Evidence
10 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-10).
-
[1]research packet 487-packet.md (1 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lci-l-965-lcil965-pkt-487-packet-md
-
[2]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCI(L)-965 (10/15/150965) - construction milestones, commanding officers, credited campaigns, specification block, disposal; page history credited to USS LCI 'Landing Craft Infantry' Vol. II (Turner Publishing, 1995) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Vessel page text, campaign table, specifications block, commanding-officer table
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- LCI-351 class Landing Craft Infantry (Large): laid down 4 March 1944 at Consolidated Steel Corp., Shipbuilding Div., Orange, TX; launched 23 March 1944; commissioned USS LCI(L)-965, 19 April 1944, LTjg. Arthur T. Wellman USNR in command. Credited campaigns: Leyte operations (Leyte landings 19-29 November 1944; Ormoc Bay landing 7-8 December 1944), Luzon operation (Mindoro landings 12-18 December 1944), consolidation and capture of southern Philippines (Visayan Island landings 26 March 1945; Mindanao Island landings 10-16 May 1945). China Service 22 November-16 December 1945. Three battle stars. Decommissioned and stricken dates not recorded. Sold 24 February 1947; final disposition unknown. Commanding officers: Wellman (19 Apr 1944-25 Nov 1945), LTjg. John A. Steck Jr. (to 19 Mar 1946), LTjg. Hardin R. Glascock Jr. (to 26 Apr 1946), ENS. Eugene S. Massey Jr. (to 29 May 1946), ENS. Daniel H. Erickson III (to Aug 1946), ENS. H. F. Yost (from Aug 1946). Specs: 236 t light / 264 t landing / 419 t loaded; 158' 5.5" x 23' 3"; 16 kts max; complement 4 officers + 24 enlisted; troop capacity 6 officers + 182 enlisted; five single 20mm guns; 2" plastic splinter protection.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1947
- Population
- Ship's company (~28) plus embarked troops (up to ~188), 1944-46
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer-maintained naval-history archive citing the Turner USS LCI history; it is the most complete hull-level public source but is a compiled secondary source, not a primary document. Decommission and strike dates are absent. The page establishes service history only - it contains no asbestos, material-condition, or disposal-hazmat information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-965-01
-
[3]uboat.net Allied Warships, USS LCI(L)-965 - order-of-battle transcription citing the COMTASKGR 74.3 and COMTASKGR 78.2 action reports for the Cebu City operation, 24-28 March 1945 [other_primary]
- Locator
- Warship page, 'Notable events' sections for 15 Sep 1944 (Operation Tradewind) and 24 Mar 1945 (Victor II / Cebu), TG 77.3.23 and TU 78.2.3 unit lists, TU 78.2.15 return-echelon entry
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Unit-level operational record transcribed from action reports: at the Morotai landing (Operation Tradewind, 15 September 1944) LCI(L)-965 (Lt.(jg) A.T. Wellman, USNR) was in Task Group 77.3.23, the LCI(L) unit of the Seventh Fleet attack force. At the Cebu landing (Operation Victor II) she sailed in Task Unit 78.2.3, the LCI unit of Task Group 78.2 which departed Leyte 24 March 1945 (LCI(L) Flotilla 15 commander embarked in LCI(L)-972); the transcribed report records that LCI(L)-965, 'apparently disabled,' departed the objective area in the first return echelon (Task Unit 78.2.15) under tow by USS LSM-316, arriving at Leyte on 28 March 1945.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-09 to 1945-03
- Population
- Ship's company and embarked troops during listed operations
- Limitations
- uboat.net is a compiled order-of-battle database transcribing official action reports - a secondary source with primary sourcing named at the page foot. The Morotai participation is not reflected in NavSource's credited-campaign table (battle stars are credited per campaign, not per landing event). The 'disabled' tow entry documents an operational casualty, not its cause; no repair or engineering record was located. No asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-965-02
-
[4]David McKay, 'U.S.S. LCI-713' National Register of Historic Places nomination (NRIS 07000300, listed 12 April 2007), Sections 7-8 - LCI-351 class construction description and the ten-yard LCI building program table [nps]
- Locator
- NRHP continuation sheets, Section 7 narrative description and Section 8 shipyard table (Consolidated Steel Corp., Orange TX, 105 LCIs)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NPS nomination for the surviving class sister documents the LCI-351 class: Bureau of Ships design; welded 1/4-inch steel plate built for rapid assembly-line production; eight GM 6-71 diesel engines in two banks of four on two shafts with variable-pitch propellers; dual above/underwater exhaust systems muffled underwater to quiet approach; 921 LCIs built in ten small shipyards, with Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Texas credited with 105 LCIs (a mix of 'square conn' and round-conn 'side rampers'). The nomination states the restorers hold the complete LCI-351 technical blueprint file maintained at the National Archives.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1942-1945 (program); nomination filed 2006, listed 2007
- Population
- Construction trades at ten LCI yards (program level)
- Limitations
- Documents the class and its building program, not this hull - the nomination's subject is LCI(L)-713 (George Lawley & Son, July-September 1944). Consolidated Steel's 105-craft total and construction methods are class-program documentation; the nomination contains no asbestos, insulation-material, or hazmat content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-965-03
-
[5]Historic American Engineering Record (NPS), LCI(L)-713, HAER No. OR-180 (historian Justine Christianson, 2012) - written historical and descriptive data on the LCI-351 class [haer]
- Locator
- HAER OR-180 data pages (principal measurements, description, historical information)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- HAER documentation of the last surviving original-configuration LCI-351: Bureau of Ships-designed welded 1/4-inch steel hull; four pairs of GM 6-71 diesels on two shafts; approximately 1,051 LCI/LCS hulls in ten shipyards. The record dates the class's modified design (cylindrical pilothouse, centerline bow ramp) to craft built after 1 June 1944 - LCI(L)-965, commissioned 19 April 1944, predates that change and belongs to the earlier side-ramp design generation.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944 (construction-era description); documentation 2012
- Limitations
- Class documentation keyed to a sister hull; application of the pre/post-June-1944 design line to this hull follows from its documented commissioning date, not from a hull-specific plan. The HAER text contains no asbestos, insulation-material, or hazmat content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-965-04
-
[6]Era inference built on: NavSource specification block (diesel propulsion - two banks of four GM 6051-series-71 engines, no steam plant); NPS NRHP nomination and HAER OR-180 class construction record (welded steel, dual underwater exhaust mufflers); GAO HRD-80-2 Navy-wide asbestos program context [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource spec block (propulsion); NRHP nom Section 7 (engine room, exhaust systems); HAER OR-180 (machinery arrangement); GAO HRD-80-2 (program context)
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- As a 1944 diesel-powered amphibious craft, LCI(L)-965 carried no boiler or steam-turbine plant. The asbestos-relevant applications consistent with the era and type are exhaust-system and machinery insulation (the class's engines vented through mufflers including an underwater exhaust), gaskets and valve packing in machinery spaces, thermal insulation in accommodation/galley spaces, electrical insulation, and brake/friction materials - all era-standard applications documented at class/Navy-program level only.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944 (construction era)
- Population
- Construction trades (Orange TX, 1944); ship's company and embarked troops, 1944-46
- Limitations
- INFERENCE ONLY - no ship-specific document establishes asbestos aboard this hull, its quantity, or its locations. The Navy-wide insulation record (GAO HRD-80-2) is program-level and does not enumerate this hull; the class documents do not state insulation material. Absence of a steam plant removes the largest naval asbestos pathway but does not remove exhaust, gasket, or accommodation insulation pathways.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-965-05
-
[7]GAO, 'Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure,' HRD-80-2 (October 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented Navy-wide use of asbestos insulation aboard ships and in shipyard work through the WWII era and into the early 1970s, and the Navy's asbestos hazard-control efforts - program-level context for a hull built in 1944.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1930s-1979 (program scope)
- Population
- Navy shipyard workforce and ship crews (program level)
- Limitations
- Program-level; does not name or enumerate this hull or this class. gao.gov returned HTTP 403 to automated fetches on 2026-09-30 (same standing defect as Batches 01/98) - product-page title/citation verified from prior verified batches; full text not re-pulled this session.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-965-06
-
[8]Air & Liquid Systems Corp. v. DeVries, 139 S. Ct. 986 (decided 19 March 2019) [court_record]
- Locator
- 139 S. Ct. 986 (U.S. Mar. 19, 2019); CourtListener search session 2026-09-30 (see search_ledger for hull-specific results)
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- Controlling Supreme Court maritime-tort doctrine for Navy asbestos claims: sailors' exposure claims proceed against equipment manufacturers (the decision addressed the 'bare-metal defense' for products requiring asbestos-containing replacement parts); claims do not run against the vessel itself, and suits against the United States are barred by sovereign immunity/Feres - the doctrinal posture explaining why hull numbers rarely appear as named defendants in Navy asbestos litigation.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2019 (opinion); WWII-era exposure period addressed
- Population
- Navy sailors (class of plaintiffs addressed)
- Limitations
- Doctrinal context only - the opinion names no LCI and no amphibious craft and makes no finding about this hull. Presence of this row is not evidence of exposure aboard this vessel.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-965-07
-
[9]Batch-5613 search ledger (this record): NHHC/DANFS, NavSource, uboat.net, NPS NRHP 07000300 + HAER OR-180, NVR, NARA catalog, USS LCI National Association site, secondary web, CourtListener API v4 opinion searches [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-965-01 through sl-uss-lci-l-965-11
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, disposal-condition hazmat disclosure, or docketed asbestos opinion naming LCI(L)-965 was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). CourtListener opinion searches across hull-number variants returned zero qualifying hits; all matches on the unquoted query were name collisions on 'LCI' (e.g., LCI International).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1944 naval craft's consistent era materials make presence plausible but unproven. Does not establish that asbestos is or is not present, and does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility. Docket-level CourtListener coverage was limited by fleet-wide pacing this session (see search_ledger).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-965-08
-
[10]NARA leads: RG 24 deck logs and RG 38 war diaries/action reports for LCI(L)-965 at College Park (per NARA History Hub guidance that action reports and war diaries are held per-ship); the complete LCI-351-class technical blueprint file maintained at the National Archives and cited in NRHP nomination 07000300 [other_primary]
- Locator
- NARA College Park (RG 24/RG 38); NRHP nomination 07000300 Section 7 'blueprint file for LCI 351 class vessels maintained at the National Archives'
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Undigitized primary material likely exists: WWII deck logs (RG 24), unit war diaries and action reports (RG 38) for this hull at NARA College Park, and the LCI-351-class blueprint file at NARA that the LCI-713 restorers report consulting. The catalog.archives.gov search interface is JS-rendered and could not be queried this session; no digitized hull file was located.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1946 (record scope)
- Limitations
- Lead only - none of these files was reviewed. Deck logs/war diaries document operations, not materials; the blueprint file is class-level and may specify insulation materials but was not examined. Retrieval is a future-work item.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-965-09