Evidence
11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).
-
[1]research packet 444-packet.md (3 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED — real identity: USS LCI(L)-595 · Hull: LCI(L)-595 · Designation: Landing Craft, Infantry (Large)
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lci-l-595-lcil595-pkt-444-packet-md
-
[2]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(M)-595 ex USS LCI(L)-595 (sourced to USS LCI 'Landing Craft Infantry', Vol. II, Turner Publishing, 1995) - build milestones, campaign record, flotilla assignments, specifications, disposition [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150595.htm header block, campaign table, flotilla lines, 'Specifications' block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: LCI-351 class landing craft infantry (large); laid down 22 March 1944 at New Jersey Shipbuilding Corp., Barber, N.J.; launched 14 April 1944; commissioned USS LCI(L)-595, 21 April 1944. Assigned to the Europe-Africa-Middle East Theater; participated in the invasion of southern France, 15 August to 18 September 1944. Reclassified Landing Craft Infantry (Mortar) LCI(M)-595, 5 May 1945. Reassigned to the Asiatic-Pacific Theater: LCI Flotilla Twenty-One (CDR L. B. Balliere USNR), LCI Group Sixty-Two (LT G. P. Eckel USNR), LCI Division One Hundred Twenty-Four. Decommissioned, date unknown; struck from the Naval Register in 1946; transferred to the U.S. Army 13 May 1946; final disposition 'fate unknown'. One battle star for World War II service; awards listed are American Campaign Medal, Europe-Africa-Middle East Campaign Medal (1 star), Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal. Spec block: 236 t. light / 264 t. landing / 419 t. loaded; length 158' 5.5"; beam 23' 3"; speed 16 kt max / 14 kt maximum continuous; complement LCI(L) 4 officers + 24 enlisted, LCI(M) 4 officers + 49 enlisted; troop capacity 6 officers + 182 enlisted; cargo 75 tons; propulsion - two sets of 4 General Motors 6051 series 71 diesel engines, 4 per shaft, single General Motors main reduction gears, two diesel-drive 30 kW 120 V DC ship's service generators, twin variable-pitch propellers, 2,320 shp. LCI(M) armament: one single 40mm mount forward, four 20mm mounts, three 4.2-inch chemical mortars in sandboxes on the well deck firing forward over the bow, No. 2 troop compartment converted to a magazine.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1946
- Population
- Construction trades (New Jersey Shipbuilding, Barber NJ, Mar-Apr 1944); crew and embarked troops (1944-46); any subsequent Army/foreign crews (1946+)
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation (here sourced to the Turner Publishing LCI volume), not a primary registry - the commissioning date is corroborated this session by NARA Special List 44 (log coverage begins 21 April 1944) and the convoy record at uboat.net, but laid-down 22 March conflicts by one day with uboat.net's 23 March (see gaps). No commanding officers, intermediate ports, or Pacific employment detail are given between the flotilla assignment and the 1946 Army transfer. Contains no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-595-lcil595-01
-
[3]NARA Special List 44, 'List of Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Miscellaneous Units, 1801-1947,' ship-number ordering - deck-log inventory entry for LCI(L)(M)-595 [other_primary]
- Locator
- sl-44-ship-number.pdf, PDF page 19, LCI(L)(M) run (line: 'LCI(L)(M)-595 4/21/1944 6/30/1945'); series note at archives.gov/research/military/logbooks/navy
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The official NARA inventory lists Navy deck logs for LCI(L)(M)-595 covering 4/21/1944 through 6/30/1945 - logs held in Records of the Bureau of Naval Personnel, Record Group 24, Entry 118 (National Archives Identifier 581208). The coverage start corroborates the 21 April 1944 commissioning date. The 30 June 1945 end does NOT mark decommissioning: NavSource documents continued Navy custody through a 13 May 1946 transfer to the U.S. Army, so the inventory covers only the first 14 months of U.S. service - the Pacific-service period (July 1945 onward) is outside the deposited coverage.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1945
- Population
- Crew and embarked troops documented within the logs (1944-45)
- Limitations
- An inventory row, not the logs themselves - it establishes that logbooks for this hull exist at NARA for the stated dates, not their contents. The hull does not appear in NARA's digitized deck-log index (archives.gov navy-online list checked 2026-09-30), so the logs are undigitized physical holdings at Archives II, College Park; any operational detail inside them (Pacific transit, mortar-conversion work, ports, casualties, material notes) is unexamined here.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-595-lcil595-02
-
[4]uboat.net Allied Warships of WWII, USS LCI(L)-595 (ship/21660) - convoy UGS-43 transit record and commanding officer [other_primary]
- Locator
- uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/21660.html, 'Notable events' entries dated 23 May 1944 (Convoy UGS 43) and 12 Jun 1944 (arrival Bizerta)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- uboat.net's convoy reconstruction documents this hull departing Hampton Roads 23 May 1944 in convoy UGS-43 - a transatlantic convoy of roughly 80 merchant vessels and naval tanker USS Kennebec escorted by Task Force 64 (flagship USS McCormick, COMTASKFOR 64 Capt. H.S. Berdine USCG embarked) - as one of thirteen LCI(L)s (590-596, 674, 675, 951-954) making the crossing under Lt.(jg) C. Ringle, Jr., USNR. All thirteen LCI(L)s and the escorts entered Bizerta, Tunisia, on 12 June 1944 - placing the craft in the Mediterranean staging area two months before the southern France landings.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944
- Population
- Crew under Lt.(jg) C. Ringle, Jr., USNR (May-Jun 1944); Task Force 64 escorts
- Limitations
- uboat.net is a specialist secondary compilation built from convoy documents - ship-specific and internally consistent with NavSource and the Signal Corps photo (Naples staging, July 1944), but not a primary record itself. It gives laid down as 23 March 1944, conflicting by one day with NavSource's 22 March (see gaps). Contains no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-595-lcil595-03
-
[5]Two photographs on the NavSource page identify this hull: (1) LCIs moored at Bizerte, Tunisia, captioned 'circa May 1944' (photo by Robert W. Van Keuren, CO USS LCI(L)-665), with LCI(L)-595 listed among the craft; (2) U.S. Army Signal Corps photo III-SC-192675 (NARA, RG 111) captioned near Naples, Italy, 24 July 1944, 30th Infantry/3rd Division practice-landing loading, with LCI(L)-595 among the recognizable ships [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150595.htm photo table (images 1015094302 and 1015059101); second photo credit 'US National Archives photo # III-SC-192675'
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Physical-presence documentation: a photograph places the craft moored at Bizerte, Tunisia (captioned circa May 1944), and Signal Corps photo III-SC-192675 (Box 222, by Cuca, 163rd Signal Photo Company) places her near Naples on 24 July 1944 among the LCI(L)s loading troops of the 30th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division, for a practice landing ahead of the August 1944 invasion of southern France.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944
- Population
- Crew; embarked 30th Infantry, 3rd Division troops (July 1944)
- Limitations
- Archival lead only: the caption metadata is transcribed from NavSource's photo table; the NARA catalog is JS-rendered and III-SC-192675 could not be independently re-verified at NAID level this session. The Bizerte caption's 'circa May 1944' is inconsistent with the convoy record - UGS-43 did not arrive at Bizerta until 12 June 1944 and the craft was still crossing in late May; June 1944 is the consistent dating. Photos establish presence at a place and date, not work or exposure conditions. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-595-lcil595-04
-
[6]Civilian Production Administration, 'War Industrial Facilities Authorized, July 1940 - August 1945' (GPO/GovInfo digitized volume) - alphabetical company listing: 'New Jersey Shipbuilding Co, Perth Amboy, N.J.', product: landing craft infantry [other_primary]
- Locator
- GOVPUB-P32_4800-1226d01b08d0c7bf2f8de2cbd75b80cc.htm, alphabetical facility list ('new Jersey shipbuilding co PERTH AMBOY N J ... LANDING CRAFT INFANTRY')
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- A wartime government facilities-authorization listing independently corroborates the builder named by NavSource/Turner and uboat.net: 'New Jersey Shipbuilding Co.' appears among authorized war-industrial facilities at Perth Amboy, N.J. (the Barber yard), with its authorized product listed as landing craft infantry - consistent with this hull's March-April 1944 construction there.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1940-1945
- Population
- New Jersey Shipbuilding construction trades (wartime)
- Limitations
- Facility-level listing only: it names the company, city, and product line, not this hull or any individual contract, and contains no material or asbestos content. 'Barber' is the Perth Amboy/Carteret waterfront neighborhood where the yard stood.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-595-lcil595-05
-
[7]Kookbang Ilbo (ROK Defense Daily, official Ministry of National Defense press), 'LCI Seoul' (25 Apr 2018) - documented acquisition program: Korean Coast Guard took over two 387-ton ex-U.S. Navy LCIs 14 September 1946 (named Seoul and Jinju), two more 24 November 1946 (Chuncheon, Cheongju), and two more 31 December 1946 (Cheongjin, Jinnampo); five of six were LCI-351-class; five stricken 20 January 1949, converted to auxiliary ships 1 December 1953. Corroborating compilations: uswarships.jounin.jp LCI(M)-Army table ('LCIM-595 ... transferred to the Army 1946/5/13'); navypedia.org Seoul-class table; warsailors.com forum claim that five LCIs including hull 595 went to South Korea via the U.S. Army on/about 15 September 1946 [other_primary]
- Locator
- kookbang.dema.mil.kr newsWeb 20180426 article (verified live via curl 2026-09-30); jounin.jp lcim-army.htm row 'LCIM-595'; navypedia.org/ships/korea_south/kos_ls_seoul.htm table; warsailors.com forum thread 64085
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Disposition lead: NavSource documents transfer of this hull to the U.S. Army on 13 May 1946 - corroborated by the jounin.jp LCI(M)-Army compilation - with 'fate unknown' afterward. A researcher posting to warsailors.com states that five LCIs (442, 453, 516, 594, 595) were transferred to South Korea via the U.S. Army on/about 15 September 1946; the official ROK Defense Daily article independently documents that the Korean Coast Guard acquired six ex-U.S. Navy LCIs between 14 September and 31 December 1946, of which five were LCI-351 class, and that five of the six were stricken from the ROK fleet list 20 January 1949 and converted to auxiliaries 1 December 1953. Navypedia resolves Seoul (101) as ex-LCI(M)-594 and Jinju (102) as ex-LCI(G)-516 but leaves Chuncheon (103), Cheongju (104), and Jinnampo (106) as 'ex-LCI(G/M)...' unidentified - the hull-to-pennant mapping for 595 is unresolved in every source accessed.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1946-1953
- Population
- U.S. Army crews (1946); Korean Coast Guard / ROK Navy crews (1946-1949+ if the transfer claim is correct)
- Limitations
- PARTIAL - the hull-specific Korean linkage rests on a forum post and is not confirmed by an official U.S. or ROK record for hull 595 specifically; the ROK article confirms the acquisition program but names no U.S. hull numbers. The forum's 'five LCIs on/about 15 September 1946' also conflicts with the official record's staggered deliveries (2+2+2, Sep-Dec 1946) and with navypedia's identification of Cheongjin (105) as ex-LCI(M)-1056. Whether 595 actually entered Korean service, and under which name, remains unverified. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-595-lcil595-06
-
[8]USS LCI National Association / Amphibious Forces Memorial Museum artifact-donation list (Nov 2024) and USS LCI National Association 'Elsie Item' Memorial Day 2014 issue (usslci.org) - memorial inscription entry for QM1/c Robert J. Ziegler, USN [other_primary]
- Locator
- amphibiousforces.org/Donations/20241127WebList.pdf, 'Ziegler, Robert' entry; usslci.org fathom ELSIEITEM-86-May-2014.pdf memorial list
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Veterans' association records name a crew member of this hull: the Amphibious Forces Memorial Museum's artifact-donation list records 'QM1/c Robert J. Ziegler, USN - LCI(L) 595, Europe WWII; LCI(M) 595, Pacific WWII; USS Elder AN-20 and AN-30, P.I.', and the association's Memorial Day 2014 'Elsie Item' newsletter lists 'LCI 595 Robert J. Ziegler'. The entries corroborate the craft's documented Europe-then-Pacific service path and put a named quartermaster aboard in both theaters.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1946
- Population
- Crew member QM1/c Robert J. Ziegler, USN (1944-45)
- Limitations
- Association memorial/artifact records, not official Navy muster rolls - they corroborate that a named veteran served aboard this hull but do not document conditions, duties, or any exposure. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-595-lcil595-07
-
[9]Era inference built on: NavSource LCI(L)/LCI(M)-595 specifications block (General Motors diesel plant, twin shafts); LCI(L)-351-class construction at a wartime New Jersey yard in March-April 1944; GAO HRD-80-2 Navy asbestos-era documentation (see ev-09) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150595.htm specifications block; GAO HRD-80-2 product page (highlights verified via archived copy)
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A diesel-powered landing craft built March-April 1944 at a wartime commercial yard sits inside the Navy's documented asbestos-use era; era-standard applications aboard a small diesel craft of this type and period were engine, exhaust, and muffler insulation, gaskets, valve packing, and electrical insulation in confined machinery spaces and compartments. As a diesel craft she carried no steam plant - the boiler and turbine lagging pathway of steam combatants does not apply, and the asbestos load aboard a 158-foot landing craft was materially smaller than aboard steam-driven fleet units, though the confined-space exposure dynamic applies. Her 1945 conversion to LCI(M) (three 4.2-inch mortars on the well deck, No. 2 troop compartment converted to a magazine) is a refit event of the kind where era insulation disturbance typically occurred, but no conversion work package was located for this hull.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1953
- Population
- New Jersey Shipbuilding construction trades (1944); crew and embarked troops (1944-45); conversion-yard trades (1945, location unknown); any post-transfer disposal workers (1946+)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, or work package located for LCI(L)-595/LCI(M)-595. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. The conversion-site yard is undocumented in accessed sources, so even the refit's location is unknown. No quantity, and no product/manufacturer attribution for this hull.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-595-lcil595-08
-
[10]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (published Oct 18, 1979; publicly released Oct 22, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2, Highlights section; full report PDF linked at gao.gov/assets/hrd-80-2.pdf
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO reviewed the Navy's efforts to protect workers from asbestos exposure and documented that asbestos was used in insulation throughout Navy ships - spanning this hull's entire construction and U.S. service era (1944-46) - with the 1975 policy being to remove and replace with nonasbestos materials only insulation that was damaged or had to be removed for repairs, modified in 1979 to selective replacement in high-maintenance areas.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. GAO fieldwork yards were Long Beach and Norfolk Naval Shipyards - neither is associated with this hull. Live page verified 2026-09-30 via archived copy (Wayback capture 2025-04-02): gao.gov returns HTTP 403 to automated fetches (standing defect); the canonical product-page URL is cited.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-595-lcil595-09
-
[11]Batch-5316 search ledger (this record): NavSource page (live navsource.net); NARA Special List 44 PDF (p.19 verified); NARA digitized deck-log index; NHHC DANFS (404 - no entry, both LCI(L) and LCI(M) patterns); NHHC ship-photography page (404); NVR scope check; uboat.net convoy record; GovInfo war-facilities volume; Project Hula appendix (hull absent - no Soviet transfer); ROK Defense Daily article + jounin.jp/navypedia/warsailors Korean-disposition compilations; veterans' association records; CourtListener API v4 opinions + dockets (five query variants); secondary web litigation/marketing sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-595-lcil595-01 through -14
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or litigation naming USS LCI(L)-595 or USS LCI(M)-595 was found in the public sources searched. CourtListener was searched this session - opinions and RECAP dockets, query variants "LCI(L)-595", "LCI(M)-595", "LCI-595" - zero hits. No DANFS entry exists for this hull (NHHC canonical URL patterns 404 for both designations; DANFS carries entries for only selected notable LCIs). The Naval Vessel Register is out of scope: NVR excludes ships and craft disposed of before 1987. No 'asbestos aboard' material naming this hull surfaced in the secondary sweep.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - the RG 24 deck logs (4/21/1944-6/30/1945, College Park) and any New Jersey Shipbuilding contract/work records are undigitized leads. Post-transfer documentation (U.S. Army custody, possible Korean service) is outside U.S. Navy public-record reach. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-595-lcil595-10