Evidence
12 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-12).
-
[1]NHHC, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, 'LCI(L)-777' (Robert J. Cressman, 6 July 2016; published 14 July 2016) - construction, commissioning, spec block [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS 'LCI(L)-777' entry, spec block and opening paragraphs
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: LCI(L)-351 class; laid down 27 June 1944 at Portland, Ore., by the Commercial Iron Works; launched 17 July 1944; commissioned at her building yard on 7 August 1944, Ens. Lawrence H. Baker, Jr., USNR, in command. DANFS spec block: displacement 381 (trial); length 159'0"; beam 23'8"; draft 5'8"; speed 14.4 knots; complement 40; armament 5 20-millimeter; class LCI(L)-351. Departed Portland 19 August 1944; shakedown out of San Diego off San Nicholas Island and Cardiff (23 August-30 September); Pearl Harbor 8 October; Majuro 29 October; Manus 7 November (delivered two spare engines to NOB Manus); Hollandia 19 November, where she joined LCI(L) Flotilla 22.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944
- Population
- Commercial Iron Works construction trades (Jun-Aug 1944); commissioning crew
- Limitations
- Ship-specific construction and transit history only; contains no asbestos, materials, or condition information and supports no asbestos claim. Live page rendered 2026-09-30 via Firecrawl (page published 14 July 2016).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-777-01
-
[2]NHHC, DANFS, 'LCI(L)-777' - WWII service: Lingayen salvage/fire-fighting role, Operation Victor Five Mindanao landings, wartime availabilities [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS 'LCI(L)-777' entry, Luzon/Mindanao operations paragraphs
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Earmarked 15 December 1944 to serve as a fire-fighting and salvage ship for the Luzon invasion. Freed the broached tank landing craft LCT-1035 (carrying five Sherman tanks) off Aitape 26-27 December 1944. Entered Lingayen Gulf 9 January 1945 off White Beach during Operation Musketeer Mike-One; no casualties despite mortar fragments on her weather decks and repeated air raids 9-12 January. Salvage work at Lingayen: pulled sister LCI(L)-987 off the beach; salvaged 21 pontoon barges, an LSM, and an LCVP; assisted seven LSTs; commended by Commander, Task Unit 78.1.12. Then Subic Bay escort/upkeep (March); Operation Victor Five landing of the Army's 24th Division at Parang, Mindanao, 17 April 1945 under TG 78.2 cover; Philippine transport duties through August. Maintenance events documented: dry-docked in floating dry dock ARD-12 at Subic Bay 4-6 July 1945 (all zincs replaced, rudder posts repacked, bottom scraped and painted); overhaul of main generators and main engines at Subic Bay 18 August-5 September 1945.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-12 to 1945-08
- Population
- Ship's company (complement 40 per DANFS spec block); embarked troops (131 of the 24th Division embarked 13 April 1945; 135 of the 42nd Division embarked at Manila in August); salvage-party work alongside damaged craft at Lingayen
- Limitations
- Ship-specific operational history only; contains no asbestos, materials, or condition information. The documented availability events (ARD-12 docking; engine/generator overhaul) are maintenance records, not material records - they establish work occurred, not what materials were disturbed or installed. Award discrepancy (DANFS one battle star vs NavSource two) carried in ev-08 and gaps.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-777-02
-
[3]NHHC, DANFS, 'LCI(L)-777' - occupation/China service, return to U.S., inactivation sequence, decommissioning [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS 'LCI(L)-777' entry, postwar paragraphs
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Post-surrender: rode out a typhoon off Okinawa September 1945 (lost stern anchor, no damage or injuries); assigned to the Yangtze River Patrol; Shanghai, Ningpo, Kiirun (Formosa), Foochow, Jinsen (Korea), and Tsingtao September-December 1945, transporting Chinese troops and officials (199 officers and men of the 321st Division, 70th Chinese Army, Ningpo to Kiirun; 125 Chinese government officials Foochow to Kiirun). Dry-docked in Oak Hill (LSD-7) at Tsingtao 4-6 December 1945; fueled from Saranac (AO-74). Ens. Carl F. Daugherty, Jr., USNR, relieved Lt. (j.g.) Baker as commanding officer 14 December 1945. Homeward via Saipan (arrived 20 December), Eniwetok, Bikini, Johnston Island, Pearl Harbor (21-26 January 1946), Seattle (7 February). Inactivation: full-power trial on the Columbia River 14 February; deperming station at Swan Island 25 February; moved 8 March to Pier 4 at 'her building yard [Willamette Iron & Steel Corp.]' (DANFS bracket); floating dry dock ARD-30 21-24 March and 8-10 April; final inactivation inspection 23 May; decommissioned 1030, 29 May 1946 at Pier 2, Berth 6, Port Docks, Astoria, OR, and placed in reserve (Columbia Group, Pacific Reserve Fleet).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1945-09 to 1946-05
- Population
- Ship's company under Ens./Lt.(j.g.) Daugherty from 14 Dec 1945; inactivation and reserve-fleet workers at Swan Island, Pier 4, ARD-30, Astoria (Feb-May 1946)
- Limitations
- Ship-specific history only; no asbestos content. The bracketed DANFS interpolation identifying the Pier 4 yard as Willamette Iron & Steel Corp. conflicts with the same entry's own header crediting Commercial Iron Works as builder - Willamette may be an editor's conflation (Willamette built the OTHER Dunlin, AM-361) or may reflect a different yard used for inactivation berthing; unresolved, carried in gaps. No material/work-detail records for the ARD-30 drydockings or deperming were located.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-777-03
-
[4]NHHC, DANFS, 'LCI(L)-777' - reserve-fleet administrative record, Dunlin/AMCU-23 naming and canceled conversion, striking, target sinking [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS 'LCI(L)-777' entry, final paragraphs
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The controlling record for the hull's postwar designations: reclassified LCI(L)-777 to LSIL-777 on 28 February 1949; nominated for conversion to an underwater mine locator ship 27 October 1950 by Commander Pacific Reserve Fleet; CNO scheduled conversion 17 December 1951; named Dunlin and reclassified AMCU-23 on 7 March 1952, with the Bureau of Ships assigning the conversion contract the same day to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, WA; reassigned from the Columbia Group to the Bremerton Group 19 May 1952 (physically moved 1 July 1952); CNO assigned Dunlin to the Commandant, Eleventh Naval District 'for employment in Harbor Defense by Mine Hunting units' 17 June 1952; with a change in the AMCU Program the CNO canceled Dunlin's conversion 22 January 1954 and directed she remain out of commission in reserve; reclassified back to unnamed LSIL-777 effective 1 July 1954; certified 'not essential to [the] defense of [the] U.S.' 17 September 1956; authorized by the Secretary of the Navy for disposal and use as a target to destruction; stricken from the Naval Register 18 September 1956; sunk as a target 10 September 1958 at 42-59N, 125-14.5W in 1,300 fathoms.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1946-1958
- Population
- None active - ship in reserve throughout 1946-1958; no crew embarked during the Dunlin/AMCU-23 designation
- Limitations
- Ship-specific administrative history only; no asbestos content. Critically, this record forecloses the usual conversion-yard inference: the AMCU-23 minesweeper conversion was authorized and contracted to PSNSY but CANCELED before completion - the ship never operated, was never crewed, and no conversion work is documented as performed on this hull. Her 1952-1956 Bremerton Group presence was inactive reserve layup.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-777-04
-
[5]NHHC, DANFS, 'Dunlin II (LSIL-777)' - place-name index entry corroborating the designation window [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS 'Dunlin II (LSIL-777)' entry, single-paragraph stub
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Independent DANFS corroboration of the naming window: 'LSIL-777 (q.v.) carried the name and classification Dunlin (AMCU-23) from 7 March 1952 to 1 July 1954. She then reverted back to her original classification, LSIL-777.' - i.e., the only U.S. Navy ship named Dunlin bearing a hull number other than AM-361 was this hull, and only for the stated 1952-1954 window.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1952-1954
- Limitations
- Designation-window corroboration only; no asbestos content. Confirms the AMCU-23 identity is the same physical hull and that no separate Dunlin (AMCU-23) vessel ever existed - relevant to litigation/record searches under the Dunlin name. The separate Dunlin I (AM-361) entry covers a different hull entirely.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-777-05
-
[6]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, 'LSIL-777 ex Dunlin (AMCU-23) (1952-1954) USS LCI(L)-777 (1944-1952)' - timeline, specifications, awards, commanding officers [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150777.htm header, timeline, specifications, awards and commanding-officer blocks
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource timeline for this hull matches DANFS on every milestone: laid down 27 June 1944 Commercial Iron Works Portland OR; launched 17 July 1944; commissioned USS LCI(L)-777 7 August 1944 ENS Lawrence H. Baker USNR; Asiatic-Pacific Theater, LCI Flotilla Twenty-Two (CDR Marion M. Byrd USN); campaigns: Luzon operation/Lingayen Gulf landing 9-18 January 1945 and Consolidation and capture of Southern Philippines/Mindanao Island landings 17-23 April 1945; Navy Occupation Service Medal and China Service Medal (extended) 8 September-9 December 1945; Commander Yangtze Patrol Force; decommissioned and laid up Pacific Reserve Fleet Astoria OR 29 May 1946; redesignated LSIL-777 28 February 1949; authorized for conversion to Coastal Minesweeper (Underwater Locator) 17 December 1951; named Dunlin (AMCU-23) 7 March 1952; conversion canceled 22 January 1954; reverted to LSIL-777 1 July 1954; struck from the Naval Register 18 September 1956; final disposition sunk as a target 10 September 1958. Specifications: displacement 246 t light / 264 t landing / 419 t loaded; length 158'5.5"; beam 23'3"; speed 16 kts max; complement 4 officers + 24 enlisted; troop capacity 6 officers + 182 enlisted; propulsion two sets of 4 General Motors 6051-series-71 diesel engines (4 per shaft), GM main reduction gears, twin variable-pitch propellers, 2,320 shp, two 30kW diesel-drive ship's service generators; five single 20mm guns. Radio call sign NQUR. Awards per NavSource: Navy Unit Commendation (Salvage, Fire Fighting and Rescue Unit, Service Force 7th Fleet, Philippine Islands area, 6 January-15 February 1945) and 'two battle stars for World War II service' - conflicts with DANFS 'one battle star' (see ev-08). Commanding officers: ENS Baker 7 Aug 1944-14 Dec 1945; ENS Daugherty Jr. 14 Dec 1945-29 May 1946.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1958
- Population
- Ship's company (28 per NavSource spec; 40 per DANFS block); embarked troops up to ~188 capacity
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation tracking NVR/DANFS milestones; verified consistent with the primary DANFS entry on all dates except the battle-star count (conflict carried in ev-08 and gaps). Specification figures differ from the DANFS spec block (displacement 246/419 t vs 381 t trial; length 158'5.5" vs 159'0"; complement 28 ship's company vs 40) - typical spec-block vs fit variance, flagged in gaps. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-777-06
-
[7]NavSource-hosted veteran memoir: 'History of LCI Flotilla 22' by J. E. 'Jim' Talbert, President, USS LCI National Association - flotilla roster and postwar assignments [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150618f.htm, flotilla roster and postwar-assignment paragraphs
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Contemporaneous veteran account lists LCI(L)-777 among Flotilla 22's 36 boats and names her in the flotilla's postwar dispersal: 'The 433, 434, 435, 436, 518, 519, 445, 446, 776, 777, 1032 and 1033 were assigned to Commander Yangtze Patrol Force' - corroborating DANFS's China-service/Yangtze Patrol assignment for this hull.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1946
- Population
- Flotilla 22 crews (context)
- Limitations
- Veteran memoir hosted on NavSource - a participant account, not a Navy record; used only to corroborate the flotilla and Yangtze Patrol assignments already in DANFS. Contains no asbestos or materials information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-777-07
-
[8]Award-count conflict: DANFS 'one battle star' vs NavSource 'two battle stars' and two-campaign table [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS final paragraph ('one battle star'); NavSource 10/15/150777.htm awards block and campaign table
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- CORRECTION/CONFLICT: the directly rendered DANFS entry (Cressman, 2016) states 'one battle star for her World War II service,' while NavSource states 'two battle stars' and displays a two-campaign Asiatic-Pacific ribbon set alongside its two-row campaign table (Lingayen Gulf landing; Mindanao landings). The two-campaign record would ordinarily support two battle stars, but the controlling official history says one - the discrepancy is real and unresolved, not a transcription artifact of this session: batch-1652's record for this same hull flagged the same conflict from search-engine retrievals.
- Verification
- disputed
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1945
- Limitations
- Corrects/flags an award-count discrepancy, not a material or asbestos claim. This record adopts neither figure as controlling; both statements are attributed to their sources. Official NHHC awards-list resolution is the open step.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-777-08
-
[9]Era inference built on: NavSource/DANFS LCI(L)-351-class specifications (all-diesel propulsion, no boilers); absence of any located LCI(L)-class design or outfitting material manual (search ledger sl-uss-lci-l-777-11); Corn & Starr era scholarship (ev-10); Puget Sound Naval Shipyard asbestos profile in shipyards.json (ev-11 context) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource specifications block; search ledger row sl-uss-lci-l-777-11
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A 1944-built, all-diesel small landing craft sits inside the documented WWII-era Navy shipbuilding asbestos-use window, but no steam plant means the boiler/turbine lagging pathway of larger combatants does not apply. Era-standard applications aboard a diesel craft of this type and period were limited to diesel-exhaust and machinery lagging, gaskets, valve packing, and electrical insulation in a small, confined hull volume. No ship-specific or LCI(L)-351-class-specific material list, survey, or work package was located - this row names era-standard applications only, not confirmed installed materials.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1946 (active service era)
- Population
- CIW construction trades (1944); crew 1944-1946; maintenance crews at documented availabilities (ARD-12 Subic Jul 1945; Subic engine/generator overhaul Aug-Sep 1945; Oak Hill LSD-7 Tsingtao Dec 1945; Swan Island deperming/ARD-30 Portland Mar-Apr 1946)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only, graded weaker than the equivalent rows in records backed by a class design manual (e.g., the EC2-S-C1 manual used for Liberty ships): no LCI(L)-351 material specification was located, so even the class-level link is unverified. Does not establish asbestos aboard this hull, quantity, location, condition, individual exposure, or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-777-09
-
[10]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987); PMID 3555021 (verified via NCBI efetch) [other_primary]
- Locator
- AJIM 11(3):359-373; PMID 3555021 via eutils efetch
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed scholarship documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during the 1940s, when WWII industrial expansion produced an unprecedented rise in asbestos utilization, and that asbestos diseases manifested in shipyard workers exposed in the 1940s and postwar period. This hull was built June-August 1944 inside that era.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article published 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (era context)
- Limitations
- Era-level scholarship covering Navy and merchant shipbuilding generally - does not name this hull, the LCI(L)-351 class, or diesel landing craft specifically. Does not establish that asbestos was aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, exposure, or causation. PubMed page itself is reCAPTCHA-walled to automated fetch; content verified via NCBI eutils efetch API 2026-09-30.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-777-10
-
[11]shipyard-exposure-map shipyards.json record for Puget Sound Naval Shipyard (yard evidence tier 1): citing DTIC AD0715808, 'Asbestos Exposure and Control at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard' (1970) - 21% pulmonary abnormalities among pipe coverers/insulators; 40-150 fibers/cm3 during rip-out; 4-fold mesothelioma mortality increase with moderate exposure [other_primary]
- Locator
- DANFS designation paragraphs (contract assignment, cancellation); shipyards.json puget-sound-naval-shipyard evidence rows ev-01/-02/-03
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- The hull's only documented association with an asbestos-documented yard: the AMCU-23 conversion contract was assigned to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, on 7 March 1952, and the ship was moved from the Columbia Group to the Bremerton Group of the Pacific Reserve Fleet in mid-1952, where she lay in reserve until struck in 1956. PSNSY is an Atlas-documented asbestos yard. However, DANFS records the conversion was canceled 22 January 1954 with the ship directed to 'remain out of commission in reserve' - so no conversion work, and no yard work event of any kind on this hull, is documented at PSNSY.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1952-1956 (Bremerton layup); 1970 (survey)
- Population
- Reserve-fleet caretakers only - no embarked crew; PSNSY trades (context only, no documented work on this hull)
- Limitations
- Yard-level documentation invoked for negative context: the documented asbestos exposure at PSNSY applied to shipyard workers performing insulation and rip-out work, and no such work on this hull is documented - her Bremerton presence was inactive reserve layup. Does not establish materials aboard, work performed, or exposure. DTIC citation page unreachable this session (scheduled maintenance notice); report identification via published abstract of AD0715808 and the shipyards.json dataset record (itself marked verified).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-777-11
-
[12]Batch-5507 search ledger (this record): NHHC DANFS entries for LCI(L)-777, Dunlin II (LSIL-777), and Dunlin I (AM-361); NavSource hull page and Flotilla 22 memoir; shipbuildinghistory Commercial Iron Works table; NVR ship-detail pages; CourtListener API v4; NCBI efetch; shipyards.json cross-check [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-777-01 through sl-uss-lci-l-777-13
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, material list, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or verified litigation naming LCI(L)-777, LSIL-777, Dunlin, or AMCU-23 was found in the authoritative sources searched. CourtListener opinion searches run this session for "LCI(L)-777", "LCI-777", "AMCU-23", "LSIL-777", and "USS Dunlin" each returned zero results; the bare-name "Dunlin" opinion query and all RECAP docket (type=r) queries could not be completed - the fleet-wide pacing budget was spent on each attempt (logged blocked in search_ledger, not as a negative result). The vessel's disposal history makes a dedicated record unlikely to exist: struck 1956 and sunk as a target in 1958, before modern asbestos regulation, preservation surveys, or discovery-era litigation.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard during her service life - it establishes only that no such record surfaced in this search. Deck logs (RG 24, NARA College Park - the evident source base for the Cressman DANFS entry) and any BuShips conversion work-order file are undigitized leads. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-777-12