Evidence
11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).
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[1]research packet 460-packet.md (3 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lci-l-695-lcil695-pkt-460-packet-md
-
[2]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(L)-695 - construction milestones, WWII organization, occupation duty, reserve layup, specifications (history sourced to USS LCI 'Landing Craft Infantry' Vol. II, Turner Publishing, 1995) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150695.htm header block, narrative, and specifications block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: laid down 28 May 1944 at George Lawley & Sons, Neponset, MA; launched 5 June 1944; commissioned USS LCI(L)-695, 16 June 1944. WWII assignment: Asiatic-Pacific Theater, LCI Flotilla Thirty-Seven (LCDR J. P. Moore), LCI Group One Hundred Nine (LCDR J. W. Detwiler USNR), LCI Division Two Hundred Seventeen. Occupation duty in the Far East 15-22 October 1945. Decommissioned, date unknown; laid up in the Pacific Reserve Fleet, Columbia River Group, March 1946; struck from the Naval Register, date unknown; final disposition, fate unknown. Awards: American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, WWII Victory Medal, Navy Occupation Medal with Asia clasp. Spec block: 246 t. light / 419 t. loaded; 158'5.5" x 23'3"; 16 kts max; complement 4 officers + 24 enlisted; troop capacity 6 officers + 182 enlisted; five single 20mm guns; propulsion two sets of 4 GM series-71 diesels, 4 per shaft, twin variable-pitch propellers, 2,320 shp; two 30 kW 120V DC diesel-drive ship's service generators.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1946 (coverage of milestones)
- Population
- Lawley construction trades (May-Jun 1944); crew ~28 plus embarked troops up to ~188 (1944-46); reserve-fleet workers at Tongue Point (1946 layup)
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation, not a primary registry; its LCI histories derive from the 1995 Turner Publishing volume cited on the page. Milestone dates are the best available compilation for this hull but conflict with uboat.net on laid-down and launched dates (see gaps). Contains no asbestos or material content. Decommissioning, striking, and final disposition are explicitly 'date unknown'/'fate unknown' in this source.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-695-lcil695-01
-
[3]NHHC, 'United States Pacific Fleet Organization, 1 May 1945' (official wartime administrative listing republished by the Naval History and Heritage Command) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NHHC US Pacific Fleet Organization 1 May 1945, LCI(L) Flotilla Thirty-Seven, Group 109, Division 217 block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official U.S. Navy organizational listing places this hull in the chain recorded by NavSource: under 'LCI(L) FLOTILLA THIRTY-SEVEN' > 'LCI(L) GROUP 109' > 'LCI(L) DIVISION 217', the entry 'LCI 695' appears with commanding officer 'Lt. (jg) W. T. Smithdeal, Jr. (USNR)' - alongside division sisters LCI 691-694 and 696 (the latter marked (GF), group flagship). This independently corroborates the NavSource flotilla/group/division assignment and supplies the ship's commanding officer as of 1 May 1945.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1945-05-01
- Population
- Lt. (jg) W. T. Smithdeal, Jr. USNR (CO); embarked crew of LCI 695 as of May 1945
- Limitations
- Ship-specific administrative listing: establishes unit assignment and the named commanding officer as of 1 May 1945 only - not earlier or later assignments, and no material/asbestos content. Officer assignments rotated; the CO named is a single-point-in-time record.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-695-lcil695-02
-
[4]NARA, 'Special List #44, by Ship Numbers' (Special List 44: List of Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Miscellaneous Units, 1801-1947; Bradley, Kurtz, et al.) - deck-log coverage listing for this hull [other_primary]
- Locator
- sl-44-ship-number.pdf page 27 (LCI(L)-695 row); full book printing p. 349 '1 logbook' (ACPL Genealogy Center digital rendition, images/narasl44/375.jpg)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA Special List 44 lists deck-log holdings for this hull: 'LCI(L)-695 ... 6/16/1944 ... 6/30/1945' (ship-number section, PDF page 27 of the NARA-hosted finding aid). The full book printing of Special List 44 (p. 349) records the same span as 1 logbook. The log span begins on the commissioning date (16 June 1944) and ends 30 June 1945 - the coverage cutoff used throughout this finding aid, not a ship-specific end date. The underlying logbook is a physical record: RG 24 (Bureau of Naval Personnel), entry P-118, held at the National Archives at College Park; it is not digitized in the National Archives Catalog (search-within series 594258 returns no result for this hull).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-06-16 to 1945-06-30
- Population
- crew and embarked personnel recorded in the 1944-45 logbook
- Limitations
- This is a holdings index, not the logbook itself - it establishes that one logbook exists for the stated span, not what the logbook contains. Post-June-1945 activity (occupation duty October 1945, transit home, decommissioning) falls outside the listed coverage, so the deck-log record for this hull's final months is unaccounted for here. Logbook content was not examined; no asbestos content is implied.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-695-lcil695-03
-
[5]Library of Congress, HAER No. AK-52, M/V Husky II (ex-USS LCI(L)-653) - written historical and descriptive data for the LCI(L)-351 class, incl. design attribution and construction details [haer]
- Locator
- HAER AK-52 written data, pp. 2-8 (design history; construction; class statistics)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official HAER documentation of a sister hull establishes the class context for this vessel: the Bureau of Ships designed the LCI(L) during May 1942 and awarded the first contracts to George Lawley & Son Corp. (Boston) and New Jersey Shipbuilding at the start of June 1942; Lawley - this hull's builder - was the LCI(L) primary design yard, responsible for the working construction plans (drawing on BuShips spec 'Detail and Special Specifications for Building Landing Craft Infantry (Large) LCI(L) 351-542'). By war's end ten U.S. yards had built over 900 LCI(L)s. Class construction: welded steel throughout, 15-lb high-tensile steel in the pilot house and conning tower, 10-lb HTS in the forward third; the 2-inch splinter protection on gun tubs, conning tower, and pilot house was 'crushed granite pebbles embedded in bitumen' - a non-asbestos armor fill. Power: eight six-cylinder General Motors Series 71 diesel truck engines, four per shaft; five 20mm guns; ~16 knots. Friedman (as cited) places hulls 691-716 - which include this hull - in the late-design 'center gangway' group.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1942-1945 (design and construction era)
- Population
- LCI(L) construction-yard trades across 10 yards; LCI crews
- Limitations
- Class-level documentation of a sister hull (LCI(L)-653), not a survey of this hull. The HAER report records no asbestos material in the LCI(L) Navy fit-out - its 'spray-on insulation' references describe the 1980s civilian refrigerated-fish-tender conversion of the ex-653, not Navy construction. Absence of asbestos from the HAER record is not proof of absence aboard; it bounds what is officially documented. No hull-specific claim is made for LCI(L)-695.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-695-lcil695-04
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[6]Era inference built on: NavSource LCI(L) specification block (eight GM diesel engines, generators); HAER AK-52 class construction record (welded steel, diesel plant, splinter protection of granite-in-bitumen); GAO HRD-80-2 (see ev-06) for the Navy-wide asbestos-use era [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource specifications block; HAER AK-52; GAO HRD-80-2
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A welded-steel LCI(L) built in May-June 1944 sits inside the Navy's documented asbestos-use era (GAO HRD-80-2: asbestos insulation was used extensively aboard Navy ships and substitution of alternative materials did not begin until the early 1970s). Era-standard small-craft applications aboard a vessel of this type and period were thermal insulation and lagging on diesel exhaust runs and engine-room machinery, gaskets and valve packing in fuel/cooling/exhaust piping, and electrical insulation - all within the small confined hull volume occupied by a crew of 28 and up to ~188 embarked troops. As a diesel-powered craft she carried no steam plant: the boiler and steam-turbine lagging pathway of larger combatants does not apply.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1946
- Population
- Lawley construction trades (1944); crew + embarked troops (1944-46); reserve-fleet maintenance workers at Tongue Point (1946)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, work package, or abatement record located for LCI(L)-695. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials; the HAER class documentation names none. No quantity. Product names are normalized era terms; no manufacturer attribution for this hull.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-695-lcil695-05
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[7]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (highlights text)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's construction (1944) and entire service era. GAO's 1979 review covered Navy asbestos use, removal costs, and disability compensation, with fieldwork at Long Beach and Norfolk Naval Shipyards; the 1975 Navy policy it describes replaced asbestos insulation only when damaged or removed for repair, modified in 1979 to include selective replacement in high-maintenance areas.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1979 (report); covers policies back through the WWII-era fleet
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Fieldwork yards were Long Beach and Norfolk - neither is associated with this hull. Product-page highlights retrieved via Firecrawl; direct fetch of gao.gov returns HTTP 403 to automated tools (confirmed 2026-09-30).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-695-lcil695-06
-
[8]uboat.net Allied Warships, USS LCI(L)-695 (LCI 351 class) - independent secondary reference entry [other_primary]
- Locator
- uboat.net ship page 21760, 'Built by / Laid down / Launched / Commissioned' fields
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- CONFLICT/CORRECTION: uboat.net's entry for this hull records a different construction timeline than NavSource - 'Laid down 31 May 1944; Launched 9 Jun 1944; Commissioned 16 Jun 1944' versus NavSource's 28 May laid down / 5 June launched (commissioning agrees at 16 June 1944). uboat.net independently confirms the builder (George Lawley & Sons, Neponset, Massachusetts) and the 16 June 1944 commissioning. NavSource dates are carried in this record as the more detailed compilation; the uboat.net variants are flagged unresolved in gaps rather than silently reconciled.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944
- Limitations
- Secondary reference work (long-running volunteer-edited warship database), not a primary registry; included to document the milestone-date conflict, which no primary source located this session resolves. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-695-lcil695-07
-
[9]shipbuildinghistory.com, George Lawley & Son yard list (hull-number record) and companion LCI(L) type list (shipbuildinghistory.com/smallships/lcil.htm) [other_primary]
- Locator
- lawley.htm yard table, hull 1496 row; lcil.htm type list, LCI(L) 695 row
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The Lawley yard list records this hull as builder's hull number 1496, LCI(L) 695, US Navy landing craft, 158 ft, listed under delivery/commissioning 16-Jun-44, with the disposition note 'Struck 1956'. The companion LCI(L) type list on the same site carries the same hull as 'Lawley & Sons, Neponset MA, 16-Jun-44' with the note 'Laid up 1946' - the site's two lists do not fully agree on the post-service record. This is the only located source supplying a struck year (1956); NavSource lists the striking date as unknown.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1956
- Limitations
- Secondary industrial-history compilation, not a Navy register; the struck-1956 figure has no located primary confirmation and the site's own type page gives only 'Laid up 1946' - carried in gaps as unresolved. The '16-Jun-44' column on the yard list aligns with the commissioning date, consistent with the era's build-to-commissioning tempo for the type. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-695-lcil695-08
-
[10]U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Portland District), Former Tongue Point Naval Air Station environmental-project page - installation history of the Columbia River Group reserve fleet site [other_primary]
- Locator
- USACE NWK Former Tongue Point NAS page, site-history paragraphs
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- USACE documents the facility where this hull was laid up in March 1946: the former Tongue Point Naval Air Station on the Columbia River near Astoria, Oregon, where 'in 1946, naval air operations ceased and the base became a fleet facility for the Columbia River Group of the Pacific Reserve Fleet though [sic] 1962,' with eight concrete finger piers constructed for the reserve fleet. This identifies the 'Columbia River Group' layup location named by NavSource for this hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1946-1962
- Population
- Columbia River Group reserve-fleet maintenance and layup workforce (1946-1962 facility operation)
- Limitations
- Context-only: documents the layup facility, not the hull's presence or work performed there - the LCI(L)-695 berth rests on NavSource's listing. The USACE page concerns the site's environmental history; it contains no asbestos attribution to any vessel. Does not establish what happened to the hull after layup.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-695-lcil695-09
-
[11]Batch-5425 search ledger (this record): NavSource; NHHC Pacific Fleet organization; NARA Special List 44 (PDF + printed edition via ACPL); NARA Catalog search-within; uboat.net; shipbuildinghistory; HAER AK-52 full text; USACE Tongue Point; GAO product page; CourtListener (opinions + docket); secondary web litigation sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-695-lcil695-01 through -12
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located for this hull: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, donation-condition report, or litigation naming LCI(L)-695 was found in the public sources searched. CourtListener searches returned zero results at both tiers - opinion queries 'LCI(L)-695', 'LCI-695', and 'LCI(L) 695', and the docket query 'LCI(L)-695'. The only 'asbestos aboard LCI' material located is law-firm marketing content (asbestos-ships.com, mesotheliomaveterans.org, mesotheliomatreatmentcenters.org, mesothelioma.net) making generic class-level assertions without primary sourcing - excluded by source policy; none names this hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - it records the state of public documentation. The physical deck log (1 logbook, Jun 1944-Jun 1945, RG 24 entry P-118, Archives II) is undigitized and unread. Reserve-fleet disposal records (Columbia River Group) that might document the hull's final disposition and any pre-disposal material condition were not located.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-695-lcil695-10