Three battle stars plus Navy Unit Commendation. Specifications: displacement 246 t. light / 264 t. landing / 419 t. loaded; length 158' 5.5"; beam 23' 3"; speed 16 kts max (14 kts continuous); propulsion two sets of 4 GM diesels, 4 per shaft, 1,600 BHP, twin variable-pitch propellers; LCI(L) complement 4 officers + 24 enlisted; LCI(G) 5 + 65; LCI(G) armament two single 40mm, four single 20mm, six .50cal, ten Mk7 rocket launchers.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1947
- Population
- New Jersey Shipbuilding construction trades (1943); crew (1943-46); embarked troops (wartime)
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation - its LCI entries rest on the Turner Publishing USS LCI history, not on DANFS (no DANFS entry exists for this hull). Milestone dates corroborated by uboat.net and shipbuildinghistory.com; the 1945 flotilla/group/division line conflicts with the primary NHHC organization document (see ev-08) and the disposition conflicts with uboat.net's 3 December 1946 sale date. Contains no asbestos content. No photographs of this hull exist in the NavSource archive.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-460-01
-
[3]NHHC, 'United States Pacific Fleet Organization, 1 May 1945' (Navy Department Library online reading room) - administrative organization listing [other_primary]
- Locator
- NHHC US Pacific Fleet Organization 1 May 1945, LCI FLOTILLA THIRTEEN > LCI GROUP 39 > LCI DIVISION 77 (G) table row 'LCI 460 - Ens. C. J. Baker (USNR)'
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The primary Navy organization document dated 1 May 1945 lists this hull as 'LCI 460' under LCI FLOTILLA THIRTEEN (Comdr. M. B. Brown), LCI GROUP 39 (ComLCIGrp 39: Lt. Cdr. E. L. Yates, USNR), in LCI DIVISION 77 (G) - a gunboat division - with commanding officer Ens. C. J. Baker (USNR). The (G) division marker matches her June 1944 gunboat reclassification. This is a snapshot of her administrative amphibious-force assignment as of that date - it does not itself document operations.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1945-05-01
- Population
- Ship's crew as of May 1945; LCI Group 39 / Flotilla 13 amphibious personnel
- Limitations
- Fleet-organization listing establishes administrative assignment and commanding officer as of 1 May 1945 only - it does not describe operations performed, and it conflicts with NavSource's 'Flotilla Six / Group Eighteen / Division Thirty-Five' line for the same month (carried as a conflict, not resolved - see ev-08 and gaps). CO surname Baker agrees with NavSource; rank differs (Ens. vs LTjg.). No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-460-02
-
[4]Secretary of the Navy (James Forrestal) Navy Unit Commendation citation for LCI(G) Flotilla THREE, Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet (NavSource transcription of the citation text) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/15000031.htm - LCI(G) Flotilla Three NUC page, citation text and authorizing hull list
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The SecNav unit citation commends LCI(G) Flotilla THREE 'for outstanding heroism in action in support of amphibious landings on enemy Japanese-held Kwajalein and Eniwetok Atolls in the Marshall Islands, and on Saipan, Guam and Tinian in the Marianas, from January 31 to July 28, 1944,' describing rocket and gunfire delivered 'at perilously close range' against beach defenses, smoke screens for combatants, and patrols supporting reconnaissance and demolition parties. The authorizing hull list explicitly includes '460' among the LCI(G)s constituting Flotilla THREE during the citation period.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-01-31 to 1944-07-28
- Population
- LCI(G) Flotilla Three ship's crews, 31 January - 28 July 1944
- Limitations
- Unit commendation establishes flotilla membership during the citation window and the flotilla's documented combat role - it does not itself prove this hull's presence at every named action (her credited campaigns per NavSource begin with Saipan, 15 June 1944, the same date as her LCI(G) reclassification). Text is a NavSource transcription of the SecNav citation; no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-460-03
-
[5]NARA Special List #44, 'List of Logbooks of US Navy Ships, Stations, and Miscellaneous Units, 1801-1947' (by ship number), PDF page 17 [other_primary]
- Locator
- sl-44-ship-number.pdf page 17, row 'LCI(L)(G)-460 | 9/13/1943 - 6/30/1945' (verified via pdftotext -layout extraction, 2026-09-30)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA Special List 44 (by ship number) lists deck logs under 'LCI(L)(G)-460' covering 9/13/1943 - 6/30/1945 - i.e., commissioning day through mid-1945. These are the ship's primary operational records (daily entries on position, operations, personnel). The logs are held at the National Archives but do not appear in the catalog's digitized deck-log list; they are an unfetched archival lead for ship-specific detail.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-09-13 to 1945-06-30 (coverage window)
- Population
- Crew and embarked personnel, 1943-1945
- Limitations
- Log-coverage dates are not commissioning/decommissioning dates and do not themselves describe contents. Coverage ends 6/30/1945 while service continued through 2 December 1945 occupation duty - the July-December 1945 logs are not in this SL44 line (open lead). Logs are not digitized; nothing in this record was verified inside them.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-460-04
-
[6]Era inference built on: NavSource LCI-351-class specifications (diesel plant - two sets of 4 GM diesels, 4 per shaft, 1,600 BHP; no steam plant); GAO HRD-80-2 (Navy asbestos use aboard ships; see ev-06); shipbuildinghistory.com New Jersey Shipbuilding yard profile (wartime emergency LCI assembly line) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource specifications block (propulsion); GAO HRD-80-2 application list; shipbuildinghistory.com yard profile
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A diesel-powered amphibious landing craft built in 1943 sits inside the Navy's documented asbestos-use era. Era-standard asbestos applications aboard a small diesel combatant of this period: engine exhaust and muffler lagging, machinery-space thermal insulation, gaskets and valve packing in fuel/water/hydraulic systems, electrical insulation and cabling, brake linings on winches and windlass, and deck covering compounds. As a diesel craft she carried no boilers or steam turbines - the boiler and steam-line lagging pathway that dominates steam-ship asbestos profiles does not apply; her exposure-relevant systems are the compact machinery spaces shared by a crew of ~28 (LCI(L)) to ~70 (LCI(G)).
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1946
- Population
- New Jersey Shipbuilding construction trades (1943); engine-room crew (1943-46); any conversion/repair yard trades during the June 1944 LCI(G) conversion (yard not documented - gap)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, or work package located for this hull. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity. No manufacturer attribution.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-460-05
-
[7]GAO, 'Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure,' HRD-80-2 (published 18 October 1979) - full text retrieved via Firecrawl (direct fetch returns HTTP 403) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO HRD-80-2, 'Navy's Policy on Use of Asbestos' and 'Asbestos in Navy ships' sections; product page https://www.gao.gov/products/hrd-80-2
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that 'thermal insulation for machinery, equipment and piping systems has been the major application of asbestos' aboard Navy ships, with additional uses in plastic-like materials, electronic equipment, decks, electric cabling, piping systems, and equipment brakes and clutches - 'the list is nearly endless.' Navy specifications for thermal insulation were changed in 1973 to asbestos-free materials, yet asbestos insulation was still being installed aboard ships as late as May 1978, and 30-50 percent of thermal-insulation applications lacked technically acceptable substitutes. Fieldwork covered Long Beach and Norfolk Naval Shipyards.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1979 (report); policy era spanning this hull's 1943 construction through 1978 asbestos-insulation installations
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; ship crews (program-level)
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation for the asbestos era this hull was built and served in (1943-46) - supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. The report describes 1979-era fleet conditions; it does not enumerate WWII landing-craft classes in its thermal-insulation attachment. Direct fetch of gao.gov returns HTTP 403; full text obtained via Firecrawl extraction of the published PDF.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-460-06
-
[8]NHHC H-gram H-086-2, 'Iwo Jima: The Battle of the LCI Gunboats' (17 February 1945 UDT-support action, LCI(G) Group Eight) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NHHC H-gram H-086-2, Iwo Jima 17 February 1945 narrative
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NHHC documents the combat employment of the LCI(G) gunboat type this hull was converted to: on 17 February 1945 twelve LCI gunboats of LCI(G) Group Eight supported underwater demolition teams off Iwo Jima at close range, all twelve taking hits with 52 killed and 148 wounded across the group; the boats earned a Presidential Unit Citation. The engagement roster named in the article (409, 438, 441, 449, 457, 471, 473, 474 and sisters of Group Eight) does not include 460, and NavSource's credited campaign table for this hull (Saipan, Tinian, southern Palaus) does not list Iwo Jima - the article is carried as type-level context only.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1945-02-17
- Population
- LCI(G) crews of Group Eight (type context)
- Limitations
- Type-level context: documents what the LCI(G) conversion was built and used for, NOT this hull's participation. The H-gram names most but not all twelve Group Eight boats - absence from the named roster plus the credited-campaign table supports, but does not by itself prove, non-participation. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-460-07
-
[9]Conflict cross-check: NHHC US Pacific Fleet Organization 1 May 1945 (primary) vs NavSource/Turner assignment line; uboat.net vs NavSource disposition; shipbuildinghistory.com New Jersey Shipbuilding yard table [other_primary]
- Locator
- NHHC Pacific Fleet org 1 May 1945 (LCI Group 39 table); NavSource 10/15/150460.htm assignment and disposition lines; uboat.net ship/21502.html; shipbuildinghistory.com New Jersey Shipbuilding table row 'LCI(L) 460 ... Struck 1946'
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- CORRECTION/CONFLICT LOG: (1) Unit assignment May 1945 - NavSource carries 'LCI Flotilla Six, CDR. A.R. Montgomery; LCI Group Eighteen, LCDR. E.L. Yates; LCI Division Thirty-Five (May 1945)'; the primary NHHC Pacific Fleet organization dated 1 May 1945 instead places LCI 460 in LCI Flotilla THIRTEEN, LCI Group 39, LCI Division 77 (G), with E. L. Yates commanding Group 39 - NHHC carried, NavSource numbers logged as unresolved variant (the Yates match suggests a unit-number transcription problem in the secondary source). (2) Disposition - uboat.net reports 'sold on 3 December 1946'; NavSource reports struck 1946 and transferred to the Maritime Commission 31 October 1947, fate unknown; shipbuildinghistory.com gives only 'Struck 1946.' NavSource carried; the uboat sale date is unresolved. (3) CO rank - NavSource 'LTjg. C. J. Baker USNR' vs NHHC 'Ens. C. J. Baker (USNR)', both May 1945.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1945-1947
- Limitations
- Documents secondary-source conflicts rather than resolving them; the corrected values come from a primary document (NHHC fleet organization) where available. None of the conflicts involve asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-460-08
-
[10]shipbuildinghistory.com (Tim Colton), 'New Jersey Shipbuilding, Barber NJ' - yard profile and production table [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipbuildinghistory.com New Jersey Shipbuilding page - yard narrative and table row for hull 460
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The builder was a wartime emergency yard: 'New Jersey Shipbuilding was an assembly line for LCIs on Arthur Kill, in Barber, a community immediately to the east of Perth Amboy which was later absorbed into Perth Amboy and is now called Maurer. Management of the yard was taken over by Todd Shipyards in 1942, at the Navy's request, and was closed after the war.' Its production table lists this hull: 'LCI(L) | 460 | US Navy | Landing Craft | Sep-43 | Struck 1946' - corroborating delivery in September 1943 and the 1946 striking.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1942-1946
- Population
- New Jersey Shipbuilding construction workforce (1942-45)
- Limitations
- Secondary reference compilation (the standard public shipyard-production reference) - corroborates builder, delivery month and striking year; gives no asbestos, material, or worker-protection information. New Jersey Shipbuilding Corp. is not an Atlas shipyards.json entry (gap).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-460-09
-
[11]uboat.net Allied Warships, USS LCI(L)-460 - build dates and disposition (secondary cross-check) [other_primary]
- Locator
- uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/21502.html - data table
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Secondary warship database corroborates: built by New Jersey Shipbuilding Corp. (Barber, N.J.); ordered 22 March 1943; laid down 26 July 1943; launched 3 September 1943; commissioned 13 September 1943; reclassified LCI(G) 15 June 1944. Adds two details not in NavSource: the 22 March 1943 order date, and disposition 'sold on 3 December 1946' - the latter conflicting with NavSource's 31 October 1947 Maritime Commission transfer.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1946
- Limitations
- Secondary database used for corroboration and the order date; its 3 December 1946 sale date conflicts with NavSource's Maritime Commission transfer (unresolved - see ev-08 and gaps). No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-460-10
-
[12]Batch-5178 search ledger (this record): NavSource amphibious archive; NHHC Pacific Fleet organization document; NHHC H-gram; SecNav NUC citation; NARA Special List 44; NARA digitized deck-log list; Naval Vessel Register; uboat.net; shipbuildinghistory.com; GAO HRD-80-2; CourtListener (all queries returned zero); secondary web sweeps [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-460-01 through -13
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or litigation naming USS LCI(L)-460 / LCI(G)-460 was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). CourtListener authenticated API returned zero hits for every designation form searched - 'LCI-460', 'LCI(L)-460', 'LCI(G)-460' and 'LCI 460' in opinions, plus 'LCI-460' in dockets - and zero for the builder yard ('New Jersey Shipbuilding' + asbestos). Unlike larger hulls, this small craft does not appear even in law-firm marketing listicles - the secondary asbestos sweep returned no 'asbestos aboard LCI-460' content of any kind.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - the hull was built and served inside the Navy's documented asbestos era (1943-46). CourtListener coverage is limited to indexed opinions/dockets; state-court and unreported filings are outside its scope. Deck logs (9/13/1943-6/30/1945, undigitized) and any builder/conversion-yard work records are open archival leads. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-460-11