Evidence
12 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-12).
-
[1]research packet 483-packet.md (1 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lci-l-93-lcil93-pkt-483-packet-md
-
[2]U.S. Coast Guard, 'The Coast Guard at War: Transports and Escorts, Vol. II - Transports' (Historical Section, Public Information Division, U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters, May 1, 1949), USS LCI(L)-93 entry - HyperWar/ibiblio transcription mirror of the official USCG monograph [other_primary]
- Locator
- V2-Transports volume, LCI(L) vessel entries, LCI(L)-93 section (source pagination ~121)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official USCG monograph entry for this hull (Flotilla 10, Group 29, Division 58): 'The Coast Guard manned USS LCI(L)-93 was commissioned February 15, 1943. Her commanding officer was Lt. (jg) Budd B. Bornhoft, USCGR. She participated in the Sicilian invasion on July 9, 1943, and in the Salerno landings on September 9, 1943.' Under the heading SUNK: 'She was hit off the coast of France, Easy Red Beach, OMAHA area, on June 6, [19]44 and lost.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-02-15 to 1944-06-06
- Population
- USCG-manned crew (~23 complement per NavSource spec block) plus embarked troops
- Limitations
- Confirms USS commission, Coast Guard manning, commanding officer, campaign participation, and loss date/location. The transcription prints the typographical slip 'June 6, 1544' (sic) for the loss - context makes 1944 unambiguous. Contains no construction-material or asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-93-lcil93-01
-
[3]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(L)-93 page (archives/10/15/150093.htm) - timeline, specifications, awards strip, and captioned photo/art records; history line credited to 'The Coast Guard At War, Transports and Escorts, Volume II' [other_primary]
- Locator
- Page header timeline + Specifications block + image caption table
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Timeline and specifications for this hull: laid down December 1942 at Consolidated Steel Corp. Shipbuilding Div., Orange, TX; launched January 1943; commissioned USS LCI(L)-93 on 15 February 1943, LTjg Budd B. Bornhoft USCGR in command; manned by the US Coast Guard; assigned Europe-Africa-Middle East Theater, LCI Flotilla Four (Capt. M. E. Imlay, USCG; Flotilla 10 at Normandy). Campaign list: Tunisian operation 1 June-9 July 1943; Sicilian occupation 9-15 July 1943; Salerno landings 9-21 September 1943; Invasion of Normandy 6 June 1944. 'Hit by enemy fire after tearing a hole in her bottom on Easy Red Beach... and had to be abandoned by her crew'; struck from the Naval Register, date unknown; earned four battle stars. Awards strip: Combat Action Ribbon (retroactive, Normandy), Coast Guard Unit Commendation, Silver Star (LTjg Bornhoft). Spec block: 158'5.5" x 23'3", 216/234/389 t; two sets of 4 GM diesels, 4 per shaft, 1,600 BHP, twin variable-pitch propellers; complement 2 officers/21 enlisted; troop capacity 6 officers/182 enlisted. Captioned imagery: USCG photo #2395 (aground, 'ran afoul an underwater obstruction which tore a gaping hole in her bow'), Shepler watercolor KN-17825 'The Tough Beach' (US Navy Art Collection/NHHC), Sheahan 1944 painting (US Army CMH), and post-loss photos of the stripped, abandoned hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1942-1944
- Population
- USCG crew; embarked 1st Infantry Division troops (Normandy)
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary archive compiling official sources - its milestone dates here are backed by the USCG monograph. Strike date is not documented anywhere in public sources. The 'underwater obstruction' caption and the mine account in USCG news material coexist as variants (both recorded). No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-93-lcil93-02
-
[4]U.S. Coast Guard MyCG News, 'The Long Blue Line: Into the Jaws of Death - SM2 John Roberts and LCI-93 at Omaha Beach' (official USCG publication; adapted from PO1 Matthew R. Schofield, Coast Guard Magazine, 2010) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Article body, paragraphs on the first and second Easy Red runs
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official USCG narrative of the loss: LCI-93 made its first D-Day run to Easy Red at about 0945, landing roughly 200 soldiers of the 1st Infantry Division, recovered wounded, then returned to the Coast Guard-manned transport USS Samuel B. Chase for a second load. On the second approach she hit a mine and the explosion damaged the engine room; German artillery and machine-gun fire struck as troops disembarked; survivors of the badly damaged LCI(L)-487 (beached 100 yards away) came aboard, and German fire concentrated on LCI-93. Steward's Mate 2/c John Noble Roberts was severely wounded (losing a leg) carrying a message to the engine room; Pharmacist's Mate Charles Midgett and BM2 Francis Abbott treated him; survivors were evacuated by boat to USS Doyle and USS Emmons. 'LCI-93 was a total loss, along with three other Coast Guard-manned LCIs from Flotilla 10.' LTjg Budd Bornhoft commanded.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-06-06
- Population
- USCG crew; embarked troops; rescued LCI(L)-487 survivors
- Limitations
- Feature-article narrative on the .mil domain. Describes the fatal blow as a mine, while the USCG Historian's Office photo caption (via NavSource) describes an underwater obstruction tearing the bow - the variants coexist in official material and both are recorded. The 'Into the Jaws of Death' photograph frames the article but depicts another landing craft's approach to Easy Red, not LCI-93. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-93-lcil93-03
-
[5]U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office, 'Coast Guard-Manned Landing Craft (Infantry), Large Flotilla 4 / 10 / 35 History' (anonymous flotilla-member account hosted on the official USCG history site) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Body text: construction paragraph; Galveston/Norfolk/Bermuda/Port Lyautey transit; Sicily, Salerno, and June 1944 Normandy paragraphs
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Flotilla-level account naming this hull: Flotilla Four LCIs 'were built by the Consolidated Steel Corporation, Ltd., Shipbuilding Division, in Orange, Texas' and commissioned late 1942/early 1943; formed at Galveston under Capt. Miles Imlay, USCG; departed Galveston 20 February 1943 for Key West and Norfolk (beach-retraction training at Virginia Beach/Little Creek, degaussing); Bermuda early April; Port Lyautey, French Morocco, arriving 29 April 1943; Sicily landings near Licata/Gela 10 July 1943; Salerno landings near Paestum 9 September 1943 including evacuation of British soldiers after the German counterattack; Isle of Capri landings; via Gibraltar to south-coast England (Falmouth then Plymouth), flotilla HQ at Greenway House on the Dart River near Dartmouth. For the Channel crossing the flotilla was redesignated Flotilla Ten with a barrage balloon per LCI; at Omaha 'the LCIs 91, 92, and 93 were so badly damaged they could not retract from the beach' and LCI(L)-85 was sunk.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1942-1944 (flotilla narrative through 1945 Pacific redeployment)
- Population
- Flotilla Four/Ten Coast Guard crews (~24 LCIs listed)
- Limitations
- Participant narrative hosted by the USCG Historian's Office; the page itself warns 'some of the information was recalled from memory so there may be a conflict concerning a date or a number.' Treats the flotilla collectively - hull-specific dates come from the monograph and NavSource. No asbestos or material content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-93-lcil93-04
-
[6]USS Landing Craft Infantry National Association (usslci.org), 'The Story of the LCI(L) 93 and LCI(L) 487 at Normandy' - veterans' association narrative compiled from crew accounts [other_primary]
- Locator
- Article body, LCI(L) 93 sections
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Association-compiled narrative for this hull built on the account of Seaman 1/c Robert McCrory (starboard ramp winch): approximately 0945 landing on Easy Red; embarked troops included 166 men of Company I and 37 of Company M, 18th Regiment, 1st Infantry Division; the skipper's 'twenty percent of the crew was expected to survive' briefing and the '20%' graffiti painted on the bridge by LCIers Sam Hale and Frank Seth; LTjg Bornhoft assumed command shortly before Normandy after the prior skipper was reassigned; documents LCI(L)-487 beached and badly damaged 100 yards away with survivors reaching LCI-93 under fire.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1944
- Population
- USCG crew; embarked 1st Infantry Division troops
- Limitations
- Veterans' association secondary narrative compiled from recollection - corroborative detail consistent with the official USCG account, not an independent primary record. Non-official source; carried as context. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-93-lcil93-05
-
[7]Board of Veterans' Appeals, Citation Nr. 9828426, Docket No. 94-15 783 (decision dated 1998-09-23; appeal from VA Houston RO), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs decision archive [court_record]
- Locator
- Findings of Fact 1-3; Introduction; Reasons and Bases
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- An adjudicated asbestos-exposure claim touching this hull's builder: the veteran worked as a driller at Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Texas, 1942-1946 - the same yard and the same window in which LCI(L)-93 was built - and a fellow employee's letter described boilermaker work drilling steel of ships under construction (1942-44). The Board found as fact that the veteran 'was not exposed to asbestos during his periods of employment with Consolidated Steel Corporation in Orange, Texas, from 1942 to 1946,' and instead found exposure aboard Navy vessels in service (May 1944-February 1946); service connection for asbestos-related lung disease was granted on the service-exposure basis.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1998 decision; exposure period 1942-46
- Population
- Single veteran claimant (Consolidated Steel driller 1942-46; Navy service 1944-46)
- Limitations
- Merits-level administrative finding for one claimant - a finding of no yard exposure for that worker, not a determination about Consolidated Steel's materials generally and not evidence about any hull. Does not name LCI(L)-93. Classified down per litigation-stage discipline: a claimant-favorable decision on different exposure facts. Demonstrates only that asbestos claims context exists around WWII Navy service and Orange-yard employment.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-93-lcil93-06
-
[8]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively in ship construction and repair and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's 1942-43 construction at a Navy-contracted commercial yard and her entire 1943-44 service life.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1979 (program scope covers WWII-era construction)
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403, confirmed again 2026-09-30) - content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-93-lcil93-07
-
[9]Era inference built on: NavSource specification block (two sets of 4 GM diesels, 4 per shaft, 1,600 BHP, twin variable-pitch propellers - diesel plant, no boilers or steam system); USCG/NavSource construction record (Consolidated Steel, Orange TX, Navy contract construction 1942-43); GAO HRD-80-2 program context [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource spec block; GAO HRD-80-2 product page
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- LCI(L)-93 had a diesel propulsion plant with no boilers and no steam distribution, eliminating the boiler/turbine/pipe-lagging pathway that dominates asbestos exposure on steam vessels. Era-standard applications aboard a naval craft of this type and build window were limited to engine and diesel-exhaust lagging, machinery-space insulation, gaskets, valve packing, electrical insulation, and interior joiner/deck materials - a materially smaller asbestos product set than steam-driven combatants of the same era.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1942-1944
- Population
- USCG crew (~23); embarked troops (up to 188)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, or work package exists (the ship was a 1944 total loss; no post-service lifecycle). Names era-standard applications for diesel landing craft, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity, no individual exposure established. The Navy's documented asbestos era covers her construction but does not prove what was installed aboard hull 93.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-93-lcil93-08
-
[10]French Ministry of Culture, Underwater Archaeology (DRASSM), 'Maritime archaeology of the Normandy landings - Locating remains from the US Navy' - documents the NHHC Underwater Archaeology Branch 2000-2002 geophysical surveys off Utah Beach, Pointe du Hoc, Omaha Beach, and Banc du Cardonnet (Dr. Robert S. Neyland, dir.) [other_primary]
- Locator
- DRASSM 'Locating remains from the US Navy' page, Omaha Beach section; NavSource photo rows 1015009303/-304/-305 (stripped hull)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Post-loss state and final disposition are only partially documented: USCG and post-invasion photos (via NavSource) show LCI(L)-93 stripped and abandoned aground on Omaha Beach. NHHC's systematic 2000-2002 survey of Operation Neptune losses cataloged Omaha-sector offshore remains - USS Susan B. Anthony, several barges, 12 duplex-drive tanks, and Mulberry A structures - and does not list an LCI(L)-93 wreck among the offshore remains, consistent with a hull lost on the beach itself rather than sunk offshore. Disposition of the stranded hulk (beach clearance/scrapping) is not documented in the public sources searched.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2000-2002 survey of 1944 losses
- Limitations
- The survey cataloged offshore remains only; it does not state anything about the beach-clearance history of this hull, and absence from the offshore catalog is not itself proof of scrapping. No hazmat or material-survey content - a wreck-site lead only.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-93-lcil93-09
-
[11]Cross-check of secondary-source labels: Wikipedia USS LCI(L)-93 infobox ('LCI(L)-351-class'; lead says 'commissioned in 1943 by the United States Coast Guard') vs USCG 'Coast Guard at War' monograph and NavSource (LCI-1 class; USS commission with Coast Guard crew) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Wikipedia infobox and lead vs monograph LCI(L)-93 entry and NavSource header
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- CORRECTION: two secondary-source imprecisions - (a) Wikipedia labels the ship 'LCI(L)-351-class' although hull 93 belongs to the original LCI(L)-1 class (NavSource designation; the -351 series carried the revised design and numbering begins at 351); (b) Wikipedia phrases the commissioning as done 'by the United States Coast Guard' - the vessel was commissioned as USS LCI(L)-93, a U.S. Navy vessel, and manned by a Coast Guard crew under USCGR officers (monograph: 'The Coast Guard manned USS LCI(L)-93 was commissioned February 15, 1943'). Coast Guard crewing does not negate the documented USS commission.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943 (commissioning); class designation
- Limitations
- Corrects label/agency imprecision in a tertiary source, not a material claim. Wikipedia is not cited as a record source anywhere in this record - it is the object being corrected. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-93-lcil93-10
-
[12]Batch-5587 search ledger (this record): USCG monograph (HyperWar mirror); USCG Historian's Office flotilla history; USCG MyCG Long Blue Line; NavSource 10/15/150093; USS LCI National Association; VA BVA decision archive; DRASSM/NHHC survey documentation; NHHC DANFS direct check; NVR scope check; CourtListener API v4 (opinions, authenticated); secondary web sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-93-lcil93-01 through -11
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, material list, abatement contract, or hazmat disclosure exists for this hull (a 1944 combat total loss - no post-service lifecycle, refits, or disposal contracts). CourtListener opinion search on all name variants returned zero hits; a docket-level search could not be completed because the fleet pacing budget was spent - logged in the search_ledger as paced/pending, not as a negative result. Secondary web sweeps surfaced no qualifying litigation naming this hull; the only 'asbestos aboard' material located is law-firm marketing content asserting asbestos on ships generally - excluded by source policy.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - era inference remains class-level only. The docket-level CourtListener pass is an open gap (fleet pacing, not a negative result). Deck logs and any builder's material specifications are undigitized leads. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-93-lcil93-11