Evidence
13 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-13).
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[1]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(L)-585 - construction, commissioning, EAME campaign, Project Hula transfer, Soviet service, 1955 return, specifications (live page verified 2026-09-30; history credited to Turner Publishing 'USS LCI Landing Craft Infantry' Vol. II, 1995) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150585.htm header block, campaign table, disposition block, specifications block, and photo caption
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: LCI-351 Class Landing Craft Infantry (Large); laid down 8 March 1944 at New Jersey Shipbuilding Corp., Barber, N.J.; launched 30 March 1944; commissioned LCI(L)-585, 5 April 1944. Assigned to the Europe-Africa-Middle East Theater; campaign credit 'Invasion of southern France, 15 August to 16 September 1944' (one battle star; ribbon block also shows American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal). Decommissioned and transferred as part of Project Hula to the Soviet Union at Cold Bay, AK, 10 June 1945, designated Soviet Landing Ship DS-45. Ex-LCI(L)-585 (DS-45) 'participated in the Soviet invasion of the Japanese Kuril Islands between 18 August and 1 September 1945' - but see ev-09 correction: the official NHC monograph attributes northern-Korea operations to DS-45. Returned to US Naval custody in 1955 and struck from the Naval Register; final disposition fate unknown. Spec block: 246 t. light / 264 t. landing / 419 t. loaded; 158'5.5" x 23'3"; 16 kts max (14 continuous); 4 officers + 24 enlisted; troop capacity 6 officers + 182 enlisted; 75 tons cargo; five single 20mm guns; endurance 4,000 miles at 12 kts loaded (500 miles at 15 kts); 130 tons diesel fuel; two sets of 4 GM diesels (4 per shaft), BHP 1,600, twin variable-pitch propellers. Call sign NPCE. Photo block: USS LCI(L)-585 and USS LCI(L)-591 'moored pierside at Cold Harbor, AK., awaiting transfer' (Robert Hurst collection) - the caption's 'Cold Harbor' is a slip for Cold Bay.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1955
- Population
- NJSB construction trades (Mar-Apr 1944); crew 4 officers + 24 enlisted (1944-45); embarked troops up to ~188; Soviet crew of DS-45 (1945-55)
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation - dates generally track official records but the page is not a primary registry. Builder, milestones and USSR transfer corroborated independently here (build table, uboat.net, and the official NHC Project HULA monograph appendix). The 'Kuril Islands' operations line is boilerplate printed identically on every Project Hula LCI(L) NavSource page (e.g., LCI(L)-949/DS-44) and conflicts with the hull-specific NHC caption attribution (northern Korea) - see ev-09. Contains no asbestos or material content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-585-lcil585-01
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[2]Shipbuilding-history LCI(L) build table (Naval Marine Archive mirror of the Colton shipbuilding data), LCI(L) hull 585 row; same-source New Jersey Shipbuilding yard page [other_primary]
- Locator
- navalmarinearchive.com/sbh/smallships/lcil.html row 585; navalmarinearchive.com/sbh/shipyards/emergencysmall/newjersey.html LCI(L) 585 row (live 200 OK both, verified 2026-09-30)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The build table lists: LCI(L) | hull 585 | New Jersey SB, Barber NJ | 5-Apr-44 | 'To the USSR 1945' - corroborating the builder, yard location, delivery/commissioning date, and Soviet transfer on the NavSource page. The same-source New Jersey Shipbuilding (Barber NJ) yard page carries 'LCI(L) | 585 | US Navy | Landing Craft | Apr-44 | To the USSR 1945, struck 1955' - corroborating the strike year. Surrounding rows show the same yard block and pattern: 584, 586, 587, 590-593 to the USSR 1945; 581 and 583 to Argentina (BDI No.9 / BDI No.1); 582 (LCI(M)) to NDRF 1948; 588 (LCI(M)) to the Netherlands 1946 as Stormvogel.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1955
- Population
- NJSB Barber yard trades (1944)
- Limitations
- Secondary reference table - corroboration of builder/date/disposition, not a primary contract record. Yard contract or hull-number-level detail not carried. No asbestos or material content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-585-lcil585-02
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[3]uboat.net Allied Warships: USS LCI(L)-585 ship page (ship/21650) - builder, milestones, commanding officer, Convoy UGS 41 sailing [other_primary]
- Locator
- uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/21650.html data table and 'Notable events: 3 May 1944, Convoy UGS 41' narrative (live 200 OK, verified 2026-09-30)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Corroborates construction data: built New Jersey Shipbuilding Corp. (Barber NJ), laid down 8 Mar 1944, launched 30 Mar 1944, commissioned 5 Apr 1944, end service 10 Jun 1945 'Transferred to the USSR 10 June 1945'. Names the commanding officer as Lt.(jg) J.L. Thomas, USNR, and places the hull in Convoy UGS 41 - the Hampton Roads-to-Mediterranean convoy that departed 3 May 1944 carrying fourteen LSI(L)s (562, 563, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 664-671) escorted by Task Force 62; Oran arrivals around 21 May 1944 - i.e., the documented transatlantic passage that took this hull from builder's waters to her EAME combat theater five weeks after commissioning.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944
- Population
- Crew under Lt.(jg) J.L. Thomas, USNR (May 1944)
- Limitations
- uboat.net is a meticulously sourced secondary database (Guomundur Helgason) but not a primary record; the convoy roster and CO listing are its contribution - day-level detail uncorroborated against a primary sailing order. No asbestos or material content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-585-lcil585-03
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[4]Richard A. Russell, 'Project HULA: Secret Soviet-American Cooperation in the War Against Japan' (Naval Historical Center, Dept. of the Navy, Washington DC, 1997; U.S. Navy in the Modern World series no. 4, ISBN 0-945274-35-1) - official NHC monograph via HyperWar/ibiblio full-PDF mirror [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- ibiblio.org/hyperwar/NHC/NewPDFs/USA/USA Project.Hula.Secret.Soviet-American.Cooperation.WWII.pdf - Appendix p.39 table row 'LCI(L) 585 DS-45'; photo caption near p.19 (LCI(L)s 585 and 591); ceremony captions near p.33 (9 June 1945)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The official Naval Historical Center monograph names this hull twice: (1) Appendix 'U.S. Navy Combatant Ships Transferred to the USSR Under Project HULA, May-September 1945' lists 'LCI(L) 585 | DS-45 | 10 June | 1955-returned' - corroborating the Soviet designation, the 10 June 1945 transfer date, and the 1955 return to US custody; (2) a photograph caption: 'Wearing camouflage, LCI(L)s 585 and 591 await transfer to the Soviet navy at Cold Bay in spring 1945. As DS-45 and DS-35, respectively, they took part in Soviet operations against Japanese forces in northern Korea. The Soviet navy returned LCI(L) 585 to the U.S. Navy in 1955. DS-35 was scrapped' (photo credited National Archives). Program context from the same monograph: transfer ceremony photographs show the US flag lowered and Soviet ensign raised aboard the LCI(L)s on 9 June 1945; the Project HULA transfers ran 16 April-4 September 1945 at Cold Bay/Fort Randall, Alaska; 30 LCI(L)s were transferred in total; negotiations over the surviving ex-LCI(L)s dragged into the 1950s and returns were made at Yokosuka and other ports.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1945-1955
- Population
- US Navy transfer crews and Soviet receiving crews at Cold Bay (Jun 1945); Soviet DS-45 crew (1945-55)
- Limitations
- Official US Navy historical monograph drawing on US and Russian archives - the authoritative program-level source and the strongest hull-level document located for the Soviet arc. Its DS-45 caption attributes 'operations against Japanese forces in northern Korea,' while NavSource attributes Kuril Islands invasion participation - a real source conflict carried in ev-09 and gaps, not resolved here. Transfer date in the appendix is shown by ditto marks under the 584 row's '10 June' entry. Contains no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-585-lcil585-04
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[5]NARA catalog - five digitized monthly war diaries authored by this hull, RG 38 (WWII War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, series NAID 4697018): NAID 78520142 (USS LCI(L) 585, 6/1-30/44, 11 images); NAID 78571692 (7/1-31/44, 7 images); NAID 139734194 (LCI(L)-585, 8/1-31/44, 8 images); NAID 633396159 (9/1-30/44, 5 images); NAID 78677819 (10/1-31/44, 8 images) - 39 images total [other_primary]
- Locator
- catalog.archives.gov/id/78520142, /id/78571692, /id/139734194, /id/633396159, /id/78677819 (verified live 2026-09-30 via firecrawl render; 11/7/8/5/8 images respectively)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Digitized US Navy war diaries authored by this hull cover June through October 1944 - the Mediterranean period spanning her Operation Dragoon (invasion of southern France, 15 August 1944) service and the weeks after. These are the hull's own contemporaneous operational reports and the primary record for her EAME combat service.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-06-01 to 1944-10-31
- Population
- LCI(L)-585 crew (Jun-Oct 1944 reporting periods)
- Limitations
- Catalog metadata verified live via JS-rendered catalog pages (titles, NAIDs, image counts, Fold3 source); page-image contents not individually reviewed. War diaries are operational documents - they document movements and operations, not material condition. No war diary for April-May 1944 (shakedown/Atlantic crossing) or November 1944-June 1945 (return transit to Cold Bay) surfaced for this hull in the catalog search - coverage outside June-October 1944 rests on the SL44 deck-log inventory. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-585-lcil585-05
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[6]NARA catalog, NAID 120240075 - 'LCI(L) 585 - Muster Rolls' (49 digitized images, Ancestry partnership, first image dated 9 June 1944); related index block NAID 118967602 'USS K-1 (SSK-1) to USS LCI(R)-651' (RG 24 Index to Muster Rolls) [other_primary]
- Locator
- catalog.archives.gov/id/120240075 (49 images; Ancestry file 32860_245098); /id/118967602 (index block)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Digitized personnel records naming this hull: 49 muster-roll images for LCI(L) 585 are online (crew rosters by reporting period), and the ship falls inside the digitized muster-roll index block covering hulls up to LCI(R)-651 - the lead for building a name-level crew roster.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1945
- Population
- LCI(L)-585 crew (1944-45 reporting periods)
- Limitations
- Catalog metadata verified live (title, NAID, 49-image count, Ancestry file numbers); page-image contents not individually reviewed. Muster rolls are personnel records - rosters of who was aboard, with no material or asbestos content. This record does not extract the roster.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-585-lcil585-06
-
[7]NARA Special List No. 44, List of Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Miscellaneous Units, 1801-1947 - ship-number sequence, PDF page 25 [other_primary]
- Locator
- sl-44-ship-number.pdf, PDF page 25, row 'LCI(L)-585 | 4/5/1944 | 6/9/1945' (verified via pdftotext extraction)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Special List 44 (by ship number) lists Navy deck logs held by NARA for LCI(L)-585 covering 4/5/1944-6/9/1945 - logbook coverage running from her commissioning date to 9 June 1945, the day before her transfer to the Soviet Union at Cold Bay (the Project HULA ceremony photographs show the US flag lowered and Soviet ensign raised 9 June 1945). The coverage confirms continuous US Navy service through 1944-45 within the 1930-1986 eligibility window; these are log-coverage dates, not commissioning evidence.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-04-05 to 1945-06-09
- Population
- LCI(L)-585 crew (1944-45 logging window)
- Limitations
- Archival lead: the list establishes that logs exist in NARA holdings for that window. A catalog search of the digitized WWII deck-log file units (series NAID 594258) returned no per-month file unit titled for LCI(L)-585 under tested name forms, so these logs were not located online - physical-holdings lead only. A deck log is an operational record, not a material survey; it would document location/moorage and noteworthy events, not insulation content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-585-lcil585-07
-
[8]NARA catalog, NAID 78681686 - 'COM 8th FLEET - Rep of the Amphibious Invasion of Southern France, 8/9/44-9/25/44' (RG 38, WWII War Diaries/Other Operational Records and Histories; 446 digitized images, Fold3) [other_primary]
- Locator
- catalog.archives.gov/id/78681686 - file-unit description and 446-image viewer (verified live 2026-09-30 via firecrawl render)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The Eighth Fleet commander's report on the amphibious invasion of southern France (Operation Dragoon, 9 August-25 September 1944 coverage) is the fleet-level primary record of the operation for which this hull earned her Europe-Africa-Middle East campaign credit and battle star - the digitized command file for the campaign her own June-October 1944 war diaries cover at hull level.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-08-09 to 1944-09-25
- Population
- 8th Fleet amphibious forces, incl. embarked troops
- Limitations
- Fleet-level document - the title does not name this hull and no hull-level content was extracted; carried as operational context only. Whether the report's annexes list LCI(L)-585 specifically is unverified (446 images not individually reviewed). No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-585-lcil585-08
-
[9]Cross-source check: NHC Project HULA monograph photo caption ('As DS-45 and DS-35, respectively, they took part in Soviet operations against Japanese forces in northern Korea') vs NavSource LCI(L)-585 page ('participated in the Soviet invasion of the Japanese Kuril Islands between 18 August and 1 September 1945' - identical wording printed on the LCI(L)-949/DS-44 and other Hula-LCI NavSource pages) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Russell/Project HULA PDF p.~19 photo caption and p.~34 Popov-Maxwell passage; NavSource 10/15/150585.htm vs 10/15/150949.htm (identical Kuril boilerplate)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- CORRECTION/CONFLICT: NavSource credits ex-LCI(L)-585 (DS-45) with participation in the Soviet invasion of the Japanese Kuril Islands, 18 August-1 September 1945 - but that line is boilerplate repeated verbatim across its Project Hula LCI(L) pages, and the official NHC monograph's hull-specific caption attributes to DS-45 and DS-35 'Soviet operations against Japanese forces in northern Korea.' The Russell monograph separately reports that the LCI(L)s which 'led the main attack in the Kuril Islands' were boats trained by Navy Detachment 3294 in July - the later, 29 July-4 September transfer group (DS-2 through DS-48 series), not the 10 June group that included DS-45. The Kuril-attack attribution for this hull is therefore unproven; the northern-Korea attribution has the official hull-specific source. Both windows fall inside Soviet operations against Japan of August-September 1945.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1945
- Limitations
- Resolves a boilerplate-vs-hull-specific conflict in favor of the official hull-specific caption; it is not disproven that DS-45 also took part in Kuril-area operations - the record carries the conflict rather than suppressing it. Not a material or asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-585-lcil585-09
-
[10]USCG Historian's Office, 'U.S. Coast Guard-Manned LCI(L)s' reference page and hull list (44 hulls: Flotilla 4/10/35 boats 83-96, 319-326, 349-350, 520, 562, 581, 583, et al.) [other_primary]
- Locator
- history.uscg.mil USCG-Manned LCI(L)s page, hull list (44 entries; 585 absent - verified 2026-09-30)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- LCI(L)-585 does not appear on the Coast Guard Historian's list of USCG-manned LCI(L)s - confirming she remained Navy-manned throughout her US service (consistent with her USNR commanding officer Lt.(jg) J.L. Thomas in the May 1944 UGS 41 convoy listing). This distinguishes her from same-block hulls 562, 581 and 583, which went to the Pacific under Coast Guard crews in early 1945 while 585 went to Cold Bay under Navy manning for Project Hula transfer.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1945
- Population
- LCI(L)-585 Navy crew (1944-45)
- Limitations
- An official negative-list check - absence from the 44-hull USCG roster, not a manning document for this hull. USCG Historian site blocks direct curl fetches (HTTP 403); content verified via firecrawl render. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-585-lcil585-10
-
[11]Era inference built on: NavSource specifications block (two sets of 4 GM diesels, 4 per shaft, BHP 1,600 - no steam plant); GAO HRD-80-2 (Navy asbestos-use era, ev-12); NARA physical logbook holdings (ev-07) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource specifications block; shipyards.json yard list (no NJ Shipbuilding entry); GAO HRD-80-2 context
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A diesel-powered landing craft built March-April 1944 sits squarely inside the Navy's documented asbestos-use era. Era-standard applications aboard a small diesel craft of this type were diesel exhaust and muffler lagging, gaskets and valve packing in engine and piping systems, electrical insulation on wiring and in control panels, and thermal insulation in the confined machinery spaces. As a diesel vessel she carried no steam plant - the boiler/turbine lagging pathway of steam ships does not apply.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1955
- Population
- NJSB construction trades (Mar-Apr 1944); crew 28 (1944-45); embarked troops (transient, up to ~188); Soviet DS-45 crew (1945-55)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation schedule, material list, builder's spec sheet, or work package located for LCI(L)-585. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity, no manufacturer attribution. New Jersey Shipbuilding is not in the Atlas shipyards.json dataset (37 yard_ids checked), so no yard-level product list was attached.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-585-lcil585-11
-
[12]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's entire construction (1944) and US Navy service era (1944-45).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403, confirmed 2026-09-30) - content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-585-lcil585-12
-
[13]Batch-5306 search ledger (this record): NavSource hull page; uboat.net ship page; shipbuilding-history build table and NJ yard page; NHC Project HULA monograph; NARA catalog (five war diaries, muster rolls, muster-roll index block, COM 8th Fleet report); NARA Special List 44 PDF; USCG-manned LCI(L) roster check; NHHC DANFS and photo-index checks; NVR check; Pacific Fleet organization 1 May 1945 check; CourtListener (partial); secondary web sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-585-lcil585-01 through -14
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or verified litigation naming USS LCI(L)-585 (or Soviet DS-45) was found in the public sources searched. CourtListener authenticated API v4 returned zero hits on six completed queries ("USS LCI(L) 585", "LCI(L) 585", "LCI-585", "LCI(L)-585" type=o; "LCI(L) 585", "LCI-585" type=r); the one remaining form "LCI(L)-585" type=r was pacing-blocked at drafting (fleet limiter, exit 2) - a narrow open gap, not a completed negative. The unquoted "LCI(L)-585" token search returned 627 hits that are all noise for this hull (LCI International telecom, Louisiana Construction & Industry, etc. - name collisions, none naming the vessel). A Polish Navy 'DS-45' surfaced in the Soviet-service check and was resolved as a different vessel (ORP Zwinny, a Project 122bis submarine chaser, ex-BO-291) - a designation collision, not this hull. The hull's 1945 transfer to the USSR, decade of Soviet service, 1955 return, and unknown final disposition foreclose the usual US-side abatement/museum/scrapping documentation trail that produces ship-specific asbestos records.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - and one CourtListener query form remains open (pacing-blocked, not run). Undigitized deck logs (SL44 window 4/5/1944-6/9/1945), NJSB build records, and Soviet/Russian service records are open leads. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-585-lcil585-13